DOCSLIB.ORG

Journal of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Journal of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences Journal of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences Eldalal OA, et al. J Pharma Pharma Sci: 4: 186. Review Article DOI: 10.29011/2574-7711.100086 The Correlation between Pharmacological Parameters of Oxycodone and Opioid Epidemic Othman A. Eldalal1,3,4*, Farag E S Mosa2,3, Oladayo A. Oyebanji1, Avinash Satyanarayan. Mahajan1, Terry L Oroszi1 1Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, USA 2Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada 3School of pharmacy, Omar Almukhtar University, Libya 4Department of Drug Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Derna, Libya *Corresponding author: Othman A. Eldalal, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, USA Citation: Eldalal OA, Mosa FES, Oyebanji OA, Mahajan AS, Oroszi TL (2020) The Correlation between Pharmacological Param- eters of Oxycodone and Opioid Epidemic. J Pharma Pharma Sci: 4: 186. DOI: 10.29011/2574-7711.100086 Received Date: 16 March, 2020; Accepted Date: 30 March, 2020; Published Date: 06 April, 2020 Abstract Despite its high risk of abuse and diversion, Oxycodone remains a common choice in the management of moderate-to-se- vere pain. Increased consumption, largely secondary to increased prescription over the last 2 decades, has led to renewed interests in its pharmacology, and opioids in general. The behavioral impacts of oxycodone (and other opioids) are associated with several factors such as its chemical properties, pharmacodynamic properties, and pharmacokinetic parameters. The solubility and rate of absorption are essential factors that participate in the rapid concentration of oxycodone in the brain. Alterations in oxycodone metabolism have been associated with dose‐dependent kinetics, first-pass metabolism, and variations in genetic characters (poor or extensive metabolizers). Receptor types, receptor affinity, and genetic variations in the receptors play a crucial role in developing drug addictions. Other factors such as gender, age, pregnancy, and lactation could play a pivotal role in changing the Pharmacokinetic and -dynamic properties which are essential in abuse liability and withdrawal syndrome. This review highlights the current views on the pharmacological parameters including the pharmaceutical chemistry, pharmacokinetics, pharmacody- namics, drug-drug interactions and toxicity of oxycodone forms on a healthy population and their role in the opioid epidemic. Keywords: Dependence & Abuse; Oxycodone; Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) shows that the Pharmacodynamics; Pharmacokinetics Drug-Interactions; total cost of misuse opioid prescription is roughly $78.5 billion Structure-Activity Relationship; Toxicity a year [3]. More interestingly, the total cost of curing misuse painkillers such as oxycodone prescription among US military is Introduction roughly $ 1 billion per year [4]. Opioid epidemic (opioid crisis) is one of the most serious Pain management is the cautious use of medications to reduce drug epidemics in the US and is defined as the massive overuse of pain. Pain, which is subjective, relies upon various factors which opioid drugs, whether from medical prescriptions or illegal sources could be biological, psychological, and social, among others. that result in an increasing number of deaths and hospitalizations. Globally, many people suffer from different kinds of pain which On October 16, 2017, the US Government declared the opioid could be classified as acute or chronic. In the United States, more than epidemic a public health emergency [1]. Despite over 130 116 million people live with chronic pain, and the financial burden individuals dying daily after overdosing on opioids in the United is between $560-635 billion per year [5]. Medical experts tend to States, oxycodone is still one of the most effective prescribed prescribe opioids, which are pharmacological agents that have high opioids for pain relief and has been implicated as one of the main effective analgesic properties, known to lessen various kinds of pain causes of the current opioid crisis [2]. Data collected from the [6]. It is difficult to find a safe painkiller, one without side effects. 