#1 2016 NEXT DOOR E MAGAZINE FOR LITTLE EXPLORERS

WOODLAND

MUSTELID FAMILY TREE

GAMES AND CRAFTS Welcome to the first Spring Issue of The Mammal Next Door! spring Here you will learn about some of the that are resident within the UK and how to spot them, as many mammals are nocturnal and as such very elusive. We will also teach you what mammals get up to in the spring season.

In this issue we have the life of a hazel dormouse as our Mammal Hero, The Family Tree is about mustelids and our Landscape of the Season is Woodland. You will also meet our Guides: Oddity a Brown Long-eared bat and a very young cub called Cosmos. So winter has come and gone and mammals that hibernate are starting to wake-up, if you are lucky you may catch a glimpse of an early evening foraging Hedgehog or a Bat like Oddity in flight catching insects. For those mammals that do not hibernate, spring is also a busy time as they go looking for mates or are rearing their young to independence.

Spring is a great season to get out and about looking for signs of our elusive mammals. With April showers and unpredictable weather, muddy footpaths are a great place to investigate mammal footprints creating a natural footprint survey of mammals near you!

Online Issue mammalnextdoor.co.uk

· 3 · MAMMAL HERO hazel dormouse

The dormouse is a small, nocturnal mammal with golden-brown fur and large black eyes. They have a furry semi-prehensile tail and their feet are extremely good at gripping (both adaptations make them excellent climbers). Dormice are true hibernators and can be in this state for 6 months or more. When active dormice spend most of their time in tree canopies (they are arboreal) and not just in deciduous woods, they have been found in pine-dominated forests and in people’s greenhouses and allotments!

Pocket Jerboa Online Article mammalnextdoor.co.uk/issue-1-spring Pocket Gophers Dormice Mice Mountain Beaver Rats & Mice Beavers

Squirrels

Springhare

Scaly-tailed Gundis

Did you know? The dormouse is not a true mouse, it is intermediate in behaviour and ecology of mice and squirrels. Unlike mice and rats, dormice do not have large litters all year round and in this way they are more like squirrels (having small litters once, sometimes twice a year). They also have furry tails unlike mice and rats. Common Ancestor · 5 · HAZEL DORMOUSE MAMMAL HERO Online Article mammalnextdoor.co.uk/issue-1-spring

Size & weight Breeding 6.5-8.0cm head and body length, tail is 80% Average four offspring born July to August of the body length. The weight is on average but can have litters in May/June. Weaned in 18-20g increasing up to 35g for hibernation. one month and juveniles can stay with mum Juveniles have to reach 15-18g to enter and prior to dispersal. Usually one litter a year survive hibernation. but can have two.

Habitat In their native UK range (southern England and Wales) they are localised and in low Predators densities. The main habitat is old coppice Population Status Dormice tend to live at low densities and woodland, ancient semi-natural woodland, Rare and vulnerable to extinction. The are generally not predated. However Owls, scrub, old and they’ve also been population has reduced in both range and , Grey Squirrels and will take found in conifer. numbers. dormice in their active period. Badger and Wild Boar will predate dormice when they Conservation Status are in hibernation. Dormice are protected under The Wildlife & Countryside Act 1981, they are a Threats European Protected Species and listed Slow breeders and poor dispersers. as a Biodiversity Action Plan species. It is Vulnerable to the isolation of habitat through illegal to disturb, handle or take a dormouse removal, lack of habitat management without a licence. Eurasian Eagle-Owl and fragmentation of woodlands.

Field Signs

Nests Chewed nuts In spring and summer, Nuts with a neat round hole dormice weave their nest in the shell about 8-10mm up in the tree cracks and across. Dormouse chewed-

crevices where there’s food Summer (8-15 cm) hazelnuts have a smooth Example: Hazelnut available. Later in winter they inner rim with tooth marks descend to the ground to at an angle to the hole on hibernate. Winter nests are the nut surface. tight woven fibrous nests, about grapefruit sized. Winter (8-10cm)

· 6 · · 7 · HAZEL DORMOUSE MAMMAL HERO Online Article mammalnextdoor.co.uk/issue-1-spring

Food

Spring Early summer Mid-summer Autumn Hibernation Spring When dormice come out of hibernation, they eat tree flowers (hawthorn, sycamore, hazel catkins, wayfaring tree & dogwood).

