Art and Architecture in Neolithic Orkney Process, Temporality and Context

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Art and Architecture in Neolithic Orkney Process, Temporality and Context Art and Architecture in Neolithic Orkney Process, Temporality and Context Antonia Thomas Archaeopress Archaeology Archaeopress Publishing Ltd Gordon House 276 Banbury Road Oxford OX2 7ED www.archaeopress.com ISBN 978 1 78491 433 2 ISBN 978 1 78491 434 9 (e-Pdf) © Archaeopress and A Thomas 2016 Cover: Carved orthostat, House 7, Skara Brae, Orkney. Image © Antonia Thomas. University of the Highlands and Islands Archaeology Institute Research Series : 1 The University of the Highlands and Islands Archaeology Institute is located in one of the most exciting archaeology areas in the world – Orkney in Northern Scotland. Surrounded by thousands of archaeology sites ranging from the Neolithic to World War 2, The Archaeology Institute is well placed as a world-class teaching and research organisation to advance our understanding of the historic environment. For more information on teaching, research and lifelong learning at The University of the Highlands and Islands Archaeology Institute go to our website: https://www.uhi.ac.uk/en/archaeology-institute All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owners. Printed in England by This book is available direct from Archaeopress or from our website www.archaeopress.com CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� vii FOREWORD ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ xiii PROLOGUE �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� xv LATE FEBRUARY 1925, BRODGAR FARM, STENNESS ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� xv 1� INTRODUctION ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������1 IMAGES AND ARTEFACTS �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������3 BACKGROUND TO THE RESEARCH ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������4 METHODOLOGY �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������5 Survey of in situ stonework �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������5 Written records ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������5 Photography �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������5 Drawn record �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������5 Databasing ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������6 Museum-based research ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������6 Archival research ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������6 THE STRUCTURE OF THIS BOOK �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������6 2� ART, ARCHITEctURE AND ARCHAEOLOGY �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������9 INTRODUCTION �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������11 A BRIEF HISTORY OF ART (IN ARCHAEOLOGY) �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������11 Art history and archaeology �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������11 Anthropology and art ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������12 NEOLITHIC ART AND ARCHITECTURE IN BRITAIN AND IRELAND ����������������������������������������������������������������������������13 Setting and chronology ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������13 Passage grave art in Ireland �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������15 The Boyne Valley sites ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������15 Fourknocks �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������17 Loughcrew ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������17 Passage grave art in Britain ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������17 Bryn Celli Ddu ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������17 Barclodiad y Gawres �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������18 The Calderstones ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������18 Fylingdales ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������19 Carvings in other contexts ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������19 Motifs and style �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������19 Incising and carving ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������21 Pecking, grinding and drilling ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������21 Pick-dressing and chiselling ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������21 Polishing �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������22 Colour and paint ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������22 ‘Portable’ art ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������22 DISCUSSION �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������24 ‘Reading’ images ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������24 Visibility and audience �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������25 Architecture and context ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������25 SUMMARY �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������26 3� ORKNEY ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������27 INTRODUCTION: ORKNEY ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������29 BACKGROUND TO RESEARCH ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������29 The ‘Golden Age’ of antiquarian investigations �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������29 A second ‘Golden Age’: the early 20th century ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������30 i Renfrew and the ‘New Archaeology’ ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������31 Dwelling amongst the monuments: Colin Richards and Barnhouse ����������������������������������������������������������������31
Recommended publications
  • Orkney - the Cultural Hub of Britain in 3,500 Bc - a World Heritage Site from 1999
    ORKNEY - THE CULTURAL HUB OF BRITAIN IN 3,500 BC - A WORLD HERITAGE SITE FROM 1999. THE INGENIOUS PRE-HISTORIC INHABITANTS OF WHAT ONLY BECAME SCOTLAND IN THE 9TH CENTURY AD. By James Macnaughton As indicated in the title, people lived in the Northern part of Britain for many thousands of years before it became Scotland and they were called Scots. Given its wet, cool climate and its very mountainous terrain, those inhabitants were always living on the edge, fighting to grow enough food to survive through the long winters and looking for ways to breed suitable livestock to provide both food and skins and furs from which they could fashion clothing to keep them warm and dry. 20,000 years ago, present day Scotland lay under a 1.5 Km deep ice-sheet.This is so long ago that it is difficult to imagine, but if you consider a generation to be 25 years, then this was 800 generations ago, and for us to think beyond even two or three generations of our families, this is almost unimaginable. From 11,000 years, ago, the ice was gradually melting from the South of England towards the North and this occurred more quickly along the coasts where the ice was not so thick. Early inhabitants moved North along the sea coasts as hunter gatherers and by 10,000 years ago, some of them had settled near Banchory in Aberdeenshire on the banks of the River Dee. The warming climate and the plentiful supply of fish from the river, and game from the surrounding forests, encouraged them to create a permanent settlement and to change from nomadic hunter gatherers to settled farmers.
