DOCSLIB.ORG

Expanding the Cultivation of Jelutung Latex and Gemor Bark on Central

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Expanding the Cultivation of Jelutung Latex and Gemor Bark on Central Expanding the Cultivation of Jelutung Latex and Gemor Bark on Central Kalimantan Peatlands: A Value Chain and Cost-Benefit Analysis Louise Houweling MSc Thesis in Environmental Systems Analysis May 2017 Supervised by: Lars Hein Course code: ESA-80436 Environmental Systems Analysis Expanding the Cultivation of Jelutung Latex and Gemor Bark on Central Kalimantan Peatlands: A Value Chain and Cost-Benefit Analysis Louise Houweling MSc Thesis in Environmental Systems Analysis April 2017 “No part of this thesis may be reproduced without contacting the Environmental Systems Analysis Group” Supervisor: Examiners: Lars Hein 1st : Lars Hein 2nd : Rik Leemans Preface This thesis is part of the final examination of the MSc Environmental Sciences program at Wageningen University and Research Centre, The Netherlands. The fieldwork for this thesis took place in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, for six weeks between November and December 2016. Central Kalimantan is known for its extensive peatland areas, of which much has become drained degraded in the past few decades. The effects of peatland drainage include carbon emissions, deforestation, and biodiversity loss. Given the environmental impact of peatland drainage and degradation, I considered a research project concerning peatland use in Central Kalimantan as an important and urgent project. I was particularly interested in combining the environmental improvement of peatland use with business opportunities for local communities. Consequently, I investigated two potential options for peatland use that would minimize environmental damage whilst also generating economic benefits to local communities. In general, there have been very few studies focused on the value chains of Jelutung latex and Gemor bark, and on the costs and benefits of cultivating the two crops on peatland. Neither crops, especially Gemor bark, have been documented extensively in the available literature. Furthermore, in the field, there was little known on the whereabouts of the respondents I wanted to interview for this project. Although this occasionally was challenging, it also highlighted the innovations of this thesis by focusing on two crops of which current knowledge on their value chains and economic benefits is limited. It also taught me a lot about the research process. Overall, it has been very rewarding to work on a thesis project that provides new, unique knowledge on Jelutung latex and Gemor bark cultivation in Central Kalimantan. Firstly, I would like to thank my supervisor, Prof. dr. Hein who gave me the opportunity to work on this innovative project, and introduced me to many of his contact people in Central Kalimantan who were of great help to me. I also thank Prof. dr. Hein and Prof. dr. Leemans for the constructive feedback I received during the thesis writing process. I would also like to thank Prof. dr. van Noordwijk, who welcomed me to the World Agroforestry Centre in Bogor, introduced me to his colleagues, and helped me prepare for my fieldwork in Central Kalimantan. Next, a very big thank you to Dr. Suwarno and Mrs. Uda, who helped me a great deal with the logistics of my stay in Central Kalimantan and gave me a lovely introduction to the Indonesian culture. I also want to say a special thank you to Mr. Panjaitan from Banjarmasin, who shared his extensive local knowledge on Gemor bark cultivation with me and assisted me with the interviews with Gemor farmers. Mr. Panjaitan also introduced me to Mr. Tantono, the large-scale trader of Gemor bark, for which I am very grateful. Further, I wish to express my gratitude to Mr. Perdana from the World Agroforestry Centre in Bogor. Mr. Perdana shared his knowledge on the Jelutung latex value chain and sent my questionnaire to his contact person in PT Sampit, the large-scale trader of Jelutung latex. Without the help of Mr. Panjaitan and Mr. Perdana, large pieces of information on the Gemor bark and Jelutung latex value chains in Central Kalimantan would still be missing in this thesis. Finally, a special thank you to Jorrit Herrera Farfan, who accompanied me in Central Kalimantan and motivated me during the fieldwork. 1 Table of Contents SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................................... 5 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................. 6 1.1 Research Context .......................................................................................................................... 6 1.2 Background Information ............................................................................................................... 8 1.2.1 Study Area ............................................................................................................................. 8 1.2.2 Economy of Central Kalimantan ............................................................................................ 9 1.2.3 Policy Environment................................................................................................................ 9 1.2.4 Environmental Issues ............................................................................................................. 9 1.3 Problem Statement ...................................................................................................................... 10 1.4 Research Objective & Questions ................................................................................................ 11 2. RESEARCH APPROACH ............................................................................................................. 