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Estimation of Some Dynamic Parameters of the Highest Cable- Stayed Bridge in the World Tenth U.S. National Conference on Earthquake Engineering Frontiers of Earthquake Engineering July 21-25, 2014 10NCEE Anchorage, Alaska ESTIMATION OF SOME DYNAMIC PARAMETERS OF THE HIGHEST CABLE- STAYED BRIDGE IN THE WORLD L. M. Arenas-García1, M. A. Mendoza-Salas1, R. Sánchez-García1, R. Gómez2, J. A. Escobar2 and O. Rosales- González1 ABSTRACT Mexico is a country where there is significant seismic activity, therefore any civil structure (such as a bridge) being constructed must consider actions of earthquakes during all stages of design, construction and service life. The newly constructed Baluarte Bridge, located at the border of Durango and Sinaloa states in Mexico, has been recognized by the Guinness Book of World Records as the tallest cable-stayed bridge in the world. This paper presents the results of ambient vibration studies conducted on this bridge to determine parameters such as fundamental frequencies of vibration and mode shapes, in order to create a database representing the current state of the bridge that could be used to evaluate the structure after an earthquake occurs. It also presents a comparison of analytical results of a mathematical model developed for this purpose, which is calibrated using records from a permanent monitoring of the bridge superstructure. It is well known, that in most cases, direct measurements from instrumentation is the most effective, reliable, and time efficient mean to monitor the structural integrity of a bridge during and after an earthquake. Instrumentation of a bridge for the purpose of structural health monitoring in correlation with ordinary and extraordinary loads is of great importance when trying to identify, in real time, effects and damages of seismic events. 1 Research Assistant, Institute of Engineering, National Autonomous University of Mexico, 04510 Mexico [email protected],[email protected],[email protected], [email protected] 2 Researcher, Institute of Engineering, National Autonomous University of Mexico, 04510 Mexico [email protected], [email protected] Arenas-García, L.M., Mendoza-Salas, M.A., Sanchez-Garcia, R., Gomez, R., Escobar, J.A. and Rosales-González, O. Estimation of Some Dynamic Parameters of the Highest Cable-Stayed Bridge in the World. Proceedings of the 10th National Conference in Earthquake Engineering, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, Anchorage, AK, 2014. Tenth U.S. National Conference on Earthquake Engineering Frontiers of Earthquake Engineering July 21-25, 2014 10NCEE Anchorage, Alaska Estimation of Some Dynamic Parameters of the Highest Cable-Stayed Bridge in the World L. M. Arenas-García1 M. A. Mendoza-Salas1, R. Sánchez-García1, R. Gómez2, J. A. Escobar2 and O. Rosales-González1 ABSTRACT Mexico is a country where there is significant seismic activity, therefore any civil structure (such as a bridge) being constructed must consider actions of earthquakes during all stages of design, construction and service life. The newly constructed Baluarte Bridge, located at the border of Durango and Sinaloa states in Mexico, has been recognized by the Guinness Book of World Records as the tallest cable-stayed bridge in the world. This paper presents the results of ambient vibration studies conducted on this bridge to determine parameters such as fundamental frequencies of vibration and mode shapes, in order to create a database representing the current state of the bridge that can be used to evaluate the structure after an earthquake occurs. It also presents a comparison of analytical results of a mathematical model developed for this purpose, which is calibrated using records from a permanent monitoring of the bridge superstructure. It is well known, that in most cases, direct measurements from instrumentation is the most effective, reliable, and time efficient mean to monitor the structural integrity of a bridge during and after an earthquake. Instrumentation of a bridge for the purpose of structural health monitoring in correlation with ordinary and extraordinary loads is of great importance when trying to identify, in real time, effects and damages of seismic events. Introduction Bridges are the most important structures in the road systems of a country. It is of vital importance that these structures are designed and built according to the most current safety and behavior criteria. Furthermore, Ambient Vibration Testing (AVT) is an accurate and cost- effective technique for obtaining modal parameters of large structures such as airplanes, bridges, dams, buildings, and other manmade structures. AVT consists of measuring the structure response, at different locations, to ambient forces such as wind, traffic, human activities, etc. [1] The Baluarte