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Scottish Late Bronze Age Metalwork

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Scottish Late Bronze Age Metalwork SCOTTISH LATE BRONZ METALWORKE EAG : TYPOLOGY, DISTRIBUTIONS AND CHRONOLOGY by JOHN M. COLES, M.A., PH.D., F.S.A.SCOT. THIS paper is an attempt to bring the mass of material from late Bronze Age Scotland into some order divido t , t regionallei chronologicallyd yan bases i t I .d primarily metan o l types f bronzo , d gold ean emphasin a , s necessitate e scarcitth y db f yo known settlements, potter cemeteried yan earliee datee sb th than o dt r ca t parf o t the first millennium B.C.1 Aspect Late th ef so BronzScotlan n i e eAg d have been studie previoun do - oc s casions d thesan , e papers have servee presen a basith s r da sfo t work e firsTh t. attempt at a collection of material was made by Callander; he published lists of hoard n ig23i s d alsan 2o examined e outstandinsomth f eo g associated findn i s greater detail. This work was preceded by several nineteenth-century general survey e Latth ef o sAndersonBronzy b e e Ag Wilson.d 3an e t Childth Bu s 4 ewa first to discuss the Scottish Bronze Age in relation to continental cultures. His Prehistory of Scotland5 traced the influences arriving from the Continent and from Ireland during the first millennium B.C., and later work attempted to interpret e developmentth f Bronzo se culturAg e n termi e f historicao s l processes.s Hi 6 detailed studies, however, were directed more to the unusual aspects of the Late Bronze Age settlemen,e sucth s ha t Jarlshofa t commone,e thath o t n r material. Childe was one of the supporters of Miss Benton's work in 1931 on the association of exotic bronzes with flat-rimmed pottery at Covesea, Morayshire7; this material has for long been a subject of controversy. Work on local material from the Scottish Lat ecarrieHendersos y Bronzb wa t e dou e Ag igsS,n ni mord an 8 e recent studies have been mad Proudfoot,y eb 9 Stevenson Piggott.d 1an 0 11 presene Th t work begins wit hsummara latf yo e Middle Bronze settlementd an , trace graduae sth l arriva Latf lo e Bronze centurie e typeth n si s from abou B.Co go t. dividee Thesb n eca d regionall basi e dated th continentaf yan so n do l importd an s analogies. To anticipate the conclusions that emerge from the work, we distinguish five Late Bronze phases in the settlement of Scotland, all of which can be incor- 1wisI acknowledgo ht assistance eth e Professogivey b e nm r Stuart Piggott; hel alss poha been received from Mr J. Brailsford, Mr D. Britton, Mr J. Cowen, Mr L. Flanagan, Mr R. Feachem, Miss A. Henshall, Mr R. Livens, Professor K.Jackson, Dr J. Raftery, Mr E. Rynne, Mr J. Scott, Mr R. Stevenson, Mrs M. Stewart. ProfessoHawkeC . F mads . sha C r e many helpful suggestions. 2 Callander , 'ScottisG. ,J h Bronz Hoards'e eAg , P.S.A.S., LVII (1923), 123. 3 Anderson, J., Scotland in Pagan Times: The Bronze and Stone Ages (Edinburgh, 1886). 4 Wilson, D., Prehistoric Annals of Scotland, editiod an n (London, 1863). 6 Childe, V. G., The Prehistory of Scotland (London, 1935). 6 Childe . G.V , , Scotland Before Scotse th (London, 1946). 7 Benton, S., 'The excavation of the Sculptor's Cave, Covesea, Morayshire', P.S.A.S., LXV (1931)1 I77- 8 Henderson, W., 'Scottish Late Bronze Age Axes and Swords', P.S.A.S., LXXI (1938), 150. 9 Proudfoot , 'ThB. e. V Downpatric, k Gold Find', Arch. Res. Pub. Ireland)(N , in (1955). 10 Stevenson, R. B. K., 'Some Relics from Kildalton, Islay', P.S.A.S., LXXVIII (1944), 120. 11 Piggott, S., 'A Late Bronze Age Hoard from Peeblesshire', P.S.A.S., LXXXVII (1953), 175. SCOTTISH LATE BRONZ E METALWORAG E K IJ porated within Hawkes' recent scheme for the British Bronze Age.1 His numerical system has been avoided, however, and the Scottish phases are named after repre- sentative hoard e appropriat r findth o s f o s e period e firs f theso Th t. e Scottish phases (Poldargraduae th w sa l) infiltratio f Latno e Bronze types int e northoth , and it is not until the following Duddingston phase, from the mid-eighth century, that a great expansion of bronze industry occurs over much of Scotland; local specialisation then begins. Intruding upon this is the Covesea phase, limited to north-eastern Scotland and dated by continental material to c.yoo. This has a complementary distributio partle th o nyt contemporary Adabrock phas Hallstatf eo t Iron Age types. From 550, a rejuvenation of contact with the Continent marks finae th l local Tarves phas Latf eo e Bronze industr Scotlandn yi . wore Th presentes ki wayso tw discussio:a n d i metaf no l type distributionsd san , arranged to