Frontiers of Knowledge Journal Series | International Journal of Environmental Technology ISSN: 2635-3652 | Vol. 1 Issue 1 (September, 2017)

Assessment of Impact on the Living Standard of People in Shelleng Local Government Area of , . Shalleng, B. A.1 Daniel, J. D. 2 Department of Department of Agricultural Economics Agricultural Economics and Extension, Adamawa and Extension, Adamawa State University,Mubi, State University,Mubi, (Nigeria) (Nigeria) [email protected]

Abstract The study examined the impact of Kiri Dam on the socio-economic characteristics of the people living in Shelleng Local Government Area of Adamawa State, Nigeria. The survey adopted multistage, purposive and systematic sampling procedures to select 140 respondents which were the source of data used for the analysis. The results revealed that majority of the respondents (65.71%) were youth capable of engaging in productive economic activities. A high proportion (42.14%) had 4-6 as family members, with over 77% of them engaged in full time farming while 21.31% were civil servants. Due to the impounded body of water which might have submerged some of their lands, irrigation farming was reported to be high (67.86%). Sweet potato being the common crop produced on the annual flood plain of the dam does not require irrigation water. Results also unveiled that 18.57% of the respondents owned concrete houses and about 55% owned mud houses roofed with either thatched grasses or zinc as the case may be. More so, 3.25% owned motor vehicle, a clear indication that the host communities have not so much benefited from the presence of the dam as one may expect. The educational status of the respondents has shown that 3.57% attended tertiary education but a high proportion attained primary and secondary school education (69%), however, this level of education may not be enough in the fast changing world that require modern technology to meet up the high societal demand. The study recommended that the Non-Government Organisations (NGOs) and the government agencies to provide affordable modern irrigation facilities, high yielding seeds and other farm inputs as well as fishing equipment that will effectively help the communities utilize the dam to improve their standard of living. Key words: Adamawa, Assessment, Communities, Dam, Impact, Kiri

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Frontiers of Knowledge Journal Series | International Journal of Environmental Technology ISSN: 2635-3652 | Vol. 1 Issue 1 (September, 2017)

1. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY The Global Water Initiative (GWI) in conjunction with West African Sub-region is in partnership for the development of the region through construction of dams for proper water management to supplement the erratic rainfall that most often end in drought. The intention was to address challenges of clean drinking water, sanitation, increased agricultural output through provision of adequate irrigation facilities, adequate management of ecosystem, fishing as well as watershed management, for the poor population which are most vulnerable that depends on such services (Skinner et’al, 2009). It is the search for such development that has prompt the construction of over 150 dams over the years and more are expected to be constructed across the sub-region ( Skinner,et’al.,2009) According to the World Commission on Dams (2000) a developmental project such as dam construction should be directed towards improving the living standards of the communities concerned. This can be achieved through provision of gainful employment, increased farmers output through irrigation farming, generation of electricity for industrial development and education. It is expected that the increase in income will improve the nutrition status of people, health and social life (WCD, 2000). In a similar opinion, Gregory (2000) asserted that proper water management such as dam construction can adequately be utilized not only for irrigation but for recreation, domestic uses, fishery, industrial development and other uses that are of economic value that can improve the quality of life of the catchment communities. Studies carried out on the impact of Gurara Dam on the host communities in Kaduna State Nigeria has shown that the Dam has tremendous influence on its host communities. According Dalil et al., (2015) modern irrigation among the respondents has increased by 100% which by implication explained a high chance of increase in the output of the respondents which invariably may result in increase in farmers income. On the other hand it has also been reported that a considerable amount of losses in Fadama land, forestry and arable crop land by 58%, 9% and 12% respectively due to the impounded body of water in the area, (Dalil,2015). The effect of in has been described as a means of economic development not only to the host communities but the entire state. The dam has been the source of supplying 30,000m3 of water to the state capital daily as well as to the host communities. The Dam is also capable of generating 40 mega watts electricity that will make the state power sufficient rather than depending on the Power Holding Company