    [Show full text]
  • Drowned Stone Age Settlement of the Bay of Firth, Orkney, Scotland
    Drowned Stone Age The Neolithic sites of Orkney settlement of the Bay of are about 5000 years old. They include villages such as Skara Firth, Orkney, Scotland Brae where stone-built furniture may still be seen. CR Wickham-Jones1 S. Dawson2& R Bates3 Report produced in compliance with the requirements of the NGS/Waitt Grant for award no W49-09 Introduction This paper presents the results of geophysical survey and diving work in Skara Brae: Raymond Parks the Bay of Firth, Orkney supported by the NGS/Waitt Grant. This work Tombs such as Maeshowe took place in 2009 with the aim of recording and verifying possible were built for the occupants of the Neolithic villages submerged prehistoric stone structures on the sea bed. The archipelago of Orkney comprises a small Location of area of interest in Bay of Firth, Orkney group of low-lying islands Maeshowe: Sigurd Towrie seven miles to the north of Great stone circles were built in mainland Scotland. It is order to mark the passing of the year and celebrate well known for its festivities archaeology which includes the stone built houses, tombs and monuments that make up the Heart of Neolithic Orkney World Heritage Sites. The archaeology of Orkney is unique both in terms of the range of monuments that have Stones of Stenness: Raymond survived and in terms of the diversity of artefactual material that has been Parks uncovered. 1 University of Aberdeen, [email protected] 2 University of Dundee, [email protected] 3 University of St Andrews, [email protected] 1 Sediment cores may be extracted by hand as here in the Loch of Stenness There is another, less well known, side to Orkney archaeology, however, and that comprises the submerged landscape around the islands.
    [Show full text]
  • Stonehenge's Avenue and Bluestonehenge
    Stonehenge’s Avenue and Bluestonehenge Michael J. Allen1, Ben Chan2, Ros Cleal3, Charles French4, Peter Marshall5, Joshua Pollard6, Rebecca Pullen7, Colin Richards8, Clive Ruggles9, David Robinson10, Jim Rylatt11, Julian Thomas8, Kate Welham12 & Mike Parker Pearson13,* Stonehenge has long been known to form part of a larger prehistoric landscape (Figure 1). In particular, it is part of a composite monument that includes the Stonehenge Avenue, first mapped in 1719–1723 by William Stukeley (1740) who recorded that it ran from Stonehenge’s northeast entrance for over a kilometre towards the River Avon, bending southeast and crossing King Barrow Ridge before disappearing under ploughed ground. He also noted that its initial 500m-long stretch from Stonehenge was aligned towards the midsummer solstice sunrise. Archaeological excavations during the 20th century revealed that the Avenue consists of two parallel banks with external, V-profile ditches, about 22m apart. The dating, phasing and extent of the Avenue, however, remained uncertain. Its length could be traced no closer than 200m from the River Avon (Smith 1973), and the question of whether the Avenue’s construction constituted a single event had not been entirely resolved (Cleal et al. 1995: 327). Our investigations were part of a re-evaluation of Stonehenge and its relationship to the River Avon in 2008–2009, involving the re-opening and extension of trenches previously dug across the Avenue during the 20th century and digging new trenches at West Amesbury beyond the then-known limit of the Avenue. The result of this work was the discovery of a new henge at West Amesbury, situated at the hitherto undiscovered east end of the Avenue beside the River Avon.
