MAZALIM — MAZANDARAN 935 public procession (mawkib] [see MAWAKIB]. To the 138a-142a. On mazalim in Persia, see MAHKAMA. 3. mawkib and madjlis was soon added an official banquet (J. S. NIELSEN) (simdf), and the whole ceremony was known as khidma. MAZANDARAN, a province to the south of The khidma reached its most elaborate form under the Caspian Sea bounded on the west by Gilan the early Mamluks. Baybars I [q.v.] transferred the [q.v.} and on the east by what was in Kadjar times the hearing of mazdlim petitions to a new ddr al-^adl in province of Astarabad [q.v., formerly Gurgan); Cairo in 662/1264, just below the Citadel, and this Mazandaran and Gurgan now form the modern ustdn also became the site for the khidma. The mawkib now or province of Mazandaran. included a growing number of military officers of 1. The name. If Gurgan to the Iranians was the state, and the madjlis widened its functions to include "land of the wolves" (vdhrkdna, the region to its west most official public ceremonial, such as the reception was peopled by "Mazaynian dews" (Bartholomae, of foreign emissaries, the publication of government Altir. Worterbuch, col. 1169, under mdzainya daeva). decisions, the granting of royal favours, etc. Hearing Darmesteter, Le Zend-Avesta, ii, 373, n. 32, thought mazdlim cases soon became a minor formality, sym- that Mazandaran was a "comparative of direction" bolised by the continuing presence of kadis and kdtib (* Mazana-tara; cf. Shush and Shush tar) but Noldeke's al-sirr and the new office of mufti ddr al-^adl in the hypothesis is the more probable (Grundr. d. iran. Phil., official seating order (cf. Subh, iv, 44 f.). Sultan ii, 178), who thought that Mazan-dar = "the gate of Kalawun's move of the khidma to his new iwdn kabir Mazan" was a particular place, distinct from the part c and the demolition of Baybars's ddr al- adl a few of the country known as Tapuristan. (A village of decades later confirmed the position of mazdlim as a Mesderan (?) is marked on Stahl's map 12 km. south function of the bureaucracy. of FTruzkuh!). In any case, the name Mazandaran Throughout the early Mamluk period, the identity seems to have no connection with Tou Maawpavou opo<; of mazdlim as a bureaucratic process meant that there which, according to Ptolemy, vi, ch. v., was situated was little definition of its jurisdiction. Al-MakrTzi's between Parthia and Areia (HarT-rud) and was con- claim (Khitat, ii, 220 f.) that it was the forum for the nected by Olshausen (Mazdoran und Mazandaran, in implementation of the Mongol Yasa can be dis- Monatsberichte Ak. Berlin [1877], 777-83) with Maz- counted (cf. D. Ayalon, in SI, xxxiii [1971], 97-140). duran, a station \2farsakhs west of Sarakhs; cf. Ibn The sources report petitions dealing with every con- Khurradadhbih, 24; al-MukaddasT, 351 (cf. however ceivable aspect of government activity, including the late source of 881/1476 quoted by Dorn, in c requests for offices or iktd s, the suppression of par- Melanges asiat., vii, 42). c ticular M/araa° and their teachings, the implementa- The Avestan and Pahlavi quotations given by tion of law and order, as well as appeals for justice and Darmesteter, loc. cit., show to what degree the people the application of kadis' decisions. This situation of Mazandaran were regarded by the Persians as a prevailed in all the provinces of the Mamluk state. foreign group and little assimilated. According to the The confusion of mazdlim and the general apparatus Bundahishn, xv, 28, tr. West, 58, the "Mazandaran" of government was common in other parts of the pre- were descended from a different pair of ancestors to Ottoman Arab world, but there were exceptions, such those of the Iranians and Arabs. The Shdh-ndma as Hafsid Tunisia (R. Brunschvig, in SI, xxiii [1965], reflects similar ideas (cf. the episode of Kay Kawus's 27 ff), where mazdlim remained a more distinct war in Mazandaran, and esp. Vullers ed., i, 332, jurisdiction. Towards