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Frontiers of Knowledge Journal Series | International Journal of Environmental Technology ISSN: 2635-3652 | Vol. 1 Issue 1 (September, 2017)

(PHC) that is no longer reliable (Anon, 2017). Another survey conducted on impact of Bakalori Dam on the immediate communities in Nigeria also revealed that the fish catch by the host communities has increased by 200% compared to pre- Dam fish catch. However, a cross section analysis of poverty line among the communities according their occupation revealed that the farmers were 5% above poverty line, traders 10% above poverty line while civil servants were 50% above poverty line (Anon, 2013). The higher percentage of civil servants above poverty line may not be unconnected with their level of literacy, exposure and may also be that they are using a little part of their wage to sponsor their irrigated farms and probably the fish business. Some studies carried on the effects of the Kiri Dam on nearby communities have also shown that the Dam has caused decrease in the natural vegetation by 63% due erosion, the impounded body of water has led to breeding of life threat animals and birds. The denudation of the land has caused an undesirable impact on the livelihood of the host communities while the usual crops such as maize and guinea corn has been replaced by cotton potatoes vegetables and so on (Zemba, 2016). The socio-economic impact of Shiroro Dam in on the surrounding communities has also shown both its positive and the negative effect on the people. A survey conducted by researchers revealed that the presences of the project has brought accessible road network to the communities linking them to other parts of the country conveniently ( Usman and Ifabiyi, 2012). The result of the multiple regression analysis showed the variable road network as having positive effect on socio-economic lives of the people, this could be that the road network as a factor has improved diffusion of innovations, the trading pattern of the people in different goods has been expanded as people from different parts of the country are attracted to Shiroro market (Usman and Ifabayi, 2012). More so, employment opportunities has also been enjoyed especially at the junior cadre level, even some moslem women that were secluded before were made to go out for a paid job to support their families. On the other hand the negative aspect of the Dam project also has been elaborated. In the first place, farming and fishing have become seasonal because of the impounded body of water; these activities have become difficult because of the increase in the volume and velocity of the water during the rainy season. Secondly the surrounding communities of Shiroro Dam have almost lost their rich cultural heritage, the sites for festivals have been covered by water, artifacts have disappeared. It

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Frontiers of Knowledge Journal Series | International Journal of Environmental Technology ISSN: 2635-3652 | Vol. 1 Issue 1 (September, 2017)

has been estimated that over 20 traditional festivals are no longer in place. It has been observed also that despite the presence of the project there is no single industry that it has been attracted to the area to boast the economy of the people, and even the employment provided by the PHC are mostly for cleaners and guardmen because of high level of illiteracy (Usman and Ifabiyi, 2012). It is the quest for the development of the rural areas as earlier discussed that led to the construction of kiri Dam along river Gongola in Adamawa state. The dam which was completed in 1982 was meant to supply irrigation water to Savannah sugar company (SSC) some few kilometers west of the dam. The dam was constructed with the support of Upper Benue River Basin Development Authority (UBRBDA) in partnership with Common Wealth Development Corporation (CDC) (Shallangwa et’al., 2014). The is dam about 1.2km long and 20m high has the capacity of 615 million m3. The SSC has about 5000 employees and have over 1000 hectares of land that are used for cultivation by catchment communities using the company canals and irrigation water, it also has over 6000 hectares of cane plantation which are adequately managed with water supply from the kiri dam (Anon, 2016) At the completion of the dam over 20,000 people were displaced, according to shallangwa (2014) the living standard of these people has been depleted due to the effect of the dam on the environment. In the first place the vast land of the affected communities that has been the major source of their livelihood has been submerged with impounded body of water . Secondly the environment around the dam has been a breeding place for quella birds which has forced the farmers to abundant food crops such as sorghum, rice, to cotton, sugar cane and tomatoes (Zemba etal., 2016). Another point was that the needed modern fishing equipments and irrigation facilities are not available and where they exist they are not affordable by the people. The argument made by Olofin (1991) was that dams that have been constructed in northern Nigeria have increased the total output of crop production in the recent past in terms of land area, varieties of crops and frequency of cropping pattern which is expected to improve the farmers’ income/standard of living of the host communities. It is against this background information that this study was conducted to determine to what extent did the living standard of the host communities in the study area have been improved as a result of the presence of Kiri Dam.