Early summer In early summer, they eat flowers and flower R JA MBE NUA ECE RY nectar from bramble and . D

R FE E B B R M U E A V R O Y N

Mid-summer During mid-summer, there are no flowers

R M

E A B and the berries aren’t ripe yet, so they eat R

O C

T H

C

and caterpillars. O

S

E

P

T

E L Autumn I In autumn, dormice eat fruit and seeds: M R

B P

E A Hazelnuts, blackberries, sloes, sweet R chesnuts, elderberries, rose hipes, seeds, wayfaring tree, cherries and yew

A berries. U G U Y S A T M

JU E LY JUN

Did you know? Dormice lack a caecum which means they are unable to eat cellulose (present in leaves).

· 8 · · 9 · LANDSCAPE OF THE SEASON WOODLAND Online Article mammalnextdoor.co.uk/issue-1-spring

WOODLAND Bat Roost Crevices in trees can 1,000’s of years ago the UK was covered Woodlands provide mammals with food, provide resting places by woodlands, today deciduous woodlands commuting routes, and places to rest and for many , for cover approximately 13%. Woodlands are rear young and therefore many mammals instance birds, mice, shrew, dormice and bats. amazing places and visiting one at any time can be found in woodland. Some species of the year is wonderful, but in spring many are quite common for instance; fox, badger, deciduous woods are carpeted blue or white hare, grey and . Some with Bluebells and Wood Anemones. If you however are not so common such as the are very quiet you may see deer foraging hazel dormouse, red squirrel, and some of under the not yet leafed canopy, their our native bat species and finding evidence reddish-brown fur contrasting brilliantly with that one of these is present is a rare and the blue of the Bluebells. exciting treat.

Squirrel Drey If you learn the characteristic signs and look closely you This is the name for a too can find evidence of mammal presence in a woodland. squirrel's nest. The dreys are made from local materials that the squirrel has found (leaves, twigs, conifer needles) and lined with softer material such as grass or stripped honeysuckle.

Badger Sett Badgers live in family groups and dig out extensive underground homes (sett), some setts can house up to 50 related individuals.

· 10 · · 11 · LANDSCAPE OF THE SEASON WOODLAND Online Article mammalnextdoor.co.uk/issue-1-spring

Logs Fallen trees and piles of logs can provide denning sites for and small mustelids ( and weasel). Dormouse Box Pile of Nuts Not all woodlands have these. Under hazel at anytime of the They are used as a monitoring year you can find hazelnuts tool to assess the local dormouse which may have been eaten population. If you find one in a by squirrels, mice, voles, wood, please don’t touch or look dormice or birds. inside as it is illegal to disturb a dormouse without a licence.

Mouse Hole Mice and voles dig Deer Droppings Deer Tracks Mole Signs out these holes (and Often left in small piles On wet or muddy Moles aren’t just tunnels) to provide a on tracks in woods. They ground resident deer in found in grassland, nesting area where are usually separate the woods may leave they are also present they can sleep and cylindrical pellets, tracks. The size of the in woodlands. Their rear their young. pointed at one end and footprint can help you presence can be seen indented at the other, but identify the species. by mole hills. sometimes, the droppings are clumped together.

· 12 · · 13 · FAMILY TREE MUSTELIDAE FAMILY

Weasels, , polecats, martens, minks, otters and badgers are all members of the weasel family (Mustelidae), and resemble each other in build, colouring or behaviour. Mustelidae is one of the MUSTELIDAE oldest families of mammals, as well as one of the largest families of carnivores. The difference in size between the smallest and largest mustelid species is noticeable. Mustelids have elongated bodies, FAMILY short legs and scent glands.