13 2.1 Literature Review ........................................................................................................................ 13 2.1.1 Jelutung ................................................................................................................................ 14 2.1.2 Gemor .................................................................................................................................. 18 2.1.3 Summary of Literature Review ............................................................................................ 22 2.2 Data Collection ........................................................................................................................... 23 2.2.1 Value Chain Actor Interviews .............................................................................................. 23 2.2.2 Additional Interviews ........................................................................................................... 27 2.3 Data Analysis .............................................................................................................................. 29 2.3.1 Value Chain Analysis........................................................................................................... 29 2.3.2 Cost-Benefit Analysis .......................................................................................................... 30 3. RESULTS ........................................................................................................................................ 36 3.1 Jelutung Latex Value Chain Analysis ......................................................................................... 37 3.1.1 Upstream – Jelutung Tappers ............................................................................................... 37 3.1.2 Mid-stream – PT SAS .......................................................................................................... 40 3.1.3 Downstream – PT Sampit & Importers ................................................................................ 43 3.1.4 Summary of Jelutung Latex Value Chain ............................................................................ 45 3.2 Gemor Bark Value Chain Analysis ............................................................................................. 47 3.2.1 Upstream - Gemor Farmers .................................................................................................. 47 3.2.2 Mid-stream – pak Nunung ................................................................................................... 50 3.2.3 Downstream – UD Kesuma Jaya ......................................................................................... 52 3.2.4 Summary of Gemor Bark Value Chain ................................................................................ 55 3.3 Cost-Benefit Analyses ................................................................................................................ 57 3.3.1 NPV & IRR .......................................................................................................................... 57 3.3.2 Environmental Impact .......................................................................................................... 57 2 3.3.3 Sensitivity Analyses ............................................................................................................. 58 3.4 Other Potential Crops .................................................................................................................. 61 3.4.1 Farmers with Jelutung Plantations ....................................................................................... 61 3.4.2 Non-Jelutung Latex and Gemor Bark Farmers .................................................................... 62 3.4.3 Summary .............................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Intimacy-Geopolitics of Redd+ Exploring Access & Exclusion in the Forests of Sungai Lamandau, Indonesia
    INTIMACY-GEOPOLITICS OF REDD+ EXPLORING ACCESS & EXCLUSION IN THE FORESTS OF SUNGAI LAMANDAU, INDONESIA BY PETER JAMES HOWSON A thesis submitted to the Victoria University of Wellington in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Victoria University of Wellington 2016 To be truly radical is to make hope possible, rather than despair convincing. – Raymond Williams, Sources of Hope, 1989 ABSTRACT Indonesia remains the largest contributor of greenhouse gases from primary forest loss in the world. To reverse the trend, the Government of Indonesia is banking on carbon market mechanisms like the Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD+) programme. Geographers have made significant progress in detailing the relationships between private and public interests that enable REDD+. Less understood are the materialities of everyday life that constitute the substantive nodes – the bodies, the subjectivities, the practices and discourses – of political tensions and conflicts within Indonesia’s nascent REDD+ implementation framework. Concerns for ‘equity’ rooted within an economistic frame of ‘benefit sharing’ seem to be high on political agendas. Yet, relatively few studies have investigated the basic principles and intimate processes underlying benefit sharing approaches within sites of project implementation. Focussing on Sungai Lamandau, Central Kalimantan as a case study, I consider the powers local actors mobilise to access, and exclude others from the diverse and, at times, elusive set of ‘benefits’ within one ‘community-based’ REDD+ project. Reflecting on over 150 interviews and ten months of ethnographic observations, the exploration provides a timely alternative to overly reductive REDD+ research, which remains focused on links between benefit sharing, safeguards, additionality, monitoring and verification.