the end of the 8th/14th century, v, 290: the war is waged against Ahriman; 364, measures were also taken by the Mamluks to clarify vv. 792-3: Mazandaran is contrasted with Iran; the situation. In 789/1387, Sultan Barkuk detached 574, v. 925: the bestial appearance of the king of mazdlim from the khidma and moved it to the Royal Mazandaran). Equerry (istabl al-sultdn) [see AL-KAHIRA]. The term ddr Among historical peoples in Mazandaran are the c al- adl, however, remained synonymous with the Tapyres (TaTiupoi), who must have occupied the khidma in the iwdn. The jurisdiction of mazdlim was mountains (north of Simnan), and the Amardes likewise clarified, and in the 9th/15th century a ("AfiapSoi), who according to Andreas_and Marquart, distinction is made between petitions for justice in the have given their name to the town of Amul (although face of injustice and oppression and petitions the change of rd to / is rather strange in the north of requesting iktdcs or official posts (al-Sdlihi, Persia). These two peoples were defeated by Alex- Copenhagen Royal Library ms. 147, fols. 32b-33a). ander the Great. The Parthian king Phraates I (in 176 Bibliography (additional to references given B.C.) transplanted the Mardes (Amardes) to the above): Mawardi, al-Ahkdm al-sultdniyya, Cairo region of x<*pa£ (Khwar to the east of Waramin) and c D 1298, 64-82, and Abu Ya la b. al-Farra , al-Ahkdm their place was taken by the Tapyres, whose name al-sultaniyya, Cairo 1966, 58-74. H. F. Amedroz, in came to be applied to the whole province. JRAS (1911), 635-74, provides an extensive The Arabs only knew the region as Tabaristan paraphrase and commentary to al-Mawardi's text. (Islam , Leiden 1960, 433-520, surveys the history Ibn al-Athlr, x, 34, in speaking of the distribution of of mazdlim with an emphasis on juridical theory. S. fiefs by Alp Arslan in 458/1065, says that Mazan- M. Stern deals in great detail with the bureaucratic daran was given to the amir Inandj Blghu. Ibn Isfan- processes in Oriens, xv (1962), 172-209, and in diyar, 14, and Yakut, iii, 502, 9, think that Mazan- BSOAS, xxvii (1964), 1-32, xxix (1966), 233-76. daran as a name for Tabaristan is only of fairly c The Mamluk period and the role of ddr al- adl are modern origin (in Arabic?), but according to Za- discussed by J. S. Nielsen, Secular justice in an Islamic kariyya0 Kazwfnl, 270, "the Persians call Tabaristan state: Mazdlim under the Bahn Mamluks, Istanbul Mazandaran". Hamd Allah Mustawff distinguishes 1985. H. Ernst, Die mamlukischen Sultansurkunden, between Mazandaran and Tabaristan. In his time Wiesbaden 1960, has published some of the peti- (1340), the 7 tumdns of the "wildyat of Mazandaran" tions and drecrees preserved at St. Catherine's, were Djurdjan, Murustak (?), Astarabad, Amul and Mount Sinai, and a basic source for Mamluk Rustamdar, Dihistan, Rughad and Siyah-rustak (?); bureaucratic procedure is Ahmad b. Fadl Allah al- on the other hand, the diydr-i Kumis wa-Tabaristdn c UmarI, Masdlik al-absdr, Ayasofya ms. 3416, fols. included Simnan, Damghan, FTruzkuh, a town of 936 MAZANDARAN

Damawand, Firnm, etc. We find a similar distinction tures. .. on the southern banks of the Caspian Sea, London in KhwandamTr, ed. Dorn, 83. 1826, chs. ii-viii, 12-125; Ashraf-San-Barfurush- 2. Geography: The actual extent of Mazan- Amul - Izideh -c Allabad - Towar - Abgarm - Lahldjan; daran (Rabino) is 300 miles from east to west and 46 Eichwald, Reise auf d. Kasp. Meere (1825-6), Stutt- to 70 miles from north to south. Except for the strip gart 1834, i, ch. xi. (Mazandaran), 330-58 along the coast—broader in the east than the west— (Mashhadisar Barfurush); Conolly, Journey to the Mazandaran is a very mountainous country. The North of India overland, London 1834, i, 20-7 main range of the Elburz forms barriers parallel to the (Tehran-Flruzkuh-SarT-Ashraf); A. Burns, Travels south of the Caspian, while the ridges running down into Bokhara, 1835, iii, 