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Frontiers of Knowledge Journal Series | International Journal of Environmental Technology ISSN: 2635-3652 | Vol. 1 Issue 1 (September, 2017)

2. METHODOLOGY The study was specifically conducted within communities in Shelleng LGA of Adamawa State. The Local Government which is located at Latitude 9° 42’ North and Longitude 12° 1’ East (Zemba etal., 2016). The area is lowland with elevation of 500-700 meters above sea level. Flood plains and alluvial swamps are common features of the area. Rainfall ranges from 510 -1040 mm/annum, rainfall which begins in may ends in October, while dry season commences from November to March. The area has mean temperature of 34.58°C. It has relative humidity of 60-78% between May to October and 27-35% during the dry season (Zemba, et’al., 2016). The Local Government has a population of about 148,490 people and shares boundary with Shani LGA in Borno state to the north Numan and Demsa LGAs to south , to the west with Guyuk LGA and Song and Gombi LGAs to the east. It has a land area of 1587km2 (Tukur and Barde, 2014). 3. SAMPLING PROCEEDURE The study adopted multistage, purposive and systematic sampling procedures to arrive at the target respondents. The local government is made up of five districts which are Bacta, Bodwai, Kiri, Libbo and Shelleng districts . Three districts (Bacta, Kiri and Shelleng ) were purposively selected because of their spread along the Kiri Dam. Stage two involve the purposeful selection of five settlements namely Bobere, Donge, Jumbul, Kiri and Shelleng from the three districts because of their proximity to the bank of the Dam. Questionnaires were allocated to each settlement following Cochran (1977) proportion allocation technique. In the final stage systematic sampling procedure was used in each settlement to arrive at the final respondents. The Cochran formula thus stated below as: nh = Nh*n/N Where: nh = Name of each sample village Nh = Population of inhabitants in the village n = Total number of questionnaires distributed N = Total population of the inhabitants in all the villages.

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Frontiers of Knowledge Journal Series | International Journal of Environmental Technology ISSN: 2635-3652 | Vol. 1 Issue 1 (September, 2017)

Table 1: Distribution of the Questionnaire According to Settlement Name of Settlement N0. Of Household Sample Size Shelleng 7784 86 Kiri 3570 40 Donge 540 06 Bobere 423 05 Jumbul 284 03 [Field Survey, 2014]

3.1 Data Analysis Method Simple descriptive statistics was used to analyse the data collected for the study. These include the use of frequency counts, means and percentages. 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Socio-economic Characteristics of the Respondents The distribution of the respondents according to age group is presented in Table 2. Analysis of the results reveals that 67.57% of the respondents were youth, within the age bracket of 15-40years. This implies that majority of respondents were in their active age of production that may take advantage of the available irrigation water/ facilities for increased output. Some 6.43% of them were 60 years and above which may be less active than the youth. According to Tashikalma (2014) the significance of youthful age is that they are capable of supplying manpower needed for the production for increased output and hence income.

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Frontiers of Knowledge Journal Series | International Journal of Environmental Technology ISSN: 2635-3652 | Vol. 1 Issue 1 (September, 2017)

Table 2: Distribution of Respondents According to Age Variable frequency percentage Age range 15 – 20 05 03.57 21 – 30 32 22.85 31 – 40 55 39.29 41 – 50 24 17.14 51 – 60 15 10.72 61 and above 09 06.43 Total 140 100.0 [Survey data: 2014]

4.2 Distribution of the Respondents According Number of People in the Household The distribution of the respondents according household size shows that respondents with class of 4-6 persons per household has the highest response (42.14%). Over 37% had their family size of 7 persons per household and above while 20.72% had 1-3 members in their household. A high proportion of the respondents hard moderate number of family members which may mostly be dependent, however where some of them are adults they can be good source of labour for the head of the households. Table 3: Distribution of Respondents Based on Number of Household Variable frequency percentage 1 – 3 29 20.71 4 – 6 59 42.14 7 and above 52 37.14 Total 140 100.0 [Field Survey, 2014]