1 Volume 04; Issue 01 J Pharma Phamra Sci, an open access journal ISSN: 2474-7711 Citation: Eldalal OA, Mosa FES, Oyebanji OA, Mahajan AS, Oroszi TL (2020) The Correlation between Pharmacological Parameters of Oxycodone and Opioid Epi- demic. J Pharma Pharma Sci: 4: 186. DOI: 10.29011/2574-7711.100086 Opioids are frequently prescribed to alleviate pain. Because in alcohol (octanol-water partition coefficient 0.7) [14]. It is a low- of their addictive properties, opioid drugs are currently second to molecular-weight opioid that is more lipophilic than morphine. Due marijuana, and ahead of cocaine when it comes to dependence to the alterations in structure between oxycodone and morphine, [7]. Prescribed opioids such as oxycodone, hydrocodone, codeine oxycodone initially undergoes less biotransformation compared to & morphine are widely used in pain relief. The U.S government morphine and thus has higher bioavailability [15]. In addition, owing records show more than 289 million prescriptions for opioids to the molecular differences between oxycodone and morphine, (about 6.8%) from the total number of prescriptions dispensed in oxycodone has less immunosuppression compared to other opioids the U.S in 2012 [8]. Among this, hydrocodone- and oxycodone- [16]. Therefore, studying the structure-activity of oxycodone will containing products are the most prescribed opioids, accounting provide a better understanding of its pharmacological activity. for about 84.9% of all prescriptions [9]. The data also indicates Like morphine, it belongs to the class of opioid analgesics. Its an annual increase in opioid prescriptions among medical experts skeleton constitutes 5 rings; Aromatic ring (Ring A), Cyclohexane since 2007 in the U. S [8]. Research suggests that long-term opioid ring (Ring B), Ketone ring (Ring C), Piperidine ring (Ring D) treatment for chronic pain has potential risks that appear to be and a Tetrahydrofuran ring (Ring E). Oxycodone differs from dose-dependent [10]. Improper use of prescribed opioid and opioid morphine at C3, C6, C7-C8, and C14 positions. The substitution overdose has become an epidemic issue [6]. There are more than of a methoxy group at the C3 position (etherification) decreases 30,000 cases of death per year in the United States due to opioid µ receptor affinity and increases the antitussive property [17] and overdose [11]. it prevents extensive first-pass metabolism in conjugation with Oxycodone is a semisynthetic opioid narcotic analgesic glucuronic acid and therefore has a higher bioavailability [15]. agent that is predominantly used to relieve moderate-severe pain In addition, the substitution of a ketone group at C6 and removal [5]. It was first formulated in 1916 from Thebaine, a natural opioid of unsaturated bonds between C7 and C8 increase the potency alkaloid, and released by firm E. Merck (Darmstadt) as a compound of oxycodone 8-10 times more than morphine. Substitution drug called Scophedal (SEE) with scopolamine, ephedrine to of a hydroxyl group at the C14-α position increases µ agonist be in clinical use in 1928 [12]. However, this compound was property. 3o amine in the piperidine ring is necessary for activity. discontinued in 1987. In 1995, the FDA proved the current version The substitution of the N-methyl group increases agonist activity. of oxycodone [6]. It was the first opioid prescribed in the US to However, increasing the number of carbons bound to nitrogen can manage pain without addictive effects. This led to an increased increase antagonist activity [17]. Substitution of a methoxy group interest in Oxycodone prescriptions, unaware of the overdose at C3, a ketone group at C6 and present ether group increase the potentials [6]. Subsequent studies have shown a strong link between lipophilicity of oxycodone. severe adverse effect and oxycodone dose, with a potential risk Pharmacokinetic Properties of addiction and then overdose, which could ultimately result in death [13]. The correlation between the pharmacokinetic profile of oxycodone and its abuse liability was explained in the 1970s. The Structure-Activity-Relationship of Oxycodone (Figure 1) variety of pharmacokinetic parameters, including lipid solubility, the time to peak plasma concentration, the blood-brain