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Patrícia De Almeida Kruger Versão Corrigida UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO FACULDADE DE FILOSOFIA, LETRAS E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS DEPARTAMENTO DE LETRAS MODERNAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ESTUDOS LINGUÍSTICOS E LITERÁRIOS EM INGLÊS PATRÍCIA DE ALMEIDA KRUGER Penetrando o Éden: Anticristo, de Lars von Trier, à luz de Brecht, Strindberg e outros elementos inquietantes VERSÃO CORRIGIDA São Paulo 2016 PATRÍCIA DE ALMEIDA KRUGER Penetrando o Éden: Anticristo, de Lars von Trier, à luz de Brecht, Strindberg e outros elementos inquietantes VERSÃO CORRIGIDA Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-graduação em Estudos Linguísticos e Literários em Inglês, do Departamento de Letras Modernas, da Faculdade de Filosofias, Letras e Ciências Humanas, da Universidade de São Paulo, para a obtenção do título de Doutora em Letras. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Marcos César de Paula Soares De acordo: São Paulo 2016 Autorizo a reprodução e divulgação total ou parcial deste trabalho, por qualquer meio convencional ou eletrônico, para fins de estudo e pesquisa, desde que citada a fonte. Catalogação na Publicação Serviço de Biblioteca e Documentação Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo Kruger, Patrícia de Almeida K94p Penetrando o Éden: Anticristo, de Lars von Trier, à luz de Brecht, Strindberg e outros elementos inquietantes / Patrícia de Almeida Kruger ; orientador Marcos César de Paula Soares. - São Paulo, 2016. 286 f. Tese (Doutorado)- Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo. Departamento de Letras Modernas. Área de concentração: Estudos Linguísticos e Literários em Inglês. 1. Trier, Lars von, 1956- .. 2. Estudos de Cultura. 3. Teoria literária. 4. Relações de gênero. 5. Caça às Bruxas. I. Soares, Marcos César de Paula, orient. II. Título. Folha de Aprovação Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-graduação em Estudos Linguísticos e Literários em Inglês, do Departamento de Letras Modernas, da Faculdade de Filosofias, Letras e Ciências Humanas, da Universidade de São Paulo, para a obtenção do título de Doutora em Letras. Título: Penetrando o Éden: Anticristo, de Lars von Trier, à luz de Brecht, Strindberg e outros elementos inquietantes. Autor: Patrícia de Almeida Kruger Orientador: Prof. Dr. Marcos César de Paula Soares Banca examinadora: Prof(a). Dr(a). __________________________________________________________ Instituição:___________________________________Assinatura:_________________ Prof(a). Dr(a). __________________________________________________________ Instituição:___________________________________Assinatura:_________________ Prof(a). Dr(a). __________________________________________________________ Instituição:___________________________________Assinatura:_________________ Prof(a). Dr(a). __________________________________________________________ Instituição:___________________________________Assinatura:_________________ Prof(a). Dr(a). __________________________________________________________ Instituição:___________________________________Assinatura:_________________ Aprovado em:________________________________. Para Vanessa Kruger e Maíra Lacerda, minhas companheiras de mais longa data, que me fazem lembrar, todos os dias, da importância de nunca subestimar o Éden do Patriarcado. Agradecimentos Ao Professor Marcos Soares, pela confiança em meu trabalho, pela orientação dedicada, sempre muito segura e generosa, pelas discussões motivantes, pelos materiais e pelo apoio em todo o percurso da minha formação acadêmica. Aos funcionários do DLM, pela ajuda e suporte durante a minha pesquisa. À CAPES, pela bolsa concedida para o desenvolvimento deste estudo no Brasil. Ao convênio CAPES-DAAD, pela bolsa de Doutorado-sanduíche e por todo o apoio durante o estágio na Alemanha. Aos Professores Ismail Xavier e Maria Elisa Cevasco, pelas leituras atentas no exame de qualificação, pelas sugestões e por terem me ajudado a aprofundar diversos temas desta pesquisa. Ao Professor Marcos Fabris, agradeço também pelas diversas sugestões. À Professora Stefanie von Schnurbein, por me receber no Nordeuropa Institut, na Universidade de Humboldt, pelas diversas conversas, sugestões e oportunidades oferecidas para o enriquecimento deste trabalho. Agradeço, igualmente, aos colegas do Oberseminar e a todos do Instituto que foram tão importantes para minha pesquisa. Ao Professor Ralf Klausnitzer e aos funcionários da Brecht-Haus, agradeço também pelos precioso materiais disponibilizados. Ao Professor Peter Schepelern, agradeço imensamente pelo artigo inédito gentilmente cedido, pelo envio de materiais sobre o Lars von Trier e por possibilitar, junto com o Professor Mads Bunch, o encontro com o cineasta. Agradeço também ao Professor Mads Bunch pela oportunidade de