Lutrinae

European Otter Lutra lutra All year round it spends its time playing and hunting along riverbanks, being perfectly adapted to a semi-aquatic life. It is native and localised throughout the UK. Their territories are usually about 10 miles of river where males and females may overlap. Other habitats include lakes, ponds, canals and streams and in Scotland the coast. Its diet is mostly fish and also frogs. As it is able to see just as well underwater as it can above the water, it can prey on water birds, such as moorhens and ducks.

Breeding Territoriality Moulting 1 to 5 cubs can be born in the As is the case through the rest Occurs all year round with no spring after their mother’s 9 weeks of the year, both sexes protect apparent difference between the gestation. The most common size their territories against same sex summer and winter coat. of a litter is 2 to 3 cubs which are otters. Females with cubs may born blind and helpless but fully reduce sprainting (leaving furred. The young will open their droppings) to avoid eyes at about 4 to 5 weeks. being detected.

Activity & Diet During spring, when waters get warmer, the fish that otters eat become faster and harder to catch, therefore otters switch to eating frogs, crustaceans and young waterfowl.

Online Article mammalnextdoor.co.uk/issue-1-spring

· 14 · · 9 · MUSTELIDAE FAMILY FAMILY TREE Online Article mammalnextdoor.co.uk/issue-1-spring

Melinae Mustelinae | Neovison

American Mink Neovison vison It is an invasive (non-native) species, that is common and widespread throughout the UK. It is mostly nocturnal or crepuscular (active at dawn and dusk) and can be found along rivers, marshland and coastal areas. Both male and female Mink are strictly territorial. Female territories are smaller than males', which can reach up to 6km in length. It is a good swimmer and has a very good sense of smell which it uses to prey on fish, water birds, invertebrates, small mammals and rabbits.

Breeding Moulting Mating occurs in March and April. Mink moult twice a year, once After mating, females will find in April and then in August or somewhere to give birth. Common September. In spring, when the places for a female to stay are mink's coat is shedding and isn’t old rabbit warrens or water vole waterproof enough, they dry burrows. The female gives birth their coat with the dust of rotten in late spring or summer. They wood. Fur becomes shorter and usually have 3 to 6 kits in a litter. less dense than in the winter. Gestation period would be around The colour also becomes paler. Meles meles 7 weeks. It is native, common and widespread throughout the UK. It is mostly Activity & Diet nocturnal or crepuscular (active at dawn and dusk) and commonly found There is evidence that mink in woodlands and fields. In the UK, badgers live in large groups, unlike in become more diurnal (active the rest of Europe. They mark the boundaries of their territories with well during the day) during the spring, worn paths and shared latrines (badger’s toilet area). They feed mainly this is probably to take advantage on earthworms but they also can take large insects, cereals, fruit and of the different food that becomes sometimes small mammals such as hedgehogs and . more available, such as rabbits. Territoriality As spring is their mating season, Breeding carefully. They replace the outer more often than females, especially male mink will travel up to 20 Mating can throughout year but bedding with fresh material. in the spring as this is the main miles a day to find as many mainly between February and May. Weight varies according to mating season. females as possible. The females Gestation lasts 7 weeks. They season, adult badgers weigh less Moulting are very territorial but will tolerate have 1-5 cubs born in mid January in spring, about 9kg. Badgers Badgers only moult once a year, males in this season. feed copiously in the spring and to mid March. beginning in the spring and summer months. Activity & Diet completing by the autumn. There is Before giving birth in April, Territoriality no seasonal variation in hair density. badgers clean their burrows Males tend to mark the territory

· 16 · · 17 · MUSTELIDAE FAMILY FAMILY TREE Online Article mammalnextdoor.co.uk/issue-1-spring

Mustelinae | Martes Mustelinae | Mustela

European Polecat Mustela putorius It is native and common locally in the UK. Habitats include woodlands, grasslands, farmlands and river valleys. Due to a lifestyle of being in constant search for available food, polecats are much less territorial than other mustelids. Its territory depends a lot on each season’s food availability. It feeds on rabbits, small mammals and frogs, and sometimes it may take bird’s eggs, fish and invertebrates. It bears a resemblance to, and is closely related to the domesticated ferret. It is easy to confuse true Polecats and Polecat-ferrets.