barrier transport (a merging of passive diffusion and active transport in and out of the brain), and bioactive bio-transformations, have been linked to the essential abuse liability of oxycodone. Unlike morphine, oxycodone is actively transported across the blood-brain barrier which could reach 3× higher levels in the brain than blood and has a more rapid onset of effect and several active metabolites that play an important role in its greater abuse profile [18]. Absorption The rate of oxycodone absorption and its bioavailability depends upon many aspects such as lipid solubility, molecular size, Figure 1: Structure of Oxycodone and Morphine. dosage form, and first-pass effects. It has been reported that high lipid solubility of opioids plays a pivotal role in the absorption Oxycodone (4,5α-epoxy-14-hydroxy-3-methoxy- and onset of action of opioid which has been linked with greater 17methylmorphinan-6-one hydrochloride) is a white, odorless abuse potential [19,20]. When Oxycodone
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Design and Synthesis of Cyclic Analogs of the Kappa Opioid Receptor Antagonist Arodyn
    Design and synthesis of cyclic analogs of the kappa opioid receptor antagonist arodyn By © 2018 Solomon Aguta Gisemba Submitted to the graduate degree program in Medicinal Chemistry and the Graduate Faculty of the University of Kansas in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Chair: Dr. Blake Peterson Co-Chair: Dr. Jane Aldrich Dr. Michael Rafferty Dr. Teruna Siahaan Dr. Thomas Tolbert Date Defended: 18 April 2018 The dissertation committee for Solomon Aguta Gisemba certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: Design and synthesis of cyclic analogs of the kappa opioid receptor antagonist arodyn Chair: Dr. Blake Peterson Co-Chair: Dr. Jane Aldrich Date Approved: 10 June 2018 ii Abstract Opioid receptors are important therapeutic targets for mood disorders and pain. Kappa opioid receptor (KOR) antagonists have recently shown potential for treating drug addiction and 1,2,3 4 8 depression. Arodyn (Ac[Phe ,Arg ,D-Ala ]Dyn A(1-11)-NH2), an acetylated dynorphin A (Dyn A) analog, has demonstrated potent and selective KOR antagonism, but can be rapidly metabolized by proteases. Cyclization of arodyn could enhance metabolic stability and potentially stabilize the bioactive conformation to give potent and selective analogs. Accordingly, novel cyclization strategies utilizing ring closing metathesis (RCM) were pursued. However, side reactions involving olefin isomerization of O-allyl groups limited the scope of the RCM reactions, and their use to explore structure-activity relationships of aromatic residues. Here we developed synthetic methodology in a model dipeptide study to facilitate RCM involving Tyr(All) residues. Optimized conditions that included microwave heating and the use of isomerization suppressants were applied to the synthesis of cyclic arodyn analogs.
    [Show full text]
  • Characterization and Re-Evaluation of Experimental Pain Models in Healthy Subjects
    pain models in healthy subje healthy in models pain re-evaluation of experimental Chara pieter siebenga CharaCterization and C terization and re-evaluation of experimental pain models in healthy subjeCts pieter siebenga C ts 342_Omslag_01.indd 1 04-02-20 12:59 CharaCterization and re-evaluation of experimental pain models in healthy subjeCts 04-02-20 12:59 04-02-20 2 342_Omslag_01.indd CharaCterization and re-evaluation of experimental pain models in healthy subjeCts proefsChrift Ter verkrijging van de graad van Doctor aan de Universiteit Leiden, op gezag van Rector Magnificus prof. Mr. C.J.J.M. Stolker, volgens besluit van het College voor Promoties te verdedigen op woensdag 04 maart 2020 klokke 10:00 uur door Pieter Sjoerd Siebenga geboren te Dronten in 1984 Promotor 1 Pharmacodynamic Evaluation: Pain Methodologies — 7 Prof. dr. A.F. Cohen SECTION I The efficacy of different (novel) analgesics by using the Co-promotor PainCart Dr. G.J. Groeneveld 2 Analgesic potential of pf-06372865, an α2/α3/α5 subtype Leden promotiecommissie selective GABAA partial agonist, demonstrated using a battery Prof. dr. A. Dahan of evoked pain tasks in humans — 53 Prof. dr. A.E.W. Evers Dr. J.L.M. Jongen 3 Demonstration of an anti-hyperalgesic effect of a novel Prof. dr. E.C.M. de Lange pan-Trk inhibitor pf-06273340 in a battery of human evoked pain models — 73 4 Lack of detection of the analgesic properties of pf-05089771, a selective Nav1.7 inhibitor, using a battery of pain models in healthy subjects — 93 SECTION II Validation and improvement of human