participar do seminário na Universidade de Copenhagen e pelas indicações bibliográficas. À Roswitha Scholz, sou extremamente grata pela recepção afetuosa em Erlangen, pelas esclarecedoras conversas, pelos materiais doados e por todos seus ensinamentos. Às Professoras Toril Moi e Bodil Marie Stavning Thomsen, pelos artigos solicitamente cedidos, pelas conversas e pelo interesse por minha pesquisa. Agradeço também ao Professor Angelos Koutsourakis pelas sugestões de peças e leituras, envios de materiais, por participar da minha apresentação sobre o filme no Nordeuropa Institut e pelos sempre agradáveis debates brechtianos e trierianos. Às professoras Siri Erika Gullestad e Linda Badley, agradeço pelos materiais gentilmente enviados, assim como a Johannes Limberg. A Per Enggaard Pedersen, sou extremamente grata pelas traduções, pelos livros, artigos e DVDs, pelas empolgantes conversas e por compartilhar seu fascínio por Trier e Strindberg. À Paula Barbosa e à Lucia Barbosa, pelas leituras de artigos e do exame de qualificação, por participarem de apresentações sobre minha pesquisa, pelas indicações de materiais e pela motivação constante, pela qual também agradeço muito à Ângela Barbosa e à Solange Lisboa. Ao Cássio Lacerda, agradeço pela leitura da qualificação e pelo empolgante feedback. Ao Renato Faria, à Gabriela Siqueira e à Ana Paula Anjos, pelo auxílio com o projeto para a Humboldt, e também ao Breno Longhi, cujo apoio para esse projeto foi valioso. À Simone Longhi, agradeço igualmente pelas inúmeras contribuições, desde a graduação. À Mihaela e ao Marcello, por toda a força durante a pesquisa, especialmente em Berlim, pelas leituras de artigos, apoio na preparação de apresentações, pelo abrigo após conferências, pelas conversas animadas e também pela performance inesquecível na exibição de Anticristo. Aos colegas do Inglês, sou grata pelos momentos importantes compartilhados, pelo apoio e por tudo o que aprendi com vocês. Muito obrigada a Cris, Rosângela, Antonio, Ana Paula, Solange, Neyde, Alysson, Roberta, Talita, Rachel, Lígia, Fabi Vilaço, Maíra, Elaine, Sheila, Giuliana, Lívia, Elton, Elder, Wellington e Márcio. À Dani, agradeço muito pelo apoio com relatórios e afins, bem como pelos materiais fornecidos e pela presença e ajuda na exibição do Anticristo em Berlim. A todos que aceitaram minha carinhosa intimação para assistir a esse belo filme, e que colaboraram com ideias e questões nos debates, agradeço imensamente: Fezinha, Lia Palm, Edson, Bia, Cesare, Marijones, Vivi, Paulinha, Kathrin, Ekki, Carlitos, Joachim, Severino, Marcos, Naty, Edu, Elisa, Stephan, Rica, Flávia, Giu e Renato. À querida amiga Carolina von Zuben, pela força inestimável na reta final deste trabalho, pelas ideias, pela motivação, pela presença e pela inspiração constantes. Ao Cesare, pelo apoio maroto com traduções. À Ana Monte, pelas conversas psicanalíticas, pela leitura do relatório de qualificação e pelo empréstimo de materiais. A Michelle Ferreira, Daniel Lage, Brisa Campos e Inaê Luz, pela empolgação com a minha pesquisa e pelas sempre tão animadas conversas a respeito. À Tati Burg, pelo apoio eutônico tão importante. A Bia, Marijones, Vivi, Paulinha, Acauam, Cesare, Carolzinha Tiemi, Fábio de Oliveira, Fabito, Anita, Maíra Marques, Maíra Lacerda, Emília, Lulão, Cecília, Nadine, Fábio Pitta, Jubileu, Malavazi, Yuri, Sil, Carol Vechia e Renatinha Rente, por estarem sempre presentes e contribuírem de maneira tão decisiva para o “nascimento” deste trabalho. Pelas reflexões, pelas opiniões, pela força, pelo estímulo e pelo alento, muito obrigada! Aos meus pais, por terem me iniciado, aos cinco anos de idade, no fascinante universo dos filmes de horror (inclusive como atriz) e terem sempre encorajado a paixão pela literatura e pelo cinema. Sou grata a eles, aos meus irmãos, aos meus familiares e a todas as pessoas que colaboraram de alguma forma com esta pesquisa. Agradeço especialmente ao Matias, pelo companheirismo, pela motivação, pelas ideias, pelo apoio e carinho de todos os dias, essenciais para a realização desta tese. Resumo Analisamos, neste trabalho, o filme Anticristo (2009), do cineasta Lars von Trier, tomando como base um viés crítico que contemplasse a relação entre sua construção formal e seus conteúdos implícitos e explícitos. Assim como outras obras do artista, igualmente questionadoras, perturbadoras e políticas, Anticristo mostra-se capaz de apontar dinâmicas histórico-sociais relevantes para a compreensão de seu tempo, além de desnudar diversas características substanciais do pensamento hegemônico, espantosamente naturalizadas. Nesses termos, a tese proposta é a de que o filme reapropria-se de um método estético- político brechtiano com o fim de criar uma contraposição ao modelo dramático que orienta grande parte das produções cinematográficas mainstream. Sendo responsável por sua
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