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Assessment of Kiri Dam Impact on the Living Standard of People in Shelleng Local Government Area of Adamawa State, Nigeria

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Assessment of Kiri Dam Impact on the Living Standard of People in Shelleng Local Government Area of Adamawa State, Nigeria Frontiers of Knowledge Journal Series | International Journal of Environmental Technology ISSN: 2635-3652 | Vol. 1 Issue 1 (September, 2017) Assessment of Kiri Dam Impact on the Living Standard of People in Shelleng Local Government Area of Adamawa State, Nigeria. Shalleng, B. A.1 Daniel, J. D. 2 Department of Department of Agricultural Economics Agricultural Economics and Extension, Adamawa and Extension, Adamawa State University,Mubi, State University,Mubi, (Nigeria) (Nigeria) [email protected] Abstract The study examined the impact of Kiri Dam on the socio-economic characteristics of the people living in Shelleng Local Government Area of Adamawa State, Nigeria. The survey adopted multistage, purposive and systematic sampling procedures to select 140 respondents which were the source of data used for the analysis. The results revealed that majority of the respondents (65.71%) were youth capable of engaging in productive economic activities. A high proportion (42.14%) had 4-6 as family members, with over 77% of them engaged in full time farming while 21.31% were civil servants. Due to the impounded body of water which might have submerged some of their lands, irrigation farming was reported to be high (67.86%). Sweet potato being the common crop produced on the annual flood plain of the dam does not require irrigation water. Results also unveiled that 18.57% of the respondents owned concrete houses and about 55% owned mud houses roofed with either thatched grasses or zinc as the case may be. More so, 3.25% owned motor vehicle, a clear indication that the host communities have not so much benefited from the presence of the dam as one may expect. The educational status of the respondents has shown that 3.57% attended tertiary education but a high proportion attained primary and secondary school education (69%), however, this level of education may not be enough in the fast changing world that require modern technology to meet up the high societal demand. The study recommended that the Non-Government Organisations (NGOs) and the government agencies to provide affordable modern irrigation facilities, high yielding seeds and other farm inputs as well as fishing equipment that will effectively help the communities utilize the dam to improve their standard of living. Key words: Adamawa, Assessment, Communities, Dam, Impact, Kiri Open Access Journal www.smrpi.com 1 Frontiers of Knowledge Journal Series | International Journal of Environmental Technology ISSN: 2635-3652 | Vol. 1 Issue 1 (September, 2017) 1. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY The Global Water Initiative (GWI) in conjunction with West African Sub-region is in partnership for the development of the region through construction of dams for proper water management to supplement the erratic rainfall that most often end in drought. The intention was to address challenges of clean drinking water, sanitation, increased agricultural output through provision of adequate irrigation facilities, adequate management of ecosystem, fishing as well as watershed management, for the poor population which are most vulnerable that depends on such services (Skinner et’al, 2009). It is the search for such development that has prompt the construction of over 150 dams over the years and more are expected to be constructed across the sub-region ( Skinner,et’al.,2009) According to the World Commission on Dams (2000) a developmental project such as dam construction should be directed towards improving the living standards of the communities concerned. This can be achieved through provision of gainful employment, increased farmers output through irrigation farming, generation of electricity for industrial development and education. It is expected that the increase in income will improve the nutrition status of people, health and social life (WCD, 2000). In a similar opinion, Gregory (2000) asserted that proper water management such as dam construction can adequately be utilized not only for irrigation but for recreation, domestic uses, fishery, industrial development and other uses that are of economic value that can improve the quality of life of the catchment communities. Studies carried out on the impact of Gurara Dam on the host communities in Kaduna State Nigeria has shown that the Dam has tremendous influence on its host communities. According Dalil et al., (2015) modern irrigation among the respondents has increased by 100% which by implication explained a high chance of increase in the output of the respondents which invariably may result in increase in farmers income. On the other hand it has also been reported that a considerable amount of losses in Fadama land, forestry and arable crop land by 58%, 9% and 12% respectively due to the impounded body of water in the area, (Dalil,2015). The