Breeding Moulting Pine Marten Martes martes After a 40-43 day gestation period, Twice a year a polecat moults. In 5-10 kits are born in late May to the spring, it’s fluffy, paler winter Throughout the year, it is extremely hard to see. It is a early July. The kits are born blind coat sheds and makes way for solitary, secretive and mostly nocturnal. It is native and hairless. shorter, darker hair. and common in parts of Scotland but very rare in England & in Wales. It is widely known for its agility in the trees and Activity & Diet In spring, a higher availability for being able to prey on squirrels, but in truth, it mostly of frogs and rabbits turns the hunts on the ground where it can prey mainly on voles and polecat's attention away from the mice, but also rabbits, small birds, bird’s eggs, berries and rats and insectivores that it had insects. They mark their large territories by leaving scats been eating over winter. (droppings) in prominent places. Territoriality In spring, same sex territories can Breeding Territoriality overlap. Between March and April 1 to 5 Scenting glands on adult males kits are born, possibly every two become exposed and waxy in years. Mothers lactate from March spring. to July. In July the kits start to Moulting leave the nest. Growth of the summer coat starts Activity & Diet in April to May and finishes in June. A significant increase in activity This begins at the nose moving happens during the spring, across the back and finishing at especially for females with cubs, the tail and sides of body. There is who will forage for food in well a sharp contrast between the long covered forest areas. In spring, dark summer coat and the paler they may prey on passerines fluffy winter coat. (songbirds) and their eggs.

· 18 · · 19 · MUSTELIDAE FAMILY FAMILY TREE Online Article mammalnextdoor.co.uk/issue-1-spring

Mustelinae | Mustela Mustelinae | Mustela

Stoat Mustela erminea It is native, common and widespread throughout the UK. They can be found in a variety of landscapes such as grasslands, woodlands, hills and farmlands. Throughout the year, both the male and female leave scents marking territory. To avoid being seen by predators, they prefer to travel along ditches, hedges and covered areas. Prey consists of rabbits and small mammals mainly, but birds, bird’s eggs, fish and insects may also be eaten.

Breeding Stoats breed once a year. They mate during the summer and have Weasel Mustela nivalis 5-12 kits in the following April- May. It is native, common and widespread throughout the UK. It is the Activity & Diet smallest carnivore in Britain and is often mistaken with the stoat Stoats are more active during the although the stoat is larger and has a black tip to the tail. They can be daytime than in autumn. They found in a variety of landscapes such as grasslands, woodlands, and may take larger proportions of farmlands. Most of their diet consists of mice and voles but they also lagomorphs (rabbits) in spring. can prey on small rabbits, small birds and bird’s eggs. Territoriality In spring males leave territories in search for females. Breeding Territoriality Moulting Weasels breed from April to Both male and female weasels Stoats moult twice a year in August. Mothers prepare a nest are territorial but in the spring autumn and spring. The winter for the young by lining it with hay, male weasels will extend their pelage is white except for black tip they may use old mouse or vole range in search of a mate. of tail. Moult progress is primary burrows. They have 4-6 kits twice Moulting controlled by daylength. White fur is a year. English weasels moult and their a camouflage that helps the stoat Activity & Diet fur becomes slightly darker in avoid larger predators. Spring moult They have been known to travel up the spring. progressing in reverse direction. The to 2.5 km on hunting expeditions. tip of the tail always remains black. In spring, like other mustelids, weasels may take advantage of the abundance of amphibians and bird’s eggs.