    [Show full text]
  • Intravenous Oxycodone Versus Other Intravenous Strong Opioids for Acute Postoperative Pain Control: a Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials
    Pain Ther (2019) 8:19–39 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40122-019-0122-4 REVIEW Intravenous Oxycodone Versus Other Intravenous Strong Opioids for Acute Postoperative Pain Control: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials Milton Raff . Anissa Belbachir . Salah El-Tallawy . Kok Yuen Ho . Eric Nagtalon . Amar Salti . Jeong-Hwa Seo . Aida Rosita Tantri . Hongwei Wang . Tianlong Wang . Kristal Cielo Buemio . Consuelo Gutierrez . Yacine Hadjiat Received: January 3, 2019 / Published online: April 19, 2019 Ó The Author(s) 2019 ABSTRACT (inclusive) that evaluated the acute postopera- tive analgesic efficacy of intravenous oxy- Introduction: Optimal pain management is codone against fentanyl, morphine, sufentanil, crucial to the postoperative recovery process. pethidine, and hydromorphone in adult We aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of patients (age C 18 years). Outcomes examined intravenous oxycodone with intravenous fen- included analgesic consumption, pain intensity tanyl, morphine, sufentanil, pethidine, and levels, side effects, and patient satisfaction. hydromorphone for acute postoperative pain. Results: Eleven studies were included in the Methods: A systematic literature search of review; six compared oxycodone with fentanyl, PubMed, Cochrane Library, and EMBASE data- two compared oxycodone with morphine, and bases was performed for randomized controlled three compared oxycodone with sufentanil. trials published from 2008 through 2017 There were no eligible studies comparing oxy- codone with pethidine or hydromorphone. Overall, analgesic consumption was lower with oxycodone than with fentanyl or sufentanil. Enhanced Digital Features To view enhanced digital Oxycodone exhibited better analgesic efficacy features for this article go to: https://doi.org/10.6084/ m9.figshare.7931558. than fentanyl and sufentanil, and comparable analgesic efficacy to morphine.
    [Show full text]
  • (2) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2017/0020885 A1 Hsu (43) Pub
    US 20170020885A1 (19) United States (2) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2017/0020885 A1 Hsu (43) Pub. Date: Jan. 26, 2017 (54) COMPOSITION COMPRISING A (52) U.S. CI. THERAPEUTIC AGENT AND A CPC ......... A61K 31/5377 (2013.01); A61K 9/0053 RESPIRATORY STIMULANT AND (2013.01); A61K 31/485 (2013.01); A61 K METHODS FOR THE USE THEREOF 9/5073 (2013.01); A61K 9/5047 (2013.01): A61K 45/06 (2013.01); A61K 9/0019 (71) Applicant: John Hsu, Rowland Heights, CA (US) (2013.01); A61K 9/209 (2013.01) (72) Inventor: John Hsu, Rowland Heights, CA (US) (57) ABSTRACT (21) Appl. No.: 15/214,421 (22) Filed: Jul. 19, 2016 The present disclosure provides a safe method for anesthesia or the treatment of pain by safely administering an amount Related U.S. Application Data of active agent to a patient while reducing the incidence or severity of suppressed respiration. The present disclosure (60) Provisional application No. 62/195,769, filed on Jul. provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a thera 22, 2015. peutic agent and a chemoreceptor respiratory stimulant. In one aspect, the compositions oppose effects of respiratory Publication Classification suppressants by combining a chemoreceptor respiratory (51) Int. Cl. stimulant with an opioid receptor agonist or other respira A6 IK 31/5377 (2006.01) tory-depressing drug. The combination of the two chemical A6 IK 9/24 (2006.01) agents, that is, the therapeutic agent and the respiratory A6 IK 9/50 (2006.01) stimulant, may be herein described as the “drugs.” The A6 IK 45/06 (2006.01) present compositions may be used to treat acute and chronic A6 IK 9/00 (2006.01) pain, sleep apnea, and other conditions, leaving only non A6 IK 31/485 (2006.01) lethal side effects.