effect of Dadin Kowa Dam in Gombe State has been described as a means of economic development not only to the host communities but the entire state. The dam has been the source of supplying 30,000m3 of water to the state capital daily as well as to the host communities. The Dam is also capable of generating 40 mega watts electricity that will make the state power sufficient rather than depending on the Power Holding Company Open Access Journal www.smrpi.com 2 Frontiers of Knowledge Journal Series | International Journal of Environmental Technology ISSN: 2635-3652 | Vol. 1 Issue 1 (September, 2017) (PHC) that is no longer reliable (Anon, 2017). Another survey conducted on impact of Bakalori Dam on the immediate communities in Kano State Nigeria also revealed that the fish catch by the host communities has increased by 200% compared to pre- Dam fish catch. However, a cross section analysis of poverty line among the communities according their occupation revealed that the farmers were 5% above poverty line, traders 10% above poverty line while civil servants were 50% above poverty line (Anon, 2013). The higher percentage of civil servants above poverty line may not be unconnected with their level of literacy, exposure and may also be that they are using a little part of their wage to sponsor their irrigated farms and probably the fish business. Some studies carried on the effects of the Kiri Dam on nearby communities have also shown that the Dam has caused decrease in the natural vegetation by 63% due erosion, the impounded body of water has led to breeding of life threat animals and birds. The denudation of the land has caused an undesirable impact on the livelihood of the host communities while the usual crops such as maize and guinea corn has been replaced by cotton potatoes vegetables and so on (Zemba, 2016). The socio-economic impact of Shiroro Dam in Niger State on the surrounding communities has also shown both its positive and the negative effect on the people. A survey conducted by researchers revealed that the presences of the project has brought accessible road network to the communities linking them to other parts of the country conveniently ( Usman and Ifabiyi, 2012). The result of the multiple regression analysis showed the variable road network as having positive effect on socio-economic lives of the people, this could be that the road network as a factor has improved diffusion of innovations, the trading pattern of the people in different goods has been expanded as people from different parts of the country are attracted to Shiroro market (Usman and Ifabayi, 2012). More so, employment opportunities has also been enjoyed especially at the junior cadre level, even some moslem women that were secluded before were made to go out for a paid job to support their families. On the other hand the negative aspect of the Dam project also has been elaborated. In the first place, farming and fishing have become seasonal because of the impounded body of water; these activities have become difficult because of the increase in the volume and velocity of the water during the rainy season. Secondly the surrounding communities of Shiroro Dam have almost lost their rich cultural heritage, the sites for festivals have been covered by water, artifacts have disappeared. It Open Access Journal www.smrpi.com 3 Frontiers of Knowledge Journal Series | International Journal of Environmental Technology ISSN: 2635-3652 | Vol. 1 Issue 1 (September, 2017) has been estimated that over 20 traditional festivals are no longer in place. It has been observed also that despite the presence of the project there is no single industry that it has been attracted to the area to boast the economy of the people, and even the employment provided by the PHC are mostly for cleaners and guardmen because of high level of illiteracy (Usman and Ifabiyi, 2012). It is the quest for the development of the rural areas as earlier discussed that led to the construction of kiri Dam along river Gongola in Adamawa state. The dam which was completed in 1982 was meant to supply irrigation water to Savannah sugar company (SSC) some few kilometers west of the dam. The dam was constructed with the support of Upper Benue River Basin Development Authority (UBRBDA) in partnership with Common Wealth Development Corporation (CDC) (Shallangwa et’al., 2014). The is dam about 1.2km long and 20m high has the capacity of 615 million m3. The SSC has about 5000 employees and have over 1000 hectares of land that are used for cultivation by catchment communities using the company canals and irrigation water, it also has over 6000 hectares of cane plantation which are adequately managed with water supply from the kiri dam (Anon, 2016) At the completion of the dam over 20,000 people were displaced, according to shallangwa (2014) the living standard of these people has been depleted due to the effect of the dam on the environment. In the first place the vast land of the affected communities that has been the major source of their livelihood has been submerged with impounded body of water .
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