    [Show full text]
  • Heart of Neolithic Orkney (HONO) World Heritage Site Leaflet
    Where can I find out more? Further Information For more information about visiting the sites see the HISTORIC ENVIRONMENT SCOTLAND Heart of Longmore House, Salisbury Place, Historic Environment Scotland website. Look out Edinburgh EH9 1SH for their guidebooks to Maeshowe and Skara Brae. Tel: +44 (0)131 668 8600 Email: [email protected] A Management Plan and the Research Agenda for the Neolithic www.historicenvironment.scot World Heritage Site are available to download from HONO WHS RANGER SERVICE their website. Tel: +44 (0)1856 841 732 Orkney Email: [email protected] Artefacts found at Skara Brae can be seen at the ORKNEY ISLANDS COUNCIL Orkney Museum in Kirkwall and the National School Place, Kirkwall, Orkney KW15 1NY Museum of Scotland in Edinburgh. Tel: +44 (0)1856 873 535 Email: [email protected] www.orkney.gov.uk World Heritage Site New discoveries in and around the World Heritage Site continue to enrich our understanding of the SCOTTISH NATURAL HERITAGE Great Glen House, Leachkin Road, Inverness IV3 8NW monuments and the people who built and used Tel: +44 (0)1463 725 000 them. Look out for updates in the media, or try the Email: [email protected] www.snh.gov.uk websites of some of the organisations listed at the back of this leaflet. RSPB SCOTLAND 2 Lochside View, Edinburgh Park, Edinburgh EH12 9DH Tel: +44 (0)131 317 4100 Planning a trip to Orkney? Find out more at Email: [email protected] VisitScotland online: www.visitscotland.com or www.rspb.org.uk VisitOrkney: visitorkney.com THE ORKNEY MUSEUM Tankerness
    [Show full text]
  • Hiking Scotland's Orkney & Shetland Islands Hiking Scotland's Orkney
    Hiking Scotland's Orkney & Shetland Islands , July 13-23, 2018 (11 days) with Carleton Professor Clint Cowan 83 “Wonderful hikes with fantastic scenery and the guides were top notch. The trip was planned in an incredibly professional, expert way that was seamless.” - Peter, New York © AAWH Dear Carleton College Alumni and Friends, I invite you to join Carleton College geologist Clint Cowan ’83 on this unique hiking tour in Scotland’s little-visited Orkney and Shetland Islands! This is the perfect opportunity toexplore on foot Scotland’s Northern Isles’ amazing wealth of geological and archaeological sites. Their rocks tell the whole story, spanning almost three billion years. On Shetland you will walk on an ancient ocean floor, explore an extinct volcano, and stroll across shift- ing sands, all in the space of a day. In contrast, Orkney is made up largely of sedimentary rocks, one of the best collections of these sediments to be seen anywhere in the world. Both archipelagoes also have an amazing wealth of archaeological sites dating back 5,000 years. This geological and archaeolog- ical saga is worth the telling, and nowhere else can the evidence be seen in © AAWH more glorious a setting. This active land tour features daily hikes that are easy to moderate in diffi- Above, the archaeological site of Jarlshof, dating back to culty, so to fully enjoy and visit all the sites on this itinerary one should be 2500 B.C. Below, a view of the Atlantic from the northern in good walking condition Shetland island of Unst. Bottom, Old Red Sandstone, the (and, obviously, enjoy hiking!).