103-22 (Astarabad-Ashraf- to the sea cut the country up into a multitude of cAlIabad-Flruzkuh-Tehran); Stuart, Journal of a valleys open on the north only. The principal of the residence in Northern Persia (1835), London 1854, 247- latter ridges is the Mazarcub, which separates 89 (town of Damawand - Flruzkuh - Zlrab - Sari - Tabaristan from Tunakabun. The latter is bordered Amul-Tehran); d'Arcy Todd, Memoranda to accom- on the south by the chain of the Elburz in the strict pany a sketch of part of Mazandaran, in JRGS, viii sense, which separates it from the valley of the (1838), 101-8, map (Tehran - Amul - Barfurush- Shahrud (formed by the waters of the Alamut and ShFrgah - Surkh - rabat - Flruzkuh - Tehran - Dama- Talakan and flowing westward into the SafTd-rud). wand - Ffruzkuh-sources of the Talar - Dlw-safTd - To the east of Mazar-cub, a number of ranges run Shirgah -c Allabad - Sari- Barfurush - Amul - Tehran; out of the central massif of the Elburz: 1. to the east, Firuzkuh-Fulad-mahalla); C. Ritter, Erdkunde, vi/1 the chain of Nur, which cuts through the Haraz-pay; = part viii/3, Berlin 1838, 471-514 (routes through and 2. to the south-east, the southern barrier which the Elburz), 514-50 (coast region of Mazandaran), forms the watershed between the Caspian and the cen- 550-95 (Damawand); Fraser, A winter's journey, tral plateau. Between the two rises in isolation the 1838, ii, 131-45 (Frruzkuh-Shamirzade-Shahrud); great volcanic cone of Damawand [q.v.] (5,604 ii, 416-82 (Tehran-Lar-Kalarastak-Parasp-Amul- m.718,386 ft.). Barfurush - Mashhadisar - Izideh - Sakhtasar); Wil- To the east of Damawand, the southern barrier braham, Travels in the Trans-Caucasian provinces rejoins the continuation of the Nur and the new line (1837), London 1839,_423-77 (Tehran - Flruzkuh - of the watershed of eastern Mazandaran is marked by Zirab - Sari - Ashraf- Amul); Holmes, Sketch of the the ranges of Band-i-pay, Sawad-kuh, Shah-mirzad shores of the Caspian, London 1845, ch. x. (Kalaras- (to the south of Simnan), of Hazardjarib (to the south tak-Nur-Amul - Farahabad - Astarabad), ch. xvii. of Damghan), of Shah-kuh (to the south of Shahrud). (Sawar-Shahkuh-Shamshirbur-Cashme-c:Alr-Sam- etc. nan); Voskoboinikov, Puteshestviye po severnoi Persii The rivers of Mazandaran are of two kinds. A hun- (1843-1844), in Gornii Zurnal (St. Petersburg 1846), dred short streams run straight down into the sea from v, 171-220, map, German tr. in Ermans Russ. the outer mountains of Mazandaran. Much more Archiv., v, Heft 4, 674-708 (geology: Shah-kuh; important are the rivers which rise in the interior and Sari-Firuzkuh; Kudjur-Tehran): Buhse, Bergreise after draining many valleys form a single great river von GTlan nach Astarabad, in Baer & Helmersens when they break through the last barrier. Such are Beitrdge z. Kenntniss des russ. Reiches, 1847, xiii, 217- (from west to east); the Sard-abrud; the Calus; the 36 (Laspuh - Kalardasht - Kudjur - Ask - Firuzkuh - Haraz-pay, which drains the region of mount Dama- Fulad-mahalla); Hommaire de Hell, Voyage en Tur- wand and then runs past Amul; the Babul (the river quieeten Perse, Paris 1855, iii, 214-336 (Tehran-Lar of Barfurush); the Talar (river of cAliabad); the Tldjin - Amul - Ashraf - Astarabad - Radkan - Kurd-ma- (river of San) and the NTka (or Aspayza) which flows halla-cAH-cashma-Simnan); iv, 285-306 (itinera- from east to west; its valley forms a corner between ries; atlas, plates 74-82, by Laurens); de Bode, the southern chain (cf. above) and the mountains Ocerki turkmen. zemli i yugovostoc. pr-ibrez. Kaspiiskago which surround the Gulf of Astarabad on the north. moria, in Otecest. Zapiski, 1856, no. 7, pp. 123-50 Bibliography of travels: Pietro della Valle (Tehran - Sarbandan - Firuzkuh - Cahardeh - Hazar- (1618), Viaggi, part ii, letter iv, Brighton 1843, 578- djarlb - Astarabad), no. 8, pp. 459-72 (Sawar - 702; Isfahan-Siyahkuh (to the east of modern Lake