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Deliberative Democracy DELIBERATIVE DEMOCRACY: THE EFFECTS OF PARTICIPATION ON POLITICAL EFFICACY Tina Nabatchi Submitted to the faculty of the University Graduate School in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in the School of Public and Environmental Affairs Indiana University July 2007 Accepted by the Graduate Faculty, Indiana University, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. __________________________________ James L. Perry, Ph.D. __________________________________ Lisa Blomgren Bingham, J.D. Doctoral Committee __________________________________ Evan Ringquist, Ph.D. __________________________________ John Applegate, J.D. __________________________________ Rosemary O’Leary, Ph.D. Date of Oral Examination – July 19, 2007 ii For my parents You never doubted me for a moment and encouraged me in all aspects of life. I am eternally grateful. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS No matter how hard I try, I will never achieve the eloquence I desire in acknowledging those who have helped me with this dissertation. Words cannot possibly begin to express my gratitude to all those who were instrumental in this journey. First, I would like to thank the myriad of organizations and institutions that helped make this work possible. AmericaSpeaks, the Lee Institute, and the United Agenda for Children provided me with the opportunity to conduct the research, and offered me generous staff support during the development and implementation of the project. The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation provided grant funding that partially supported this research, and all of its accompanying demands. Finally, the Indiana Conflict Resolution Institute has served as my home base not only during my work on the dissertation, but also through my entire student career at the School of Public and Environmental Affairs. The work involved in this dissertation would have been considerably more difficult, if not impossible, without this organizational support. I must also thank the members of my dissertation committee: James L. Perry, Lisa Blomgren Bingham, Evan Ringquist, John Applegate, and Rosemary O’Leary. These individuals represent the best of the Academy; they approach scholarship with integrity, intellectual prowess, humor, patience, and high standards. Professor Perry, the Chair of the committee, provided remarkable leadership, support, advice, and feedback from day one. Each committee member made unique, substantive contributions to the dissertation, and all were incredibly receptive and responsive to my questions and concerns. I thank each of you for your amazing insights and intellectual abilities. You have been a remarkable source of inspiration during this long process. iv In addition to the dissertation committee, many others have helped me with this project. Most notably, David Good provided me with tremendous support during several freak-out moments. You are a wonderful teacher and a terrific friend. Hun Myong Park demonstrated extraordinary patience and gave me solid explanations for material that otherwise would have been over my head. Rebecca Nesbit also helped me to think about various statistical models and approaches during the early stages of this research. Several additional SPEA faculty and staff were also amazing and supportive, including Dr. David Reingold, Dr. Burnell Fischer, Nan Stager, Donna Pritchett, Jennifer Mitchner, and Stacey Johnstone. Thanks to all of you! Numerous friends and colleagues assisted with the technical, clerical, and tedious work that accompanies survey research. Among these people, I must thank Won Tae Chung for the design of several of databases, the staff at the Indiana Conflict Resolution Institute and William Starsiak who suffered through hours of data entry, Travis Olsson who made stuffing thousands of envelopes fun, and Jacqueline Rathel who waded through hundreds of pages checking citations and references. I save my final set of thank-yous to those who are nearest and dearest to me: my friends and family. First, I must thank Lisa Blomgren Bingham. Lisa, you have been an amazing colleague and a wonderful friend since my first day on campus. You have watched out for me always, both professionally and personally, challenged me to achieve excellence, and provided me with numerous opportunities for advancement and growth. Most importantly, you gave me unwavering moral support and had undying faith in my abilities, no matter my degree of trepidation. You have and continue to help me to v become a better scholar and a better person. For this and so much more, I am eternally indebted. I must also thank Professor Curtis Ventriss who has been both a colleague and a friend for many years. Curt, thank you for introducing me to the wonderful world of public administration and to scholars outside of the mainstream. Most importantly, thank you for inspiring and encouraging me to pursue a Ph.D. in the field. I would not be here without you. Christian and Paige Freitag have been an undeniable source of comfort and friendship to me for my many years in Bloomington. Thank you for too many meals to count and an ungodly amount of delicious wine. Thank you for sitting with me during tears of joy and sorrow, and for never turning your back on me in a moment of need. I could not have remained sane and happy without you. I love you both very much. To Christian, I must say, thank you for the beasties, canaries, and bunnies. Lisa Marie Napoli has helped me learn to live in the moment and seek out the light in every situation. You always see the best in everything and everyone and are a source of awe and inspiration to me. Namaste. Eva and Gary Frankel provided me with many weekends of refuge in Vermont and allowed me to harass them with countless hours of phone calls. You are my oldest, dearest friends, and among the most wonderful people I know. Finally, I must acknowledge my parents, and recognize that I can never thank them adequately or sufficiently for all of their help and support. You both taught me to love school and to pursue it with honesty, integrity, and hard work. Mom, you have never doubted me for a moment, not even in my darkest of times. I find this to be incredible. vi You have and continue to give me an endless supply of support, love, and devotion. You are an absolutely incredible woman. Baba, you have demonstrated and taught me the importance of scholarship, not only in school settings, but in everyday life. You ceaselessly encouraged me to “grow my brain.” When I was young, this annoyed me; as a teacher, I share this philosophy with all of my students. I may not be the typical Ph.D., but I hope you are proud of the person (and scholar) that I am. I have nothing to repay you for your years of support beyond my undying love to both of you. I hope to live up to your standards and expectations. In the end, this work would have been impossible without the love, kindness, and support of these and so many other individuals. Together, they form what has so far been one of the most important communities in my life. Thank you to all. Rock on. vii ABSTRACT This dissertation examines the relationship between deliberative democracy, the idea that public decisions should be made by discussion among free and equal citizens, and internal and external political efficacy. Internal political efficacy is the extent to which people feel they can competently participate in politics; external political efficacy is the extent to which people feel that government is responsive to their interests. Some scholars assert that deliberative democracy can increase perceptions of political efficacy; however, little empirical research has tested this proposition. To help fill that research gap, this study examines one deliberative process, the AmericaSpeaks 21st Century Town Meeting as convened by United Agenda for Children (UAC), a coalition of public and private organizations who joined to ensure a positive future for all the children (from birth to age 21) of Mecklenburg County, North Carolina. The primary research question is: What impact does participation in the AmericaSpeaks 21st Century Town Meeting have on participants’ sense of internal and external political efficacy? This study uses a quasi-experimental research design, with survey data collected at three points in time from two non-equivalent comparison groups (participants and non-participants). Multiple analyses are conducted, including various regression models, Heckman treatment effect models, and propensity score matching models. The study has three major findings. First, before the Town Meeting, participants have significantly lower perceptions of external political efficacy than non-participants. Second, participation in the Town Meeting increases participants’ perceptions of both internal and external political efficacy; however, only the increase in external political viii efficacy is statistically significant. Finally, the increase in external political efficacy persists over time. In sum, these results suggest that participation in this deliberative democracy process increases perceptions of political efficacy, and particularly perceptions of external political efficacy. The implications of these findings and directions for future research are discussed. Committee in Charge: James L. Perry, Chairman, SPEA, Indiana University Lisa Blomgren Bingham, SPEA, Indiana University Evan Ringquist, SPEA, Indiana University John Strait Applegate, School of Law, Indiana University Rosemary O’Leary, Maxwell School, Syracuse University
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