4.3 Occupational Distribution of the Respondents Entries in Table 4 also showed the occupational distribution of the respondents. The result which shows that 49.29% were crop farmers and 28.57% fish farmers. About 77.86% were full time farmers with 21.43% as civil servants. This is a confirmation that agriculture still remains the major employer of labour in most of our communities in Nigeria. This report is in consonance with the assertion of Anyawu et’al. (1989) who observed that 78%

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of Nigerians are farmers who mostly practice subsistence agriculture a typical situation of a developing economy compared to developed economies like Britain and United States of America (USA) where 5% and 8% of their citizens respectively are farmers.

Table 4 Occupational Distribution of the Respondents Variable frequency percentage Crop production 69 49.29 Fishing 40 28.57 Civil servants 30 21.43 Others 01 0.71 Total 140 100.0 [Field survey; 2014] 4.4 Distribution of Respondents Based on Type Farm Practice As can be seen from same Table 5 most of the respondents (67.86%) practice irrigation farming. Over 27% practice both irrigation and rain-fed agriculture while 5% practice rain-fed only. The high proportion of irrigation farmers is not unconnected with the impounded body of water that might have covered some of their farm lands; irrigation farming therefore may be alternative to rain-fed agriculture. Studies carried out by Shalanguwa et’al. (2014) showed that the vegetation cover along the bank of Kiri dam and the fertile soils of the catchment area has been submerged by the body of water which has affected the ecosystem and pattern of land uses. The affected communities therefore require much from the authorities concerned so that the presence of the dam even though meant for savannah Sugar Company to supply water at the cane estate but they may also benefit from it adequately. In a similar vein Dalil et’al. (2015) asserted that Gurara dam in Kaduna state of Nigeria has caused losses in Fadama and arable lands, forestry and rock outcrop by 58%,9%,7% and 12% respectively.

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Frontiers of Knowledge Journal Series | International Journal of Environmental Technology ISSN: 2635-3652 | Vol. 1 Issue 1 (September, 2017)

Table 5: Distribution of Respondents According type of Farming Practiced Variable frequency percentage Irrigation 95 67.86 Rain-fed 07 05.0 Both 38 27.14 Total 140 100.0 [Survey; 2014]

4.5 Classification of the Respondents Based on the Type of Crops Grown The type of crops grown by the respondents shows that a higher proportion (36.36%) of them were sweet potato farmers, some 32.62% were maize farmers and 24.06% were rice farmers (Table 6) . This implies that the communities engage in sweet potato farming more than even the expected cultivation of rice. The respondents reported that it is much easier to produce the crop because it does not require irrigation. It is planted immediately the flood water recede back which does not require irrigation water or fertilizer. These farmers can be encouraged by improving on their local technology of production practices so that larger quantities can be produced and cottage industry located to process the potato for a better income.

Table 6: Distribution of the Respondents According to Type of Crops Grown Variable frequency percentage Rice 45 24.06 Maize 61 32.62 Sweet potato 68 36.36 Vegetables 12 06.42 Others 01 0.54 Total 187* 100.0 [Survey; 2014 *multiple response occurred]

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5. IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF THE KIRI DAM ON THE STUDY AREA The distribution of the respondents according to type of house owned unveils that 18.57% of the respondents had a concrete house with a zinc roof, 55% reported that their houses were built with mud but roofed with zinc. Over 15% had thatched mud houses with grass while 10.71% reported that they do not own house (Table7). This clearly shows that communities in the study area may not be better than when the dam was not constructed. Their level of income might not have increased much to affect changes in the type of house which they own. According Umar (2005) who carried out studies on the impact of Fadama development projects on dry season farmers in Gombe state reported that majority of the respondent were able to have concrete/zinc mud/zinc house from their projects which they were involved. Table 7: Distribution of the Respondents According to Type House Owned Variable frequency percentage Concrete/zinc roof 26 18.57 Mud wall/zinc roof 77 55.00 Mud wall/thatched roof 22 15.72 Do not own house 15 10.71 Total 140 100.0 [Field survey: 2014]