Radkan); F. Mackenzie, Report on the Persian Cas- of Kum)—FTruzkuh-Shlrgah-San-Farahabad-Ash- pian Provinces, Rasht 1859-60 (manuscript quoted raf-Sarl-FTruzkuh-Gilyard-Tehran; Sir Thomas by Rabino); Gasteiger-Rawenstein-Kobach, Run- Herbert, Some years' travels, London 1627, and Fr. dreise durch die nordl. Prov. Persiens, in Z.f. allgem. ed., Relation du voyage, Paris 1663, 265_-311: Erd., xii (1862), 341-56 (Tehran-Firuzkuh-"Sab- Isfahan-Siyahkuh-FTruzkuh-cAlrabad-Ashraf-Amul- bat-kuh" [Sawad-kuh]-Sari-Ashraf-Astarabad); B. Tehran; Hanway, A historical account, London 1754, Dorn, Bericht ilber eine wissensch. Reise in den ch. xxvii, i, 139-49: Astarabad-Barfurush, ch. xlii, Kaukasus, etc., in Mel. Asiat., iv (1863), 429-500 i, 192-8: Langarud-Amul-Barfurush-Ashraf; S. G. (Ashur-ada - Ashraf - Barfurush - Mashhadisar); Gmelin, Reise d. Russland, iii. (Reise d.d. Nordliche Dorn, Reise nach Masanderan im J. 1860, section 1 Persien, 1770-2), St. Petersburg 1774, 446-72 (St. Petersburg-Aschref), St. Petersburg 1895 (with (Amul-Barfurush-cAlrabad-San-Ashraf); G. For- an atlas); Melgunov, 0 yuznom berege Kaspiiskago ster, A journey from Bengal to England (1784), London moria, appendix to vol. iii. of Zapiski Akadem. Nauk, 1798, ii, 179-210 (Bistam-Dehi-mulla-Calus-Sarl- St. Petersburg 1863, 95-195, German tr. Zenker, Barfurush); J. Morier, Second journey, London 1818, Das sudliche Ufer d. Kasp. Meeres, Leipzig 1868 (with ch. xxiii. (Tehran - Bumihin - Damawand^- Bagh-i some mistakes in the transcriptions); Eastwick, Shah - Firuzkuh - Asaran - Fulad-mahalla - Cashme - Three years'residence, London 1864, ch. iii, ii, 50-101 cAli-Sawar-Astarabad); Macdonald Kinneir, Geogr. (Astarabad - Ashraf- Sari-cAllabad - Shlrgah - Zlrab - Memoir., London 1813, 161-7; W. Ouseley, Travels, Surkh-rabat-Flruzkuh-Sarbandan-Bumihin); Seid- London 1819, iii. (Flruzkuh- Surkh-rabat - Zlrab- litz, Handel und Wandel an d. Kaspischen Sudkiiste Shlrgah - cAliabad - Sari- Ashraf - Farahabad - Amul - (from Russkii vestnik), in Pet. Mitt. (1869) 98-103, Miyankala-Damawand); Trezel, Notice sur le Ghilan 255-68 (Safid-rud-Mashhadisar-Bandargaz; Ash- et Mdzenderan, in Jaubert, Voyage en Armenie et en raf; SafTabad); G. C. Napier, Extracts from a diary of Perse, ii, 417-63; J. B. Fraser, Travels and adven- a tour in Khorasan, m JRGS, xlvi (1876), 62-171 MAZANDARAN 937

(good map: Gulhak - Gilyard -^Firuzkuh - GursafTd - cf. Ptolemy's XpivBot), where there used to be a wall KhingRudbar-Cashma-cAli-Cardih-Shamshirbur- (djar-i Kulbad) which barred the narrow strip of Aspinezia - Sharud); V. Baker, Clouds in the east, lowland between the Gulf of Astarabad and the moun- London 1876 (62-89: Ashraf-Sari-Shlrgah-Zlrab- tains; cf. Ibn Rusta, 149, who speaks of the brick wall Flruz-kuh - Sarbandan - Bumigin - Tehran; 87-142: (adjurr) and of the Gate of Tamls through which Lar-Ask-Khaloe (?)-cAliabad-Zirab-Casaleone (?)- travellers had to pass (cf. Ibn al-Faklh, 303). To the c Aliabad - Attene (?) - Surkada - Cashme - CA1I - Dih- west, the town of Shalus (Calus) was situated on the mulla - Damghan); E. Stack, Six months in Persia, frontier of Daylam (Ibn Rusta, 150: fi nahw al- chs. vii and viii, London 1882, ii, 170-202 (Tehran- caduww) but later the valley of the Sard-ab-rud (Kalar- Mount Damawand - Mashhadisar); Beresford dasht) seems to have been annexed to Tabaristan. Lovett, Itinerary notes of route surveys in Northern Persia, Farther west, the coast of Tunakabun was governed in Procs. RGS, v (Feb. 1883), 57-84 (Tehran- sometimes with Mazandaran and sometimes with Calus -JMur - Balada - Lar - Ask - Flruzkuh - Fulad-ma- GTlan. halla-Cardeh-Ziyarat-Astarabad); G. N. Curzon, The Arab geographers distinguished between the Persia and the Persian question, London 1892, i, 354- plain (al-sahliyyd) and the mountains (al-djabaliyya) of 89, ch. xii (Mazandaran and Gllan) with a sketch; Tabaristan (al-Istakhri, 211, 271). The important Sven Hedin, Genom Khorasan, Stockholm 1892, i, towns of Tabaristan were in the lowlands: Amul, 57-69 (Damghan - Cardih - Djahan-numa - Astara- Natil, Shalus (Calus), Kala (Kalar), Mlla, TandjI bad); E. G. Browne, A year amongst the Persians, Lon- (TudjI, Bardji?), cAyn al-Humm, MamtTr ( - Bar- don 1893, 557-68 (Tehran - Mashhadisar); J. de furush), San, Tamlsha (cf. al-Istakhri. 