· 20 · · 21 · meet and cosmos oddity

Cosmos Oddity

Order Carnivora Order Chiroptera

Suborder Canidae Suborder Yangochiroptera

Foxes are small-to-medium-sized, omnivorous mammals belonging Bats are in the order of Chiroptera meaning “hand wings”, and are to the order Carnivora, within which there are several genera of the classed into two suborders: Yangochiroptera (or Vespertilioniformes) family Canidae. The Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes) is the largest of the true and Yinpterochiroptera (or Pteropodiformes). In the UK we have foxes and native to the UK, although they are absent from the Scottish both suborders, however the majority are within Yangochiroptera. Islands, except Skye. The Red Fox is our only fox species. This suborder of bats is highly specialised and use echolocation to navigate and find their prey. All our bats in the UK are insectivores, They are very successful even though they have been persecuted eating insects such as midges, moths and beetles. through-out history and this success is primarily due to their adaptability, with foxes being found in most landscapes (including One such bat in the suborder Yangochiroptera and superfamily urban areas and coasts) and ability to eat a varied diet. Vespertilionidae is Oddity a Brown Long-eared Bat (Plecotus auritus). As the name suggests these bats have brown-ish fur and large ears. When echolocating they are amongst the quietest of bats and in So what are Cosmos & Oddity up to in spring? many cases you are more likely to see them in the evening with their Find out more here!* fluttering, slow flight than hear them through a bat detector.

(*) mammalnextdoor.co.uk/oddity-cosmos.html

· 22 · · 23 · GET YOUR PAWS DIRTY #1 GAMES & CRAFTS 2016 #1 spring 2016 #1 spring 2016 spring Spring Word Search! #1

2016 Spring Word Search! Spring Word Search!spring Get your Find the words listed Spring Word Search TIPSFind the words listed WordsFind are the placed words horizontally, listed vertically and This game is available online here. TIPS Spring Word Search!diagonally, both forwards and back-to-front. TIPSWords are placed horizontally, vertically and Wordsdiagonally, are placed both forwards horizontally, and back-to-front.vertically and WORDS FindFind thethediagonally, wordswords both listed listed forwards and back-to-front. WORDSO Babies TIPSTIPS O BabiesBlackthorn WordsWords are are placed placedWORDS horizontally, horizontally, vertically vertically andand paws dirty diagonally, both forwards and back-to-front. diagonally, bothO BabiesBlackthornBlossom forwards and back-to-ftont. O BlossomBreeding WORDSWORDS O Blackthorn O BabiesBabies O BlossomBreedingBunnies For more games visit O BlackthornBlackthornO BreedingBunniesCatkins O Blossom mammalnextdoor.co.uk/games-crafts BlossomO BunniesCatkinsHare O BreedingBreeding O CatkinsHareHazelnut O BunniesBunnies O HareHazelnutKits O CatkinsCatkins O Lagomorph Help the O HareHare O HazelnutKits O HazelnutHazelnutO KitsLagomorphMoulting dormouse O KitsKits O LagomorphMoultingPhotoperiod O Lagomorph LagomorphO MoultingPhotoperiod collect the nuts O MoultingMoulting O Photoperiod Dormice love hazelnuts! Help this little Challenges! O PhotoperiodPhotoperiod mammal collect all the nuts, prove your Challenges!Is there a word you can't find? Challenges! Answers on next page  keyboard skills and make the dormouse Challenges!IsHazelnut. there a word you can't find? hibernate happily. This is an online IsHazelnut. there a word you can't find? WhyIs there would a word this you word can't not find? be associated with spring? Hazelnut. game, you can play the game here!* Hazelnut. WhyHazelnut would is anthis autumn word not nut. be associated with spring? (*) mammalnextdoor.co.uk/game-1 Why would this word not be associated with spring? WhyHazelnut would is anthis autumn word not nut. be associated with spring? HazelnutCan you isfind an autumna mammal nut. in the word search that is notHazelnut listed isabove? an autumn nut. Can you you find find a mammal a mammal in the in word the word search search that is that is notDeer listed in backwards above? Breeding. notCan listed you findabove? a mammal in the word search that is Deernot listed in in backwards backwards above? Breeding. Breeding. · 24 · FindDeer out in thebackwards meaning Breeding. of the words on the website.· 25 · Find out the meaning of the words on the website. Find out the meaning of the words on the website.