    [Show full text]
  • Updated Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Oxycodone
    Clinical Pharmacokinetics https://doi.org/10.1007/s40262-018-00731-3 REVIEW ARTICLE Updated Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Oxycodone Mari Kinnunen1 · Panu Piirainen1 · Hannu Kokki1 · Pauliina Lammi1 · Merja Kokki2 © The Author(s) 2019 Abstract Global oxycodone consumption has increased sharply during the last two decades, and, in 2008, oxycodone consumption surpassed that of morphine. As oxycodone was synthesized in 1916 and taken to clinical use a year later, it has not undergone the same approval process required by today’s standards. Most of the basic oxycodone pharmacokinetic (PK) data are from the 1990s and from academic research; however, a lot of additional data have been published over the last 10 years. In this review, we describe the latest oxycodone data on special populations, including neonates, children, pregnant and lactating women, and the elderly. A lot of important drug interaction data have been published that must also be taken into account when oxycodone is used concomitantly with cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A inducers and inhibitors and/or CYP2D6 inhibitors. In addition, we gathered data on abuse-deterrent oxycodone formulations, and the PK of alternate administration routes, i.e. transmucosal and epidural, are also described. 1 Introduction Oxycodone was synthesized in 1916 and introduced for clinical use in 1917 in Germany [2]. It became available There has been a sharp increase in global oxycodone con- for use in the US in 1939. In Finland, oxycodone has been sumption since 1995, when a controlled-release (CR) tablet the most commonly used opioid analgesic since the 1960s, formulation was approved and launched for use in the fol- and, during the last 10 years, oxycodone has accounted for lowing year.
    [Show full text]
  • PM-015 Frédérique Menzaghi, Robert H
    DEVELOPMENT OF THE NOVEL, PERIPHERALLY-SELECTIVE KAPPA OPIOID AGONIST CR665 FOR THE TREATMENT OF ACUTE PAIN PM-015 Frédérique Menzaghi, Robert H. Spencer, Michael E. Lewis and Derek T. Chalmers Cara Therapeutics Inc., One Parrott Drive, Shelton CT 06484, USA Introduction Peripheral Selectivity of CR665 CR665 Suppresses TNFα Release in Safety and Tolerability of CR665 in The aversive cognitive effects caused by activation of kappa opioid Enadoline CR665 Mouse Model of Sepsis Human receptors in the CNS (dysphoria, hallucinations) have hindered the 100 5000 3000 100 development of compounds acting by this mechanism. However, Tolerability 80 activation of kappa receptors located outside of the CNS (peripheral 80 4000 9 CR665 was well tolerated in both male and female healthy 60 2000 nerve endings and immune cells including T-cells, macrophage, mast Writhing 60 Writhing 3000 * volunteers at dose levels through 0.42 mg/kg (1-h) and through pg/mL Rotarod pg/mL Rotarod α cells) appears sufficient to modulate the transmission of pain and 40 40 α 0.09 mg/kg (5-min) 2000 % Activity % Activity 1000 * inflammatory signals. Activation of kappa opioid receptors with kappa- 20 20 9 No severe or serious adverse effects (AEs) observed ↓ 41% TNF- selective agonists is also known to produce pharmacological effects TNF- 1000 9 No report of hallucination, dysphoria or emesis that differ from activation of mu opioid receptors (e.g., no inhibition of 0 0 ↓ 74% 0 0 9 Most frequently reported AEs were mild, transient nervous Vehicle CR665 Vehicle Prednisolone GI transit, water retention, itch or induction of respiratory depression).