207; cf. al- Morgan, Missions scientifiques, Etudes geographiques, \, MukaddasT, 353). The principal town (madind) of 1894, 113-208 (numerous illustrations); A. F. Tabaristan in the time of al-YackubI, 276, was still Stahl, Reisen in Nord- und Zentral-Persian, in Pet. Sariyya [q.v.}, but in the time of al-Mascud!, Tanbih, Mitt., Erganzungsheft no. 118 (1896), 7-18 179, Al-Istakhn, 211, and Ibn Hawkal, 271, the prin- (Tehran-Kelarestak-Nur-Lar-Damawand; Tehran- cipal town (kasaba} and the most flourishing one in Amul; Firuzkuh-cAlTabad; Amul-Astarabad-Tash- Tabaristan was Amul (larger than KazwTn). Cahardih - Simnan) (with a detailed map); H. L. The mountain area was quite distinct, and its con- Wells, Across the Alburz mountains, in The Scottish nection with the plain is not very clear in the Arabic Geogr. Magazine, xiv (1898), 1-9 (supplement to texts; cf. the confused summary in al-Istakhn, 204. Lovett: Afca-Varasun-Kudjur-Nawrudbar-Mulla- Al-Tabari, iii, 1295, under the year 224/838, kalca); Sarre, Reise in Mazanderan, in Z. Gesell. distinguishes three mountains in Tabaristan: 1. the Erdkunde(\902), 99-111 (Damawand-Amul-Ashraf- mountain of Wanda-Hurmuz in the centre (wasat); 2. Bandargaz); Stahl, Reisen in Nord- und Westpersien, that of his brother Wandasandjan (sic) b. Alandad b. in Pet. Mitt. (1907), Heft vi, 121-31 (with a map: Karin; and 3. that of Sharwin b. Surkhab b. Bab. Barfurush-Flruzkuh); O. Niedermayer, Die Persien- Now according to Ibn Rusta, 151, [the Karinid] Expedition, in Mitt. d. Geogr. Gesell. in Milnchen, viii Wanda-Hurmuz lived near Dunbawand. On the (1913), 177-88 (Firuzkuh-Turud-Pelwar-Sari; NI- other hand, the same writer, 149, says that during the ka - Sefiddje); H. L. Rabino, A journey in Mazan- rule of Tabaristan by Djarlr b. YazTd, Wanda- daran, mJRGS (Nov. 1913), 435-54 (Rasht-Sarl); Hurmuz had bought 1,000 djaribs of domain lands Golubiatnikov, Petrol in Northern Persia [in Russian], (sawdfi) outside the town of San. These alf djarib seem in Neftiyanoye_i slantsevoye_khoziaystvo, Moscow (Sept.- to correspond to the region round the sources of the Oct. 1921), 78-91; Noel, A reconnaissance in the Cas- rivers Tidjin and Nlka, which in Persian is called pian provinces of Persia, mJRGS(June 1921), 401-18 Hazar-djarlb. Later, the lands of Wanda-Hurmuz (Tehran - Amul - Farahabad - Nur - Kudjur - Tunaka- included the greater part of eastern Mazandaran. bun); Herzfeld, Reisebericht, in ZDMG (1926), 278-9 *Wandaspdjan seems to have ruled over the greater (Bistam - Radkan - Shamshirbur - Damghan); Stahl, part of Mazandaran, for his capital Muzn was the Die orographischen und hydrographischen Verhdltnisse des rallying point from which expeditions set out against Elburgs-Gebirges in Persien, in Pet. Mitt. (1927), Heft Daylam. Finally, the mountain of Sharwin comprised 7-8, 211-15 (with a map); Rabino, Mazandaran and the south-eastern part of Mazandaran, for according Astarabad, GMS, London 1928 (itineraries on the to Ibn al-Fakih, 305, it was close to Kumis. coast, administrative divisions with lists of villages, In the time of al-Istakhri, the three divisions of the Muslim inscriptions); cf. p. xx, complete list of mountains specified are: the mountains of Rubandj, previous works. G. M. Bell, Geological Notes on part of Fadusban and of Karin. "They are high mountains of Mazandaran, in Geol. Transactions, series ii, vol. v, (djibdl) and each of them (djabal) has a chief'. 