    [Show full text]
  • The Environmental Context of the Neolithic Monuments on the Brodgar Isthmus, Mainland, 2 Orkney 3 Bates, C.R.1, Bates, M
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by St Andrews Research Repository 1 The environmental context of the Neolithic monuments on the Brodgar Isthmus, Mainland, 2 Orkney 3 Bates, C.R.1, Bates, M. R.2, Dawson, S.3, Huws, D.4, Whittaker, J.E.5, and Wickham-Jones, C.R.6 4 5 1 Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of St Andrews, 6 St Andrews, Fife, Scotland. KY16 9AL 7 2 School of Archaeology, History and Anthropology, University of Wales Trinity Saint David, 8 Lampeter, Ceredigion, Wales. SA48 7ED 9 3 Geography, School of Social Sciences, University of Dundee, Perth Rd, Dundee, Scotland. 10 DD1 4HN 11 4 School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, Anglesey, Wales. LL59 5AB 12 5 Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London. SW7 5BD 13 6 Archaeology Department, University of Aberdeen, St Mary’s Building, Elphinstone Road, 14 Aberdeen, Scotland. AB24 3UF 15 16 Key words 17 18 Loch of Stenness, sea level change, bathymetry, seismic profiling, microfossils, Neolithic 19 World Heritage site, palaeolandscapes 20 21 22 Abstract 23 24 The World Heritage Sites of Orkney, Scotland contain iconic examples of Neolithic 25 monumentality that have provided significant information about this period of British 26 prehistory. However, currently, a complete understanding of the sites remains to be 27 achieved. This is, in part, because the monuments lack an adequate context within the 28 broader palaeolandscape. Recent investigations (seismic geophysical survey, microfossil 29 analysis and 14C dating) in and around the Brodgar Isthmus, both onshore and offshore, are 30 used to reconstruct the landscapes at a time when sea-level, climate and vegetation were 31 different to that experienced today.
    [Show full text]
  • Post-Palaeolithic Filiform Rock Art in Western Europe Post-Palaeolithic Filiform Rock Art in Western Europe
    Coimbra and Sansoni (eds) Coimbra Post-Palaeolithic Filiform Rock Art in Western Europe Proceedings of the XVII UISPP World Congress (1–7 September 2014, Burgos, Spain) Volume 10 / Session A18b Edited by Post-Palaeolithic Filiform Rock Art in Western Europe Art in Western Rock Filiform Post-Palaeolithic Fernando Coimbra and Umberto Sansoni Archaeopress Archaeology www.archaeopress.com Coimbra and Sansoni cover.indd 1 28/04/2016 15:08:12 Post-Palaeolithic Filiform Rock Art in Western Europe Proceedings of the XVII UISPP World Congress (1–7 September 2014, Burgos, Spain) Volume 10 / Session A18b Edited by Fernando Coimbra and Umberto Sansoni Archaeopress Archaeology Archaeopress Publishing Ltd Gordon House 276 Banbury Road Oxford OX2 7ED www.archaeopress.com ISBN 978 1 78491 367 0 ISBN 978 1 78491 368 7 (e-Pdf) © Archaeopress, UISPP and authors 2016 VOLUME EDITORS: Fernando Coimbra and Umberto Sansoni SERIES EDITOR: The board of UISPP SERIES PROPERTY: UISPP – International Union of Prehistoric and Protohistoric Sciences The editing of this volume was funded by the Instituto Terra e Memória, Centro de Geociências UID/Multi/00073/2013, with the support of the Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia FCT/MEC KEY-WORDS IN THIS VOLUME: filiform, cultural contacts, incised rock art, autonomy UISPP PROCEEDINGS SERIES is a printed on demand and an open access publication, edited by UISPP through Archaeopress BOARD OF UISPP: Jean Bourgeois (President), Luiz Oosterbeek (Secretary-General), François Djindjian (Treasurer), Ya-Mei Hou (Vice President), Marta Arzarello (Deputy Secretary-General). The Executive Committee of UISPP also includes the Presidents of all the international scientific commissions (www.uispp.org) BOARD OF THE XVII WORLD CONGRESS OF UISPP: Eudald Carbonell (Secretary-General), Robert Sala I Ramos, Jose Maria Rodriguez Ponga (Deputy Secretary-Generals) All rights reserved.