    [Show full text]
  • Opioid Peptides in Peripheral Pain Control
    Review Acta Neurobiol Exp 2011, 71: 129–138 Opioid peptides in peripheral pain control Anna Lesniak*, Andrzej W. Lipkowski Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw; *Email: [email protected] Opioids have a long history of therapeutic use as a remedy for various pain states ranging from mild acute nociceptive pain to unbearable chronic advanced or end-stage disease pain. Analgesia produced by classical opioids is mediated extensively by binding to opioid receptors located in the brain or the spinal cord. Nevertheless, opioid receptors are also expressed outside the CNS in the periphery and may become valuable assets in eliciting analgesia devoid of shortcomings typical for the activation of their central counterparts. The discovery of endogenous opioid peptides that participate in the formation, transmission, modulation and perception of pain signals offers numerous opportunities for the development of new analgesics. Novel peptidic opioid receptor analogs, which show limited access through the blood brain barrier may support pain therapy requiring prolonged use of opioid drugs. Key words: immune cells, opioid peptides, pain, peripheral analgesia Abbreviations: β-FNA - β-funaltrexamine, BBB - blood-brain-barrier, CGRP - calcitonin gene-related peptide, CFA - complete Freund adjuvant, CNS - central nervous system, CRF - corticotropin releasing factor, CYP - cyprodime, DAGO - [Tyr-D-Ala- Gly-Me-Phe-Gly-ol]-enkephalin, DAMGO - [D-Ala2, N-MePhe4, Gly-ol]-enkephalin, DOR - delta opioid receptor, DPDPE - [D-Pen2,5]-enkephalin, DRG - dorsal root ganglion, EM-1 - endomorphin 1, EM-2 - endomorphin 2, KOR - kappa opioid receptor, MOR - mu opioid receptor, NLZ – naloxonazine, NTI - naltrindole, NLXM - naloxone methiodide; nor-BNI – nor-binaltorphimine, PDYN - prodynorphin, PENK - proenkephalin, PNS - peripheral nervous system, POMC - proopiomelanocortin INTRODUCTION ic pain.
    [Show full text]
  • Sedation and Analgesia for Liver Cancer Percutaneous
    Int. J. Med. Sci. 2020, Vol. 17 2194 Ivyspring International Publisher International Journal of Medical Sciences 2020; 17(14): 2194-2199. doi: 10.7150/ijms.47067 Research Paper Sedation and Analgesia for Liver Cancer Percutaneous Radiofrequency Ablation: Fentanyl and Oxycodone Comparison Jiangling Wang, Xiaohong Yuan, Wenjing Guo, Xiaobin Xiang, Qicheng Wu, Man Fang, Wen Zhang, Zewu Ding, Kangjie Xie, Jun Fang, Huidan Zhou, Shuang Fu Department of Anaesthesiology, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy and Sciences. Zhejiang, Hangzhou, 310022, China. Corresponding author: Shuang Fu, Department of Anaesthesiology, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy and Sciences. Zhejiang, Hangzhou, 310022, China. E-mail: [email protected]; No. 1 Banshan East Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China, 310022; Phone Number: +8657188122106, +8615168373331. © The author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). See http://ivyspring.com/terms for full terms and conditions. Received: 2020.04.15; Accepted: 2020.07.31; Published: 2020.08.12 Abstract Background: Sedation and analgesia use in percutaneous radiofrequency ablation (RFPA) for liver cancer is a necessary part of the procedure; however, the optimal medicine for sedation and analgesia for PRFA remains controversial. The aim of this study was to compare the perioperative pain management, haemodynamic stability and side effects between oxycodone (OXY) and fentanyl (FEN) use in patients under dexmedetomidine sedation. Methods: Two hundred and five adults with an American Society of Anaesthesiologists physical status score of I to II were included in this study. Patients were assigned to the OXY (n=101) or FEN (n=104) group.