577. Rubandj, according to Ibn Hawkal, lay between 3. Ethnology. N. Khanykov, Memoire sur Rayy and Tabaristan. Barthold, Ocerk, 155, emends l}ethnographic de la Perse, Paris 1866, 116-17; C. the name to *Ruyandj and identifies it with Ruyan. Inostrantsev, The customs of the inhabitants of the Caspian Ibn Rusta, 149, says that Ruyan, near the lands of provinces in the tenth century [in Russian], in Zivaya Rayy, did not form part of Tabaristan but formed a Starina (1909), part ii-iii, 125-52. special kura with the capital Kadjdja, which was the 4. Language. Cf. Geiger, Die Kaspischen Dialecte, headquarters of the wall (cf. Kacarustak in the buluk in Grundriss d. iran. Phil., i/2, 344-80, where the of Kudjur). According to this, *Ruyand = Ruyan is literature of the subject is given (esp. Dorn's works). to be located in the south-western part of Mazandaran 5. Historical geography. This is still full of (north of Tehran). In the Mongol period, Hamd difficulties, although Vasmer's very full study has Allah KazwTni, 160, is the first to mention Rustamdar considerably reduced their number. The matter is (on the Shah-rud). As Vasmer, op.cit., 122-5, has complicated by the fact that certain well-known names shown, Rustamdar later included all western Mazan- are used in different periods for more or less identical daran between Sakhtasar (Gilan) and Amul. Rustam- districts. dar therefore included Ruyan, without the two terms The eastern frontier of Mazandaran (Tabaristan) being completely synonymous. in the strict sense, with Astarabad (Djurdjan) seems to Djibal Karin had only one town, Shahmar, a have always run near Kulbad (on the river Kirrind; day's journey from Sariyya. The local chiefs of the 938 MAZANDARAN dynasty of Karin lived in the stronghold of Firnm 397/665-1007 was overthrown on the conquest of [q. v. in Suppl.] which must have stood on the western Tabaristan by the Ziyarid Kabus b. Wushmaglr branch of the river Tldjin, which later flows past San. [q.v.]; the second reigned from 466/1073 to 606/1210 The modern buluk of Firnm is in the Hazar-Djarib when Mazandaran was conquered by cAla° al-Dln (more accurately in its western half which is called Muhammad Khwarazmshah; the third ruled from Dudanga). According to Ibn Isfandiyar, 95, the 635/1237 to 750/1349 as vassals of the Mongols. The possessions of the Karinids included the mountains of last representative of the Bawandids was slain by Wanda-ummid (ibid., 25; the water supply of the Afrasiyab CulawT. mosque of Amul came from this mountain), Amul, The Karinids [q.v.} (in the Kuh-i Karin) claimed Lafur (on the eastern source of the river Babul which descent from Karin, brother of Zarmihr (cf. above). runs to Barfurush) and Firrim, "which is called Kuh-i Their last representative Mazyar [see KARINIDS] was Karin". According to Yakut, iii, 283, the lands of the put to death in 224/839. Karinids included Djibal Sharwln (cf. above) which The Paduspanids or Badusbanids [q.v.] (Ruyan Ictimad al-Saltana, Kitdb al-Tadwin, 42, identifies with and Rustamdar) claimed descent from the Dabuyids Sawad-kuh i.e. the_ sources of the Talar (river of of GTlan (their eponym was the son of Gil Gawbara; cAHabad between Amul and Barfurush); the pass cf. above). They came to the front about 40/660 and leading to Sawadkuh is still called ShalfTn Timur; one of Uram-khast, Arum). As Vasmer has shown, 127-30, its branches (that of Kawus b. Kayumarth) reigned this must be sought on the middle course of the rivers till 975/1567 and the other (that of Iskandar b. of Barfurush and cAlTabad (to the north of Lafur and Kayumarth) till 984/1574. near ShTrgah). II. Alongside of these native dynasties, the cAlids Bibliography : BGA, s.v. Daylam, were able to establish themselves, principally in Tabaristan, Amul, Sariyya, etc. Ibn al-Fakih, 301- Tabaristan. In 250/864 the people of Ruyan, rebelling 14, in particular, gives very detailed information against the governor, sent to Rayy for the Zaydi about Tabaristan. MascudT, Murudj_ al-dhahab, Sayyid Hasan b. Zayd, a descendant of the caliph CA1I index; IdrlsT, tr. Jaubert, ii, 