Find out the meaning of the words on the website. #1 2016 spring

GET YOUR PAWS DIRTY Spring Word Search! GAMES & CRAFTS

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· 26 · · 27 · Blossom O

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spring 2016 #1 GET YOUR PAWS DIRTY GAMES & CRAFTS

Whose tail is this?

All the members of the Mustelidae family resemble each other in Mind the dotted lines! build, colouring or behaviour. Mustelids have elongated bodies and short legs, and the difference in size between the smallest and largest mustelid species is noticeable. We tried to make it more difficult by matching the size of all the species. 3. Make a small and straight cut folllowing the dotted line. This will help assemble the pieces. Would you be able to set all the parts back together?

Can you create a new mustelid by assembling parts from different mustelids?

Instructions

1. Print and cut out the figures that appear in the following pages.

4. Don't remove the tab in the head and tail parts. You will need the tabs to join the head and the tail with the body. Introduce the tab through the previous cut. Follow the edges!

2. Each head, body and tail belong to a specific mustelid. Ready? Print the following pages and have fun!

· 28 · · 2925 · GET YOUR PAWS DIRTY GAMES & CRAFTS The Mammal Next Door is an online magazine about British mammals for kids. Learn about mammals through interactive content, playing games, crafts and taking part in our competitions.

Our aim is to raise the awareness and understanding of mammal species in the UK. To achieve this, the website has been created to provide people with ecological, biological and field sign knowledge to enthuse young people about mammals and hopefully increase the recording of mammal presence in the UK landscape.

Website: mammalnextdoor.co.uk Contact us: [email protected]

· 32 · · 33 · Meet the Team

Amanda Lloyd The Royal Society of Wildlife Trusts, The United Nations CO-CREATOR Framework Convention on Climate Change and her work has also been published in PTES The Dormouse Monitor Winter The first creator of The Mammal Next Door is Amanda Lloyd, 2015. In her spare time, she collaborates with the Oxon and a mammal ecologist who has a degree in Zoology and a Berkshire Mammal Groups creating educative infographics PhD in Ecology. Amanda has undertaken research on small about British mammals. mammals since 1998 (a long time ago now!) in numerous UK counties including Oxfordshire (where she currently Clara's favourite mammals (or Mammal Heroes) are; Red lives). She belongs her to local mammal groups where she Fox, and Hedgehog. She's also a big fan runs events to teach people about mammal field signs and of horses and mustelids. generally get people out and about looking for mammals. Her paid work is as a Consultant Ecologist, surveying for The Mammal Next Door blog blog.mammalnextdoor.co.uk bats, dormice and other protected species that may be affected by human development. Time for Toast BLOGGER Amanda's favourite mammals (or Mammal Heroes) are; Red Squirrel, Dormouse and Harvest Mouse, although there are Toast is our resident blogger, in charge of writing any so many to choose from! So Pine Marten, Hedgehog and creative nonsense that occurs to him. He earned 360 Brown Long‐eared bat are her Heroes in Waiting… degrees at Somersault college before studying for his career in savaging at Shepherd's Bush. After gaining huge amounts of experience in the fast food business he decided it was Clara Prieto time to make himself known in his territory. Various pieces CO-CREATOR of his work have been released in a small village near Oxford. These works include Slippery Squirrel and the unforgettable The second creator of The Mammal Next Door is Clara Yesterday’s Lunch. Bounding, climbing, swimming, Prieto, a freelance graphic artist that specialises in investigating and smelling (smelling bad and smelling infographics and illustration. She's always been interested smells) are amongst Toast's many pastimes. in nature and wildlife, due to this she's currently studying a course on Mammal Ecology and Conservation by the Toast's favourite mammals are Rabbits, Field Voles and University of Exeter. She's done various pieces of work for Mice but he really isn’t fussy.

· 34 · · 35 ·