    [Show full text]
  • A Summary of the Stone Artefacts from Ness of Brodgar Excavations 2004- 2016
    A summary of the stone artefacts from Ness of Brodgar excavations 2004- 2016 Ann Clarke, February 2017 1. Introduction A fine assemblage of stone tools has been recorded from the excavations 2004-2016 with total of 809 pieces of worked stone, 21 pieces of worn pumice, and 12 pieces of haematite and ochre recorded to date (Table 1). The definitions for each of the artefact types are given on the website www.orkneystonetools.org.uk. The excavation programme is still to conclude and consequently there is no overall phasing or interpretation of the site that would provide a setting for discussing the use of the tools. There follows a brief discussion of the most frequent types recovered so far and the general nature of the assemblage to date with some concluding remarks about the distribution of the stone tools. 2. The Stone tools The common Neolithic tools such as cobble tools, stone discs and Skaill knives are found here together with a wide range of ground and polished stone (axes, maceheads and pillow stones), ground stone (spatulate tools and knives), anvils, polissoirs and grinding stones, and worked pumice and haematite (Table 1). The range of tool types indicate that a number of activities were carried out across the site most notably involving the manufacture of other artefacts by grinding and/or polishing as well as the subsequent use of the ground and polished tools. 2.1 Cobble tools The range of cobble tool forms includes faceted cobbles, facially pecked cobbles and faceted and facially pecked cobbles as well as plain hammerstones, smoothers and polishers.
    [Show full text]
  • For Up-To-Date News and the Daily Dig Blog During the Excavation Season
    Skara Brae Ness of Brodgar Maeshowe Ring of Brodgar Kirkwall Stones of Stromness Stenness AFNOB Goals for the Future Funding permitting, this phase of excavation at the Ness will continue until 2022. Thereafter the goal is to analyse the many categories of material that have been excavated and fully publish the findings — a mammoth task! The American Friends of the Ness of Brodgar aim to provide the financial support for the excavation, post excavation analysis and publication. In addition, we want to expand the Ness’ international recognition, educational resources, and worldwide community involvement. We Need Your Help A day of excavation at the Ness of Brodgar costs $3,300.00 (£2,000) with further specialist research and analysis being more expensive — as a guide, for each day of excavation, post excavation analysis takes at least 10 days — for instance a single radiocarbon date costs $400 (we need hundreds!). Funding mainly comes through donations and the generos- ity of supporters, such as yourselves, to our two charities. We need your assistance to ensure that the archaeological work on the Ness of Brodgar is controlled by the science not by a lack of funds. Any contribution you can make to help us with this goal will be greatly appreciated. Contributions can be made to: AFNOB, c/o Douglas L. Bowles, Treasurer, PO Box 61041, Virginia Beach, VA 23466 or online at www.nessofbrodgar. co.uk. Visit www.nessofbrodgar.co.uk for up-to-date news and the daily dig blog during the excavation season The American Friends of the Ness of Brodgar is a U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Waste Management at the End of the Stone Age
    10.1515/jlecol-2017-0009 Journal of Landscape Ecology (2017), Vol: 10 / No. 1. WASTE MANAGEMENT AT THE END OF THE STONE AGE FILIP HAVLÍČEK1, MARTIN KUČA2 1Dep. of Environmental Studies, Masaryk Uni., Brno, Czech Republic, e-mail: [email protected] 2Town Museum Moravský Krumlov, Moravský Krumlov, Czech Republic, e-mail: [email protected] Received: 19th February 2017, Accepted: 22th May 2017 MOTTO: The unconsciousness of every culture is particularized in its waste. Thomas Hylland Eriksen ABSTRACT This article describes examples of waste management systems from archaeological sites in Europe and the Middle East. These examples are then contextualized in the broader perspectives of environmental history. We can confidently claim that the natural resource use of societies predating the Lower Palaeolithic was in equilibrium with the environment. In sharp contrast stand communities from the Upper Palaeolithic and onwards, when agriculture appeared and provided opportunities for what seemed like unlimited expansion. Keywords: Waste, waste management, Neolithic, Chalcolithic, cleanliness, environmental history INTRODUCTION Every individual as well as every human society produces waste; therefore, it is remarkable how few studies have been dedicated to gaining a deeper understanding of the relationship between humans and waste. Waste, in the broadest sense of the word, is produced by all types of life; it is also a part of the relationships between biotic organisms and their environment. Nonetheless, for us, human beings, waste is relegated to the margins of our world. Waste is a permanent and practically ubiquitous category of things. Humankind’s propensity for producing significantly more waste than other animals is explained by the fact that people adapt to their environments not only through biological evolution, but also with the help of culture and artefacts; therefore, humans produce more waste than animals, which do not make any artefacts.