169, 179-80, 333, 337- in the sixth generation. This (Hasanid) branch ruled 8 (of little originality^; Zakariyya3 Kazwlnl, Athdr in Tabaristan till 316/928. The Husaynid branch al-buldan (clime iv.): Amul, 190; Bilad al-Daylam, ruled from 304/916-17 to 337/948-9 (?). Another 221; Ruyan, 260; Tabaristan; Yakut, cf. Dorn, dynasty of Marcashi Sayyids [q. v. ] ruled in Mazan- Auszuge, 1858, 2-45, where are collected all the daran between 760/1358 and 880/1475. The founder articles relating to Tabaristan (but the text of of this dynasty was Kiwam al-Dln, a descendant of Wiistenfeld's edition is preferable); Hamd Allah CA1T in the twelfth generation. A third family of Kazwlnl, Nuzhat al-kulub, CMS, 159, 161; Dorn, Murtada3! Sayyids Is known in Hazar-DjarTb between Auszuge aus 14 morgenl. Schrifistellern betreffend d. 760/1359 and 1005/1596-7. Kaspische Meer, in Melanges Asiatiques, vi, 658, vii, III. The noble families who enjoyed considerable 19-44, 52-92; cf. also the Bibl. to section on influence, mainly in their fiefs, are very numerous. History below. European works: Spiegel, Rabino mentions the Kiya of Culaw (at Amul, Eran. Altertumskunde, 1871, i, 64-74; Dorn, Caspia, Talakan and Rustamdar) between 795/1393 and 1875 (a mass of rather undigested information); 909/1503-4; the Kiya Djalall of Sari in 750- Geiger, Ostiranische Kultur, 1882, index; Brunn- 63/1349-61; the house of Ruzafzun of Sawadkuh, hofer, Von Pontus bis zum Indus, Leipzig 1890, 73- 897-923/1492-1517; the Dlw in the period of Shah 93: Alburs and Mazanderan (the author seeks to Tahmasp in certain parts of Mazandaran; the Banu explain Iranian geography from Sanskrit texts); Kawus 857-957/1453-1550; the Banu Iskandar Barthold, Istor.-geogr. obzor Irana, St. Petersburg 857-1006/1453-1598 and the different princes of 1903, 158-161, Pers. tr., Tehran 1930, 289-95, Tamisha, of Miyandurud, of Laridjan, of Mamtlr, of Eng. tr. Princeton 1984, 115-20; Le Strange, The Lafur, etc. Lands of the eastern caliphate, 368-76; Vasmer, Die Besides this confusion of feudal dynasties, a series Eroberung, etc. of conquerors from outside has ruled in Mazandaran: 6. History. The local dynasties of Mazandaran the Arabs beginning in 22/644, the Tahirids, the Saf- fall into three classes: 1. local families of pre-Islamic farids, the Samanids, the Ziyarids, the Ghaznawids, origin, 2. the cAlid sayyids, and 3. local families of the Saldjuks the Khwarazmshahs, the Mongols, the secondary importance. Sarbadars, Timur and the Safawids. For the detailed I. At the coming of the Sasanid dynasty, the king consideration of the period of domination by outside of Tabaristan and of Padashwargar (Marquart, powers from the Arab conquest to the suzerainty of Erdnsahr, 130: "the district opposite the region of the Saldjuks, during which Mazandaran appears in Khwar"; Farshuwadgar is a misreading of the name, the historical sources as Tabaristan, see TABARISTAN. which is also found in the Bundahishn, xii, 17) was It is in the Saldjuk period, as already noted, that the Gushnasp, whose ancestors had reigned since the time name Mazandaran reappears in historical literature. of Alexander. In 529-36 Tabaristan was ruled by the Towards the end of the period of Great Saldjuk rule Sasanid prince Kawus son of Kawadh. Anushirwan in eastern Persia, Mazandaran was ruled by the put in his place Zarmihr, who traced his descent from ambitious and expansionist Bawandid prince Shah the famous smith Kawa [see KAWAH]. His dynasty GhazT Rustam I (534-58/1140-63) (see Bosworth, in ruled till 645 when Gil Gawbara (a descendant of the Camb. hist, of Iran, v, 28-9, 156, 185-6). It then passed Sasanid Djamasp, son of Peroz) annexed Tabaristan briefly, after the murder in 606/1209-10 of Shah to GTlan. These families, on whom their coins might GhazT Rustam II, into the control of the Khwarazm- throw some light (cf. below), had descendants ruling shahs, but in 617/1220 was devastated by Mongol in the