    [Show full text]
  • "Memerangi Pandemi" Pantang Menyerah Menghadapi Covid-19
    Vo,.,, 'l"'\1 RINDo PEDuu SES SATu AT As1 cov1D: 9" KDRl�DO RINDO PEDULI SESA SATU ATASI C0'11 D "Memerangi Pandemi" Pantang Menyerah Menghadapi Covid-19 •• Table of Contents 01. Table of Contents CSC 53. PT Korindo Ariabima Sari Provides 02. Message from Management Covid-19 Prevention Assistance to RSUD Sultan Imanuddin 03. Message from Editorial Deskk 54. PT KTH Donates Medical Supplies to Prevent Covid-19 Main Stories 54. PT Panbers Jaya Helps in Education for Underprivileged Children 55. Donation of Duck Livestock for People of Papua Korindo Group Distributes 3,500 55. PT KTH Carries Out Fogging in PPEs to Hospitals in Papua Villages inWest Kotawaringin to Prevent 30 Dengue Fever Korindo Group’s Commitment 31. PT Berkat Cipta Abadi Donates 1,000 56. PT TSE Bantu Aktivitas Belajar in Facing Covid-19 Hazmat Suits to Merauke Regency Sekolah Terpencil 04 Government 57. DKM of PT Aspex Kumbong Shares 06. Korindo Group’s Contribution in Facing 32. PT Dongin Prabhawa Donates PPEs to Happiness with 156 Orphans Covid-19 Pandemic Mappi Regional Government 57. Korindo Foundation Gives 08. Korindo Brings the First and Largest 33. Korindo Group Once Again Provides Scholarships to Children of Employees Plasma Plantation in Papua PPE Donation to Boven Digoel Local Government 58. Head of Bogor Social Agency Calls Aspex as Good Example Company Information 34. PT BFI Helps Repair Community’s Main Road 58. PT Bimaruna Jaya’s Efforts in Easing 35. KABS Helps Meeting Needs of the Burdens of 130 Families Regional Hospital in Pangkalan Bun 59. Health Counseling and Supplementary 36.
    [Show full text]
  • Fossil Peat of the Illinois Basin : a Guide to the Study of Coal Balls Of
    ^uA^^^^i 557 IL6ed no. 11 vol <=>&ued- // FOSSIL PEAT FROM THE ILLINOIS BASIN cn:.\/E' HM * Tom L. Phillips Matthew J. Avcin Dwain Berggren 9lUmH Stcde Qeol(Xjical SuMtey STATE OF ILLINOIS DEPARTMENT OF REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION COVER - A photograph (natural size) of a cellulose acetate peel showing the fossil peat preserved in a coal ball collected from the Herrin (No. 6) Coal Member near Carrier Mills, Illinois. Figure 2 describes its contents. 1976 ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Urbana, Illinois 61801 Jack A. Simon, M.S., Chief ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY ithority of State of Illinois. Ch. 127. IRS. Par. 58 .25 3 3051 00004 8540 I FOSSIL PEAT OF THE ILLINOIS BASIN Goal QalU of PenntyUankM, Acje Tom L. Phillips Matthew J. Avcin Dwain Berggren Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2012 with funding from University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign http://archive.org/details/fossilpeatofilli11phil CONTENTS Introduction 1 Geology of the fossil peat deposits 3 The Illinois Basin 3 How the coal balls formed 3 Plants in fossil peat 7 Studies of fossil peat 9 Internal anatomy and external morphology 10 Plant taxonomy 11 Plant evolution 12 Palynology 13 Preparation of floras 14 Analyses of permineralized peat 14 Formation of coal balls 17 Preparing coal balls for study 17 Making coal-ball peels 18 Examining peels with a microscope 24 Mounting peel sections on glass slides 24 Recovering spores and other microfossils from coal balls 26 Preserving coal balls 28 Repairing and embedding coal-ball slices 29 Sources of materials 31 Finding coal balls 31 Materials needed 32 Selected references 33 Plates and explanations 34 .
    [Show full text]
  • Alaska Non-Timber Forest Products Harvest Manual for Commercial Harvest on State-Owned Lands
    Alaska Non-Timber Forest Products Harvest Manual For Commercial Harvest on State-Owned Lands State of Alaska Department of Natural Resources Division of Mining, Land and Water April 2, 2008 - 1 - State of Alaska Non-Timber Forest Product Commercial Harvest Manual, April 2, 2008 Table of Contents Introduction 3 Special notices, clarifications, and general rules 4 Procedure for revision 5 Products and species descriptions 6 Bark birch 7 cedar 8 various species 9 Berries and berry-like fruits 10 Branches and stems of deciduous woody species 11 Buds and tips 12 Burls and galls 13 Cones 14 Conks 15 Cuttings – willow, dogwood & poplar 16 Diamond willow 17 Evergreen boughs 18 Floral greenery 19 Leaves and flowers of woody plants 20 Lichens ground-growing 21 tree-growing 22 Mosses and liverworts 23 Mushrooms 24 Non-woody perennial plants tender edible shoots, stems, leaves, and/or flowers 25 mature stems, leaves and flowers 26 Roots edible or medicinal 27 for fiber 28 Seed heads 29 Seeds 30 Transplants plugs 31 shrubby perennial with root ball 32 sprigs 33 tree sapling with root ball 34 Appendix I: Plants never allowed for harvest 35 Appendix II: Guidelines for non over-the-counter permit products 36 Glossary 38 Selected references 39 - 2 - State of Alaska Non-Timber Forest Product Commercial Harvest Manual, April 2, 2008 Introduction Non-timber forest products are generally defined as products derived from biological resources. Examples of non-timber forest products may include mushrooms, conks, boughs, cones, leaves, burls, landscaping transplants, roots, flowers, fruits, and berries. Not included are minerals, rocks, soil, water, animals, and animal parts.