    [Show full text]
  • (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2014/0221277 A1 Menzaghi Et Al
    US 20140221277A1 (19) United States (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2014/0221277 A1 Menzaghi et al. (43) Pub. Date: Aug. 7, 2014 (54) METHOD FOR ELEVATING PROLACTIN IN tion No. 12/300,595, filed on Apr. 22, 2009, now Pat. MAMMALS No. 8,217,000, filed as application No. PCT/US2007/ 012285 on May 22, 2007. (71)71) ApplicantsApplicants: MStFrederi Le.g.,M hi, RVe, S. SterNY E.(US) ); (60) Provisional application No. 60/808,677, filed on May (US); Derek T. Chalmers, Riverside, CT 26, 2006. (US) Publication Classification (72) Inventors: Frederique Menzaghi, Rye, NY (US); (51) Int. Cl. Michael E. Lewis, West Chester, PA A638/07 (2006.01) (US); Derek T. Chalmers, Riverside, CT A6II 45/06 (2006.01) (US) (52) U.S. Cl. CPC ................. A61 K38/07 (2013.01); A61K 45/06 (73) Assignee: CARATHERAPEUTICS, INC., (2013.01) SHELTON, CT (US) USPC ............................. 514/4.7: 514/7.3; 514/11.5 (21) Appl. No.: 14/087,142 (57) ABSTRACT Methods for elevating and stabilizing prolactin levels in a (22) Filed: Nov. 22, 2013 mammal including methods of treating disorders and condi tions associated with reduced serum levels of prolactin are O O provided. Also provided are methods of using certain Syn Related U.S. Application Data thetic tetrapeptide amides which are peripherally selective (63) Continuation of application No. 13/543,128, filed on kappa opioid receptor agonists to elevate or stabilize serum Jul. 6, 2012, now abandoned, Continuation of applica prolactin levels. Patent Application Publication Aug. 7, 2014 Sheet 1 of 7 US 2014/0221277 A1 Figure 1: Arithmetic Mean Changes from Baseline (Pre dose) in Serum Prolactin Concentrations Following a 1 hour IV Infusion in Male Subjects (Part A) O 2 A.
    [Show full text]
  • St Louis Etienne Msc 2016.Pdf (3.001Mb)
    Université de Sherbrooke Etude des mécanismes de rétention du récepteur opioïde delta Par Etienne St-Louis Programme de Physiologie Mémoire présenté à la Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé en vue de l’obtention du grade de maître ès sciences (M.Sc.) en Physiologie Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada 20 décembre 2016 Membres du jury d’évaluation Louis Gendron PhD Programme de Physiologie ; Directeur de recherche Jean-Luc Parent PhD Programme de Pharmacologie ; Co-Directeur de recherche Philippe Sarret PhD Programme de Physiologie ; Évaluateur interne Steve Jean PhD Département d'anatomie ; Évaluateur externe © Etienne St-Louis, 2016 ii RÉSUMÉ Etude des mécanismes de rétention du récepteur opioïde delta Par Etienne St-Louis Programme de Physiologie Mémoire présenté à la Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé en vue de l’obtention du diplôme de maître ès sciences (M.Sc.) en physiologie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada J1H5N4 Mots clés : douleur, opioïde delta, DOPr, trafic intracellulaire, MOPr, cdk5, pin1, COPI Les médicaments de type opioïde représentent la classe de médicaments la plus utilisée pour les douleurs modérées à sévères. C’est pour cette raison que les opioïdes et leurs récepteurs sont très étudiés et qu’il y a beaucoup de publications sur ces récepteurs. En revanche, peu d’études ont cherché à identifier les partenaires d’interactions de ces récepteurs puis à comprendre les mécanismes d’adressage à la membrane. Même si le récepteur opioïde delta (DOPr) n’est pas encore ciblé en clinique, beaucoup d’équipes s’intéressent à son rôle et à l’effet d’agonistes DOPr dans le but de trouver une nouvelle avenue thérapeutique contre la douleur.