5.1 Distribution of Respondents Based on Type of Electronics Possessed Assessment of the communities according the type of electronics which they owned reveals that 34.69% of the respondents owned radio, 18.02% owned fan, 19.72% possess television, 9.8% had video (Table 8). This implies that a higher proportion of the farmers own radio which may be one of the cheapest electronic affordable at the market. Owning television was relatively few as poverty may hinder its possession because it requires a source of power that is electric power to operate it which may be an additional burden to their meager resources. This report is another pointer which indicates that the dam has less economic effect on the catchment communities as expected.

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Frontiers of Knowledge Journal Series | International Journal of Environmental Technology ISSN: 2635-3652 | Vol. 1 Issue 1 (September, 2017)

Table 8: Distribution of the Respondents According Type of Electronics Owned Type of electronic owned frequency percentage Radio 102 34.69 Television 58 19.72 Video 29 9.86 Fan 53 18.02 Pressing iron 21 7.14 Heater 23 7.82 Generator 08 02.72 Total 294* 100.0 [Field survey; 2014 *multiple response occurred]

5.2 Distribution of the Respondents According Type Vehicle Owned Entries in Table 9 below has shown also that 3.25% of the respondents owned car or pick-up van, 37.66% had motorcycle, 42.86% possess bicycle and 1.95% owned canoe. The implication of this situation is that the few vehicles may not be enough to convey goods of the communities concerned, they have to depend on other areas to carry their goods to market centers or convey sick persons to the nearby hospital.

Table 9: Distribution of the Respondents According to Type of Vehicle Owned Variable Frequency percentage Pick-up/car 05 03.25 Motorcycle 58 37.66 Bicycle 66 42.86 Canoe 03 01.95 None of the above 22 14.28 Total 154 100.0 [Field survey; 2014]

5.3 Educational Distribution of the Respondents The level of education of the respondents showed that majority had one form of formal education or the other. About 37% had primary education, 37.14% received secondary education while 3.57% had tertiary education (Table 10). Those that do not have any formal education accounted for 27.14%. According to Olayiwola (2013) education is an important factor which can easily increase the output capacity and efficiency of an individual. Similarly, Umoh, (2006) is of the opinion that farmers or individuals with higher qualification tend to adopt new innovations more than those without any form education. In the case of the area under study (Kiri Dam) the 21.43% which was reported as civil servants

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Frontiers of Knowledge Journal Series | International Journal of Environmental Technology ISSN: 2635-3652 | Vol. 1 Issue 1 (September, 2017)

could be mostly junior staff in their various organisations because only 3.57% of the respondents were said to have attended tertiary education. Probably contrary to the expectations in some quarters that the presence of the dam might have brought job opportunities either in the sugar factory or irrigation agriculture that might have yield higher income that will give opportunity for the catchment area to train their wards in different levels of education.

Table 10: Distribution of the Respondents Based on Educational Status Variable frequency percentage No formal education 38 27.14 Primary education 45 32.14 Secondary education 52 37.14 Tertiary 05 03.57 Total 140 100.0 [Field survey; 2014]

6. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION The study has shown a high proportion of the respondents as farmers with more than half of them participate in irrigation agriculture. There was a low level of those that attended tertiary level of education, a level which is said to be necessary for every type of development. It was also revealed that a high proportion of the respondents live in their traditional mud houses and bicycle being the major means of transport. This study therefore recommends the introduction of irrigation facilities and new breed of seeds to the catchment communities through extension education agencies be it government or Non- Governmental Organisations (NGOs) like the West African Cotton (WACOTT) that work directly at grass root with farmers. This will give the respondents opportunity to be introduced to modern fishing equipments that can harvest bigger fishes in the dam and high yielding crops that can improve their income. Finally the communities are urged to form cooperative groups so that they can approach NGOs and other government agencies so as to have easy access to farm resources.