    [Show full text]
  • Restoring Silvopastures with Oak Saplings: Effects of Mulch and Diameter Class on Survival, Growth, and Annual Leaf-Nutrient Patterns
    Agroforest Syst (2014) 88:935–946 DOI 10.1007/s10457-014-9737-y Restoring silvopastures with oak saplings: effects of mulch and diameter class on survival, growth, and annual leaf-nutrient patterns M. N. Jime´nez • J. R. Pinto • M. A. Ripoll • A. Sa´nchez-Miranda • F. B. Navarro Received: 13 March 2014 / Accepted: 14 August 2014 / Published online: 23 August 2014 Ó Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2014 Abstract In Southwestern Spain, multifunctional leaf-nutrient concentrations were analyzed. Forty silvopastoral systems consisting of pastureland and months after planting, all treatments showed high open oak woodlands are known as Dehesas. These, survival (81 %) but only straw-mulched saplings and other similar systems of the Mediterranean basin, differed significantly (94 %) from control (74 %). are currently threatened by increasing intensive land DBH increased over time but showed no significant use. As a consequence, oak regeneration is declining differences among mulch treatments. Saplings with and is in need of adequate management and active high initial DBH showed the greatest growth and restoration. Traditional restoration practices outplant change in DBH at the end of the study period. Leaf- one-year-old, nursery-produced oak seedlings grown nutrient concentrations changed significantly in the in 250–350 cm3 containers, but establishment and year following outplanting. Bi-monthly foliar nutrient growth results are typically poor. This work examines concentration data show decreases in P, K, Zn, and B holm oak (Quercus ilex L. subsp. ballota (Desf.) and sharp increases in Ca and Fe. In this work, we Samp.) grown in a non-conventional container size provide some evidence concerning the viability of (24 l) and age (6–7 years) with three mulch treatments non-conventional oak size for restoring, regenerating, (control, stone, and straw).
    [Show full text]
  • The Verlot Peat Area Was Investigated by Rigg, Ac­ Thick
    188 PEAT RESOURCES OF WASHINGTON Verlot peat area and the layer of fibrous peat and muck under it was 4 feet The Verlot peat area was investigated by Rigg, ac­ thick. companied by C. E. Torrence and D. Tunstall, August Lake Ketchum peat area 13 to 15, 1926. The following description is based on field The Lake Ketchum peat area (19 acres) 1s m secs. 6 notes made at that time, supplemented by some explana­ and 7, T. 32 N., R. 4 E., about 3 miles north of East Stan­ tions. wood by State Highway IE and a crooked dead-end road The peat area was estimated at 15 to 20 acres. Its loca­ up a steep slope. The deposit borders the north shore tion was estimated to be about 2 miles south of the old of the lake (map, fig. 193). The lake and the topography Mackie statio~ (an abandoned sawmill) on the old of the region surrounding it are shown on the Mount Monte Cristo Branch (now abandoned) of the Northern Vernon quadrangle. The elevation of the peat is about 175 Pacific Railway. The location of Mackie is shown on feet above sea level, and it is less than 2 miles from the Forest Service maps of the Snoqualmie National Forest. shore of Skagit Bay. It lies in a depression in glacial The peat is probably in sec. 25 or 36, T. 30 N., R. 8 E. It drift of the region. The lake has no surface outlet. On was reached from the station by a rather steep, rocky wet the soil map of Snohomish County (Anderson et al., 1947) trail which extended over the mountainous region and the area is mapped as Gre~nwood peat and Carbondale down to the Pilchuck River.