present a picture of the development of industry in the first millennium B.C., and a full catalogue of Late Bronze finds, arranged in three appendices; the first of these is composed of lists of objects, by types (such as socketed axes, spearheads) and within these types alphabetically by counties. Appendix 2 lists finds of two or more gold ornaments, and Appendix 3 treats all the known Later Bronze hoards, arranged alphabetically by counties, and described in Inventaria Archaeologica fashion. Before considerin e firsgth t influ f Lato x e Bronze types into Scotlands i t i , necessar examino yt littla n ei e detai backgroune th l settlemenf do t durin late gth e Middle Bronze Age, from, about 1200 B.C. onwards. Map i shows the distribution of some objects reckone belono dt thio gt s final Middle Bronz Glentroor eo l phase.2 This includes a number of objects that have analogues in the recently-defined 'Ornament horizon southerf o ' n Britain, which contains bronze tool ornamentd san s derived from Northern and Western Europe in combination with local British products.3 Many of the hoards of this horizon are found in Somerset including the large Taunton Workhouse find. This hoard contains two objects duplicated in Scottish contexts mock-torsioa socketea d , an e dax n cast 4 torebotd ultie an ,har - matel f Nortyo h European origin e spirallTh . y twisted tore with plain hooked terminals appears ther Nordin ei bettecs i Periot bu r knowI dI n fro succeedine mth g period t thiA s. later time narroa , w sockete wite dax h square mouth appearsd an , although it lasts into Period IV, the time of entry of both types in Southern Britain must be Period III, or just before 1200 B.C. on current chronology. Hodges has listed a number of British representatives of this North European axe, including one Scottish example from Kingoldrum, Angus.5 This axe appears to be a local British copy of the Nordic type but another axe, from Annan, Dumfries seem) Hademarschee closee (fig7 li th , 4 o .o st t r r nortno h Germay n ma type d an , 1 Hawkes, C. F. C., 'A Scheme for the British Bronze Age', C.B.A. Conference on Problems of the British Bronze Age (December 1960); review, Antiquity, xxxv (March, 1961), 63. equivalente Th 2 othen si r area earle sar y L.B.A. 'AIrelann i ' d (Hodges, 'Studie Late th en si Bronz e Ag Irelandn ei , u', Ulster . Arch.,J xix (1956), 46); L.B.A .Wale n i i s (Savory , 'ThH. , e Late Bronze Agn ei Wales', Arch. Comb, cvn (1958), 22); Middle Bronze 2 in 'Britain' (Hawkes, 1960, op. cit.). 3 Smith, M. A., 'Some Somerset Hoards and their Place in the Bronze Age of Southern Britain', P.P.S., xxv (1959), 144. 6 Inventaria1 Archaeologica, GB 43. Hodges, op. cit. (1956), 33, 50. l8 PROCEEDING SOCIETYE TH F O S , 1959-60 therefor importen a e eb d piece. twistee Th 1 d tor representes ei Scotlann di only db y one fragmentary example, in the Glentrool hoard (PI. I) but other British tore forms may also be related chronologically. At Edington Burtle and Wedmore, Somerset, these cast bronze neckrings were found with bronze ribbon t tores,a d 2an Winterha same th en y i regio n probable ribbon tore goln si d were associated witha palstave of the 'Ornament horizon'. It is therefore a possibility that some or all 3 Norte oth f h British gold ribbon tores belonr Glentrooou o gt l phase northere th , n equivalent of the 'Ornament horizon'. At the Law Farm in Morayshire a hoard contained both bronz gold ean d ribbon tores.4 Lozenge-sectioned penannular bracelets are another Nordic feature in the 'Ornament horizon' hoards of southern Britain, occurring in bronze at Ebbesbourne, Wiltshire5 and the only Scottish example of this type is a gold bracelet from Stone- hill, Lanarks, found with two normal bracelets with expanded terminals. This find is however more likely to belong to the full Late Bronze Age, as at Down- patrick, and possibly the gold ribbon tores too may represent a later north British 6 development from the Ornament horizon bronze forms. In addition to the twisted bar tore, the Glentrool hoard contains a disc-headed pin with stem loop. This is unrepresented in the south of England but occurs in Northern Europe where it is dated to Period II and III.7 Two of these pins are known from Ireland. Connections with Northern Europe either directly or via Somerset are shown by8 the tore and the pin at Glentrool, but certain British relations e illustratear e flath t y tangedb d knif thin i e s hoard whic duplicates hi e th n di Monkswood, Somerset, find.9 The other members of Glentrool include a basal- looped spear-hea wing-flangea d dan d formee axe typTh a .
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