August - September, 2015 Vivian Mulligan Editor Vivian Mulligan Table of Contents Susan B. Anthony by Janet Andrews ………………... 2 - 3 Jane Goodall by Sara Johnson ………………..……..…... 4 Helen Keller by Ellie Nauman and Pat Fletcher…….. 5 - 9 SojournerSojourner TruthTruth byby DanaDana CaseyCasey ………………………….………...…..... 10... 5- 12 Elizabeth Warren by Pat Fletcher ……………..…... 13 - 15 Submissions to OUUF Singing Out on the Telephone Wire …..……..…. 16 ……………………... 6 2 SUSAN B. ANTHONY By Janet Andrews Susan B. Anthony was born in 1820 in Massachusetts. Her father was a Quaker and when Anthony was six, her family moved to New York where they began attending the First Unitarian Church of Rochester, known for its commitment to social reform. Anthony became involved in the Temperance Movement and at the World’s Temperance Convention in New York City in 1853, the convention stalled because of a dispute over whether women should be allowed to speak in public. Anthony observed, "No advanced step taken by women has been so bitterly contested as that of speaking in public. For nothing which they have attempted, not even to secure the suffrage, have they been so abused, condemned and antagonized.” Although we remember Susan B. Anthony for her efforts to achieve women’s suffrage, she was an advocate for Equal pay for Women and men teachers, Independent rights for married women, and the abolition of slavery. She was involved in the Underground Railroad. Anthony expressed a vision of a racially integrated society that was radical for its time. Abolitionists were debating the question of what was to become of the slaves after they were freed; Abraham Lincoln was calling for African Americans to be shipped to newly established colonies in Africa. In 1861, Anthony said, "Let us open to the colored man all our schools ... Let us admit him into all our mechanic shops, stores, offices, and lucrative business avocations ... let him rent such pew in the church, and occupy such seat in the theatre ... Extend to him all the rights of Citizenship.". 3 A historian wrote, "By the end of the Civil War, Susan B. Anthony occupied new social and political territory. She was emerging on the national scene as a female leader, something new in American history, and she did so as a single woman in a culture that perceived the spinster as anomalous and unguarded ... By the 1880s, she was among the senior political figures in the United States."[89] United States v. Susan B. Anthony Anthony and nearly fifty other women in Rochester attempted to vote in the presidential election of 1872. Anthony was arrested on November 18, 1872, by a U.S. Deputy Marshal and charged with illegally voting. During her trial, after the judge directed the jury to find her guilty, he asked Anthony whether she had anything to say. She responded with what is reputed to be "the most famous speech in the history of the agitation for woman suffrage". Repeatedly ignoring the judge's order to stop talking and sit down, she protested what she called "this high- handed outrage upon my citizen's rights ... you have trampled underfoot every vital principle of our government. My natural rights, my civil rights, my political rights, my judicial rights, are all alike ignored."[107] When the judge sentenced Anthony to pay a fine of $100, she responded, "I shall never pay a dollar of your unjust penalty", and she never did. Another historian wrote, "If Lucretia Mott typified the moral force of the movement, if Lucy Stone was its most gifted orator and Mrs. Stanton its most outstanding philosopher, Susan Anthony was its incomparable organizer, who gave it force and direction for half a century. Susan B. Anthony died in 1906 and so did not see her goal of suffrage for women realized. The Nineteenth Amendment, which guaranteed the right of women to vote, was popularly known as the Susan B. Anthony Amendment. After it was ratified in 1920, the National American Woman Suffrage Association was transformed into the League of Women Voters, still an active force in U.S. politics today. 4 Jane Goodall By Sara Johnson In 1960, a spirited young English animal lover, with no scientific training, was given an opportunity to travel to Kenya to visit a friend. She secured a secretarial job with the famous Louis Leakey, anthropologist, who was studying the origin of Man among the fossil finds in the Great Rift Valley. Leakey wanted to do a study of living Chimpanzees, the closest primate to Man, as part of his findings on evolution and the origin of Man. He thought Jane had the perfect qualities to pursue this study and asked her if she would be interested. He chose her because of her loving, patient nature, persistence, integrity, excellent recording skills and would not be encumbered by scientific approaches