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7. REFERENCES Ananymous (2016). Kiri Dam. https.//.enWikipedia.org/wiki/kiri-Dam retreived 14-12- 2016. Anonymous (2013).Hospitalia Consoultaire ltd 2 Masaka close, off Olusegun Obasanjo way, zone 7,wuse District Nigeria. WWW.hospitaliaconsultaire.com. Anonymous (2017). Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dadin-Kowa-Dam Anyawu, A.C; Anyawu, B.O. and Anyawu,V.O. (1989). Agricultural Science for Schools and Colleges. African FEB Publishers Limited. ISSBN978-175-350 Pp 1-14 . Cochran, W.G.(1977). Sampling Technique. Third Edition, John Willey and sons, New York USA Dalil, M; Mairabo,A.P; Husaini, A; Babangida, U.M. and Abubakar , A (2015). Impact of Gurara Dam on Land Cover in the Surrouding Communities of Kaduna State, Nigeria. Journal of Enviroment and Earth Science, 5 (16): 27-37. Godffrey, C.( 2000). The Potential of Using Commodity Base Small Earth Dams for Irrigation Development, Lesotho Highland Water Project Report. Olayiwola, O.O.( 2013). Technical Efficiency of Fish Production in Ijebu-Ode. International Monthly refered JounaL of Research in Managent and Technology, 2:26-42. Olofin, E.A. (1991). Monitoring the Impact of Dams on Downstream Physical Environment in the Tropics. Regulated Rrivers, Research and Management, 2 (4):167-174. Shallangwa, A. M. Z, Adebayo. A.A, Zemba, A. A and Boniface, T. J (2014) Effects of kiri dam construction on the economy of lower Gongola Basin of Shelleng LGA Adamawa State, Nigeria.International Journal of Economic Development Research and Investment 5(1): 48-54. Skinner, J ; Niasse, M and Haas, L (2009). Sharing the Benefits of Large Dams in West Africa. Natural Resouces issue no 19 . International Institute for Environmental and Development, London (UK) Pp (iii). Tashikalma, A.K. (2014). Productivity and Efficiency of Analysis of Selected Food Crops in AdamawaState, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Tropical Agriculture, 14: 1-14

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Tukur, A.T. and Barde, M. (2014). The Geography of politics: A case Study for the Political Redistricting of Adamawa State, Nigeria. Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 19 (1) 12 – 24 Usman, A. and Ifabiyi, I.P. (2012). Socio- economic Analysis of the Operation Impact of Shiroro Hydropower Generation the Lowland Area of Middle River Niger. International Journal of Academic Research I Business and Social Sciences 2 (4):57-76. Umar, Y.B. (2005). The Impact of Fadama Development Project on Dry Session Farmers of Gombe State. Unpublished MSc. Thesis, Department of Geography Federal University of Technology Yola Adamawa state, Nigeria. Umoh, G.S. (2006). Resource Use Efficiency in Urban Farming: An application of Stochastic Frontier Production Function. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 8 (1) 38- 44. World Commission on Dams (2000). Social and Ecological Impacts of Dams: Briefing in El-salvador, Report paper, 30th Aprill. Zemba, A. A; Adebayo, A. A and Ba, M. M (2016). Analysis of Environmental and Economic Effects of Kiri Dam ,Adamawa State . Journal of Human, Social science, Geography, Geosciences, Environmental science and Disaster Management 16(1): 1-6.

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Authors 1 Shelleng, B. A.

He graduated from Federal University of Technology Yola in 1997 at the Department of Agricultural Technology Education. Later completed his masters degree in rural development from the same University in 2008. Currently Lecturer at the department of Agricultural Economics and Extension Adamawa State University, Mubi.

2 Daniel, J. D.

He graduated from Federal University of Technology Yola at the department of Agricultural Economics and Extension in1997. Had his master’s degree in Agricultural Economics from the same institution in 2012. Currently lecturer at the department of Agricultural Economics and Extension Adamawa State University, Mubi.

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