    [Show full text]
  • Longleaf Pine: an Annotated Bibliography, 1946 Through 1967
    U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service Research Paper SO-35 longleaf pine: an annotated bibliography, 1946 through 1967 Thomas C. Croker, Jr. SOUTHERN FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION T.C. Nelson, Director FOREST SERVICE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 1968 Croker, Thomas C., Jr. 1968. Longleaf pine: an annotated bibliography, 1946 through 1967. Southern Forest Exp. Sta., New Orleans, Louisiana. 52 pp. (U. S. Dep. Agr. Forest Serv. Res. Pap. SO-35) Lists 665 publications appearing since W. G. Wahlenberg compiled the bibliography for his book, Longleaf Pine. Contents Page Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 1 1. Factors of the environment. Biology........................................................................................ 2 11 Site factors, climate, situation, soil ............................................................................. 2 15 Animal ecology. Game management .......................................................................... 2 16 General botany ............................................................................................................. 2 17 Systematic botany ....................................................................................................... 6 18 Plant ecology................................................................................................................. 7 2. Silviculture...............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Wine | Spirits | Beer
    WINE | SPIRITS | BEER CELLAR99 In the early days of the original Ruffino’s in Baton Rouge, business people entertaining clients would often lament that they could not order many of the well-known wines due to the restrictions of their expense accounts. Ruffin’s solution, a collection of selected cabernets and red blends, all from California, for $99 that anywhere else would fetch well over $100. Frank Family Vineyards, 2018 Machete, by Orin Swift, 2017 Palermo, by Orin Swift, 2016 Papillon by Orin Swift, 2018 Faust, Napa Valley, 2017 Cyrus, Alexander Valley, 2014 Jordan, Alexander Valley, 2016 Stag’s Leap Winery, 2016 The Prisoner Wine Co., 2018 Stout Family Vineyards, 2015 Cakebread, Napa Valley, 2018 Love Hammer, by SLO Down Wines, 2016 Duckhorn, Napa Valley, 2017 SPECIALTY COCKTAILS THE MAN-TINI | Knob Creek Bourbon – Lemon & Lime – Cognac – Agave Nectar SATSUMA MULE | Bayou Satsuma – Simple Syrup & Lime – Stoli Ginger Beer - Mint BIERE SOLLEIT | St Germain–Fresh Lemon –Ragin Cajun Ale BACK PORCH | House Infused Lemon Vodka –Hibiscus Syrup –St. Germaine Liqueur BLUE BERRY LEMON DROP | House Infused Blueberry Vodka - Fresh Lemon PEAR MARTINI | Pear Vodka -St. Germaine Liqueur –Fresh Lime PINEAPPLE INFUSION | House Infused Pineapple Vodka –Orange Liqueur –Pineapple Juice POMEGRANATE MARTINI | Citrus Vodka - Pama Liquor - Gran Gala Orange Liquor - Pomegranate Juice LAFAYETTE | BATON ROUGE | DE LA RONDE HALL | RUFFINOSRESTAURANT.COM WHISKEY JAMESON, IRISH WHISKEY JACK DANIEL’S, TENNESSEE WHISKEY, “GENTLEMAN JACK” toasted wood | sherry |
    [Show full text]
  • Pine Tar; History and Uses
    Pine Tar; History And Uses Theodore P. Kaye Few visitors to any ship which as been rigged in a traditional manner have left the vessel without experiencing the aroma of pine tar. The aroma produces reactions that are as strong as the scent; few people are ambivalent about its distinctive smell. As professionals engaged in the restoration and maintenance of old ships, we should know not only about this product, but also some of its history. Wood tar has been used by mariners as a preservative for wood and rigging for at least the past six centuries. In the northern parts of Scandinavia, small land owners produced wood tar as a cash crop. This tar was traded for staples and made its way to larger towns and cities for further distribution. In Sweden, it was called "Peasant Tar" or was named for the district from which it came, for example, Lukea Tar or Umea Tar. At first barrels were exported directly from the regions in which they were produced with the region's name burned into the barrel. These regional tars varied in quality and in the type of barrel used to transport it to market. Wood tars from Finland and Russia were seen as inferior to even the lowest grade of Swedish tar which was Haparanda tar. In 1648, the newly formed NorrlSndska TjSrkompaniet (The Wood Tar Company of North Sweden) was granted sole export privileges for the country by the King of Sweden. As Stockholm grew in importance, pine tar trading concentrated at this port and all the barrels were marked "Stockholm Tar".