    [Show full text]
  • Cara Therapeutics Initiates Clinical Trial of Novel Pain Drug Candidate
    March 24, 2005 Cara Therapeutics Initiates Clinical Trial of Novel Pain Drug Candidate Cara Therapeutics, Inc. announced today that it had initiated dosing in a Phase 1 clinical trial for CR665, its novel drug candidate for the treatment of postoperative pain. The single-dose protocol is scheduled to be completed in the second quarter of 2005. The study will evaluate the safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetic profile of CR665 in a double-blinded, placebo-controlled, ascending single intravenous dose, dose-escalation trial in healthy male and female volunteers. The study is being conducted in the U.K. "CR665 represents a very significant development opportunity in the treatment of pain because of its unique mechanism of action," stated Derek Chalmers, Cara's President and CEO. "By acting with unprecedented selectivity at pain relieving receptors on peripheral nerves, and avoiding receptors in the central nervous system and gastrointestinal tract, CR665 has the potential to provide pain relief with minimal side effects.”Dr. Chalmers added, “We believe that CR665's distinct mechanism could not only provide great patient benefit compared to currently used drugs for treating postoperative pain, but also result in significant reductions in healthcare costs by minimizing hospitalization time.” About CR665 CR665 is the lead development candidate from a series of highly selective peripheral kappa opioid receptor agonists. In animal studies, CR665 exhibited unprecedented selectivity for the peripheral kappa opioid receptor and superior efficacy in producing pain relief compared to non-selective opioid drugs, such as morphine. In addition, unlike currently marketed non-selective opioid receptor agonists, CR665 does not produce inhibition of intestinal transit (ileus), induce respiratory depression, or elicit CNS side effects of euphoria or addiction in animal models.
    [Show full text]
  • Analiza Efektu Przeciwbólowego Nowych Analogów Neuropeptydów W Mysim Modelu Bólu Nowotworowego
    POLSKA AKADEMIA NAUK Instytut Medycyny Doświadczalnej i Klinicznej im. Mirosława Mossakowskiego Analiza efektu przeciwbólowego nowych analogów neuropeptydów w mysim modelu bólu nowotworowego Anna Leśniak Rozprawa doktorska wykonana w Zakładzie Neuropeptydów Promotor: prof. dr hab. n. med Andrzej W. Lipkowski Warszawa, 2013 http://rcin.org.pl Pragnę złożyć serdeczne podziękowania: Panu prof. dr hab. n. med. Andrzejowi Lipkowskiemu za podjęcie się roli promotora pracy oraz za opiekę merytoryczną, cenne rady i wskazówki na każdym etapie wykonywania pracy Paniom prof. dr hab. n.med Janinie Rafałowskiej oraz dr n. biol. Hannie Szymańskiej za pomoc w wykonaniu i interpretacji badań histologicznych Panom prof. Gézie Tóth oraz dr Sándorowi Benyhe za użyczenie radioligandów oraz pomoc w badaniach radioizotopowych Panu dr hab. Mariuszowi Sacharczukowi za pomoc w badaniach farmakologicznych a także Koleżankom i Kolegom z Zakładu Neuropeptydów IMDiK PAN za wsparcie i stworzenie miłej atmosfery pracy Anna Leśniak 2 http://rcin.org.pl SPIS TREŚCI: 1. WSTĘP ................................................................................................................. 9 1.1 Funkcja i definicja bólu .................................................................................... 9 1.2 Fizjologia bólu ................................................................................................ 9 1.3 Charakterystyka i funkcja receptorów opioidowych ....................................... 16 1.4 Endogenne ligandy receptorów opioidowych ...............................................
    [Show full text]