    [Show full text]
  • Stones of Stenness Statement of Significance
    Property in Care (PIC) ID: PIC321 Designations: Scheduled Monument (SM90285) Taken into State care: 1906 (Guardianship) Last reviewed: 2020 STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE STONES OF STENNESS We continually revise our Statements of Significance, so they may vary in length, format and level of detail. While every effort is made to keep them up to date, they should not be considered a definitive or final assessment of our properties. Historic Environment Scotland – Scottish Charity No. SC045925 Principal Office: Longmore House, Salisbury Place, Edinburgh EH9 1SH © Historic Environment Scotland 2020 You may re-use this information (excluding logos and images) free of charge in any format or medium, under the terms of the Open Government Licence v3.0 except where otherwise stated. To view this licence, visit http://nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open- government-licence/version/3/ or write to the Information Policy Team, The National Archives, Kew, London TW9 4DU, or email: [email protected] Where we have identified any third party copyright information you will need to obtain permission from the copyright holders concerned. Any enquiries regarding this document should be sent to us at: Historic Environment Scotland Longmore House Salisbury Place Edinburgh EH9 1SH +44 (0) 131 668 8600 www.historicenvironment.scot You can download this publication from our website at www.historicenvironment.scot Historic Environment Scotland – Scottish Charity No. SC045925 Principal Office: Longmore House, Salisbury Place, Edinburgh EH9 1SH STONES OF STENNESS BRIEF DESCRIPTION The monument comprises a Neolithic ceremonial enclosure (henge) and internal stone ring, constructed between 3000-2900 cal BC. Today, four stones are standing (some re-erected) of a possible twelve.
    [Show full text]
  • Visit the for Up-To-Date News and the Daily Dig Blog During the Excavation Season
    Skara Brae Ness of Brodgar Maeshowe Ring of Brodgar Kirkwall Stones of Stromness Stenness AFNOB Goals for the Future Funding permitting, this phase of excavation at the Ness will continue until 2022. Thereafter the goal is to analyse the many categories of material that have been excavated and fully publish the findings — a mammoth task! The American Friends of the Ness of Brodgar aim to provide the financial support for the excavation, post excavation analysis and publication. In addition, we want to expand the Ness’ international recognition, educational resources, and worldwide community involvement. We Need Your Help A day of excavation at the Ness of Brodgar costs $3,300.00 (£2,000) with further specialist research and analysis being more expensive — as a guide, for each day of excavation, post excavation analysis takes at least 10 days — for instance a single radiocarbon date costs $400 (we need hundreds!). Funding mainly comes through donations and the generos- ity of supporters, such as yourselves, to our two charities. We need your assistance to ensure that the archaeological work on the Ness of Brodgar is controlled by the science not by a lack of funds. Any contribution you can make to help us with this goal will be greatly appreciated. Contributions can be made to: AFNOB, c/o Douglas L. Bowles, Treasurer PMB 202, 4876-118 Princess Anne Road, Virginia Beach, VA 23462-4499 or at www.nessofbrodgar.co.uk Visit the www.nessofbrodgar.co.uk for up-to-date news and the daily dig blog during the excavation season The American Friends of the Ness of Brodgar is a U.S.
    [Show full text]