from the field with their notions about how to go about the study in a natural environment not the environment of a laboratory. Jane accepted and since, at the times, it was felt to be dangerous for a woman alone to venture into the jungle, they sent her mother and a local cook along to accompany her. Jane set up a tent with a few dishes, a set of binoculars on the edge of a woods where Chimps were known to live in the Tanganyika Gombe Game Reserve. At first couldn’t get close to them. Great patience and respect for them finally gained their trust and she was allowed to be among them as a quiet observer who meant no harm. What she was able to glean change the whole perception of Man and our relationship to other primates. This humble start through Jane’s commitment and the National Geographic Society taking up the story, Jane Goodall became one of the best known women scientists in history. The great thing about Gombe is not that Jane Goodall “redefined” humankind but that she set a new standard, a very high standard, for behavioral study of apes in the wild, focusing on individual characteristics as well as collective patterns. She created a research program, set of protocols and ethics, an intellectual momentum she created a relationship between the scientific world and one community of Chimpanzees that has grown far beyond what one woman could do. Celebrity is not the same as accomplishment of course, but her accomplishment are clear enough. Her research at Tanzania’s Gombe Stream National park is the longest-running scientific field stations in the history. Her scholarly tomes written on the 25 years she observed the Chimps remain the primary source for anyone wanting to study chimpanzees or to know what happened in primatology during the 20th Century. She has been honored through the world for her achievement as a scientist and for her later work in conservation and peace. 5 Helen Keller By Ellie Nauman and Pat Fletcher Helen Keller Biography Educator, Journalist (1880–1968) American educator Helen Keller overcame the adversity of being blind and deaf to become one of the 20th century's leading humanitarians, as well as co-founder of the ACLU. Synopsis Helen Adams Keller was born on June 27, 1880 in Tuscumbia, Alabama. In 1882, she fell ill and was struck blind, deaf and mute. Beginning in 1887, Keller's teacher, Anne Sullivan, helped her make tremendous progress with her ability to communicate, and Keller went on to college, graduating in 1904. In 1920, Keller helped found the ACLU. During her lifetime, she received many honors in recognition of her accomplishments. Early Life Helen Keller was the first of two daughters born to Arthur H. Keller and Katherine Adams Keller… her father had proudly served as an officer in the Confederate Army during the Civil War. The family…earned income from their cotton plantation…Keller was born with her senses of sight and hearing, and started speaking when she was just 6 months old. She started walking at the age of 1. Loss of Sight and Hearing In 1882, however, Keller contracted an illness—called "brain fever" by the family doctor—that produced a high body temperature. Some experts believe it might have been scarlet fever or meningitis. Within a few days after the fever broke, Keller's mother noticed that her daughter didn't show any reaction when the dinner bell was rung, or when a hand was waved in front of her face. Keller had lost both her sight and hearing. She was just 18 months old. As Keller grew into childhood, she developed a limited method of communication with her companion, Martha Washington, the young daughter of the family cook. The two had created a type of sign language, and by the time Keller was 7, they had invented more than 60 signs to communicate with each other. But Keller had become very wild and unruly during this time. She would kick and scream when angry, and giggle uncontrollably when happy. She tormented Martha and inflicted raging tantrums on her parents. Many family relatives felt she should be institutionalized. Looking for answers and inspiration, in 1886, Keller's mother came across a travelogue by Charles Dickens, American Notes. She read of the successful education of another deaf and blind child, Laura Bridgman, and soon dispatched Keller and her father to Baltimore, Maryland to see specialist Dr. J. Julian Chisolm. After examining Keller, Chisolm recommended that she see Alexander Graham Bell, the inventor of the telephone, who was working with deaf children at the time. Bell met with Keller and her parents, and suggested that they travel to the Perkins Institute for the Blind in Boston, Massachusetts. There, the family met with the school's director, Michael Anaganos.

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