Bridge is located less than seventy kilometers from the Pacific Ocean and is prone to earthquake and wind action mainly. For this reason a complete knowledge of its 1 Research Assistant, Institute of Engineering, National Autonomous University of Mexico, 04510 Mexico [email protected],[email protected],[email protected], [email protected] 2 Researcher, Institute of Engineering, National Autonomous University of Mexico, 04510 Mexico [email protected], [email protected] Arenas-García, L.M., Mendoza-Salas, M.A., Sanchez-Garcia, R., Gomez, R., Escobar, J.A. and Rosales-González, O. Estimation of Some Dynamic Parameters of the Highest Cable-Stayed Bridge in the World. Proceedings of the 10th National Conference in Earthquake Engineering, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, Anchorage, AK, 2014. structural response by combining experimental and analytical techniques is desirable. In the next paragraphs results obtained from ambient vibration measurements are presented and compared with those from a mathematical model developed for this purpose. This model is calibrated with parameters obtained from a permanent instrumentation system installed on the superstructure of the bridge, based on optical fiber technologies. Description of the Bridge The Baluarte Bridge is one of more than sixty bridges that were constructed as part of the largest road project in Mexico’s history. The bridge is located at Km 157 on the Durango- Mazatlan Highway, segment Santa Lucia- Rio Baluarte, at the border of the Sinaloa and Durango states in Mexico (Figure 1). Figure 1. The Baluarte Bridge. The bridge has a total length of 1,124 m, and a total width of 20 m comprising four lanes for commuter and commercial traffic. The cable- stayed superstructure consists of 152 cables, is supported on one abutment and 11 reinforced concrete piers including two main pylons. With a height of 402.77 m from the bottom of the ravine to deck, this structure has been certified by the Guinness Book of World Records as the tallest cable-stayed bridge in the world. Regarding its length, it is ranked 23rd worldwide, with a 520 m central span (the longest being the Russky Island Bridge in Vladivostok, Russia, with a 1104 m span). Experimental Vibration Tests The experimental vibration testing technique involves measuring the structural response, at different locations, to ambient forces. Data is processed through an analysis by signal pairs [2], in an attempt to obtain the modal parameters of the structure: natural frequencies, damping, and mode shapes. The main advantages of AVT are: (A)- Equipment for exciting the structure is not required. (B)- Testing does not interfere with normal operations of the structure. (C)- The measured response is representative of real operating conditions of the structure. The Baluarte Bridge dynamic behavior program included measuring the accelerations produced by vibrations induced by the surrounding medium to the superstructure of the bridge, such as transit of vehicles, machinery, people, wind, earthquakes, etc. Acceleration sensors placed at specific points along the main span (between pylon 5 and 6), as well as the two spans adjacent to this one (Figure 2) provided acceleration records. Through the use of this implementation, acceleration graphs were obtained in three orthogonal directional components: longitudinal (L), transversal (T) and vertical (V). 3-D accelerometers, manufactured by Guralp Systems, were installed to gather these records. Figure 2. Location of accelerometers for ambient vibration tests. Presentation of the Experimental Data To determine the natural frequencies of vibration of the structural system under study, analysis was carried out using pairs of signals. This methodology is based on the interpretation of spectral density, transfer, coherence and phase angle functions, calculated from sets of two records of acceleration. Figure 3 shows spectral density, phase angle, transfer and coherence functions corresponding to points 12 and 16 for the transverse component. The frequency associated to the first peak of the spectral density function has a value 0.29 Hz, which coincides with the first maximum ordinate of the transfer function shown; for this value the coherence ordinate is 0.96. Figure 3. Spectral density, phase angle, transfer and coherence functions, at points 12 and 16, component T. Figure 4 shows another example of this analysis, which involves points 3 and 4 located in the span adjacent to central span, next to the pylon 5. In this case, the identified frequency was 3.15 Hz. Figure 4. Spectral density, phase angle, transfer and coherence functions of points 3 and 4, component V. A summary of the results of the ambient vibration tests is presented in Table 1. The data shown correspond to both pure
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