    [Show full text]
  • Genetic Inheritance in the Isolects of Kotawaringin Barat, Kalimantan
    Genetic Inheritance in the Malayic languages of Kotawaringin Barat, Indonesia by Chad K. White (Under the direction of Jared Klein) Abstract This thesis will attempt to classify the languages of Kotawaringin Barat, Kalimantan Tengah, Indonesia using comparative analysis and dialectology. Comparison will be made with Proto-Malayic and other comparative dialectal studies to determine if the KoBar lan- guages are autochthonous to Borneo or part of a back-migration of Malay languages from outside Borneo. If they are autochthonous, then I will seek to place them in the network of Malayic dialects based on phonological changes. Finally, the internal relationships of the languages will be determined based on sound changes. It is my hope that this paper will move forward the study of Malayic languages on Borneo. Index words: Malayic, Malay, Language, Historical Linguistics, Comparative Linguistics, Dialectology, Borneo, Kotawaringin Barat, back-migration, Kalimantan Tengah, Banjar, Kendayan, Iban, (academic) Genetic Inheritance in the Malayic languages of Kotawaringin Barat, Indonesia by Chad K. White B.A., Columbia International University, 1999 A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The University of Georgia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts Athens, Georgia 2008 c 2008 Chad K. White All Rights Reserved Genetic Inheritance in the Malayic languages of Kotawaringin Barat, Indonesia by Chad K. White Approved: Major Professor: Jared Klein Committee: Don McCreary Michael A. Covington David Mead Electronic Version Approved: Maureen Grasso Dean of the Graduate School The University of Georgia August 2008 Dedication To Becky and my boys iv Acknowledgments I would like to thank Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Avoided Conversion in the Pematang Gadung Peat Swamp Forest
    Avoided Conversion in the Pematang Gadung Peat Swamp forest Project Description, Verified Carbon Standard (VCS) Contents 1. Project details ...................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Summary description of the Project ................................................................................. 1 1.2. Sectoral scope and project type ....................................................................................... 2 1.3. Project proponent ............................................................................................................ 2 1.3.1. Implementing partner: Fauna and Flora International...................................................... 3 1.3.2. Roles and responsibilities of the project proponent and implementing partner ............... 3 1.4. Other entities involved in the project ............................................................................... 3 1.5. Project start date ............................................................................................................. 4 1.6. Project crediting period .................................................................................................... 6 1.7. Project scale and estimated GHG Emission Reductions or Removals ................................. 6 1.8. Description of the project activities .................................................................................. 7 1.8.1. Establish community-based land management rights .....................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Important Physical Properties of Peat Materials
    2:aadiued by tda%i~neiFiires3: Service Library Matcrriai May Be Pratseted by Ctlpyrigllt lav~.Further Reprodlaction May Constitute Copyright Infringement Important Physical Properties of Peat Materials D. H. BOELTER U.S.A, ABSTRACT RESUME Peat materials from 12 bogs in northern Minnesota, U.S.A., L'observation des sols tou!beux de 12 fondrihres isphaignes showed significant differences in physical properties. It is du nord du Minnesota, E.-U., a rBvBlB d'importantes diffB- pointed out that 1) these properties can be related to the rences de leurs propriBtBs physiques. L'auteur signale 1) qu'il hydrology of organic soils only if the soils represent un- est possible que ces propri6tBs decoulent du regime hydro- disturbed field conditions, and 2) volumetric expressions of logique des sols organiques, lorsque ces sols n'ont pas BtB water content are necessary to correctly evaluate the amount bouleversBs et 2) qu'il faut exprimer volumBtriquement la of water in a peat profile. The differences in physical properties teneur en eau pour Bvaluer correctement la quantit6 d'eau were related to degree of decomposition as measured by prBsente dans les couches de tourbe successives. Les bulk density and fibre content. Undecomposed peats with differences de propriBt6s physiques d6coulent du degr6 de low bulk density and high fibre content contain many large d6composition, qu'on Bvalue gr5ce i la masse volumique pores which yield as much as 80 per cent of their saturated du sol et la proportion de fibres. La tourbe non dBcomposBe, water content to drainage and permit rapid water movement. i faible masse volumique et forte proportion de fibres, With increasing decomposition, fibre content decreases, contient de nombreux pores Blargis qui laissent Bgoutter resulting in increased bulk density and a greater proportion of jusqu'i 80 p.
    [Show full text]