Muslim period. incursions under either Djebe or Siibetey (both com- The Bawandids [see BAWAND] who claimed des- manders being mentioned by DjuwaynT as leading the cent from Kawus) provided three lines: the first 45- Mongol forces). It was, of course, on an island off the MAZANDARAN 939 coast of Mazandaran that the fugitive Khwarazmian Kizflbash [q. v.] Turkmen chief of the Kadjar tribe ruler cAla:> al-Dawla Muhammad died in this same there, Fath CA1T Khan. The Kadjars now began to year [see KHWARAZM-SHAHS]. Mazandaran in the consolidate their power in the region, despite Mongol and Il-Khanid periods was frequently a cor- Tahmasp's enforced grant of Mazandaran, ridor through which Mongol armies passed, but it and Khurasan, Slstan and Kirman to Nadir Shah Afshar Gilan do not seem ever to have been directly governed after the latter's expulsion of the Afghans from Persia, by the Mongols, presumably because of their relative and in 1744 the Kadjars of Mazandaran in fact inaccessibility and their uncongenial climate. Mazan- rebelled against Nadir. daran, however, often played a role as the winter Under the Kadjar Shahs, Mazandaran and Gurgan camping-ground [see KISHLAK] of such Khans as continued to be of strategic importance against Abaka, Ghazan and Oldjeytu, in conjunction with Turkmen incursions, and were royal governorates. Khurasan, which was favoured as a summer pasture The local economy seems to have flourished, with its ground for the Mongol hordes and their flocks. In the staples of rice, cotton, sugar, timber and the fisheries later 8th/14th and the 9th/15th centuries we hear of of the Caspian, the latter however leased in the latter governors appointed over Mazandaran by the Sar- part of the 19th century to Russia in return for an badarids and then the Tlmurids, but in practice, the annual rent. Curzon noted that the revenue of local princes seem largely to have been undisturbed. Mazandaran in 1888-9 was 139,350 tumdns in cash, Also in the period of the Mongols and their suc- with government expenditure on public buildings, cessors, we know that trade was carried on across the expenses of collection, etc., amounting to a mere Caspian Sea to South Russia and the lands of the 4,590 tumdns (Persia and the Persian question, i, 354 ff.). Golden Horde from the port of Nlm Murdan off the The ancient town of Sari declined in the 19th century, coast from Astarabad (Mustawfi, Nuzha, 160, tr. whilst Amul and above all Barfurush [q.v.} expanded 156). commercially; much of the trade with Russia went Shah Ismacll SafawT had failed to take over Mazan- from the port of Barfurush at Mashad-i Sar (later daran in 909/1503-4 from the local Shlcl prince Babul-i Sar) at the mouth of the Babul river, and Husayn Kiya CulawT, who had sheltered fugitive there was a Russian consul for trade in the town. In troops of Ismail's Ak Koyunlu opponents. He also the middle years of the century, this district was a cen- sent an expedition into Mazandaran in 923/1517, but tre of Babism, one of whose leaders was Mulla it remained substantially independent under its native Muhammad CA1T BarfurushI [q. v. ]. The convention of princes (a Safawid governor ruled part of it 977- Badasht took place in Mazandaran, and a fortified 84/1569-76) until Shah cAbbas I's definitive annexa- site near Barfurush called Shaykh TabarsI was the tion in 1005-6/1596-7; he claimed hereditary rights in centre of the BabI rising of 1848-9, barbarously sup- Mazandaran through his family's connections with pressed by government forces [see BABIS]. The father the MarcashT Sayyid Kiwam al-Dln (see Iskandar Beg of Mirza Husayn CA1I, the later Baha° Allah [^.z>.], MunshT, Ta\ikh-i ^Alam-drd-yi ^Abbdsi, Tehran was a native of Nur in Mazandaran. In 1889-90 there 1350/1971, i, 518-22, 534-7, 542-3, 579-86, tr. R. M. was a pioneer attempt at railway-building in Persia Savory, Boulder, Colorado 1978, ii, 693-8, 713-17, when a short line was built by Belgian engineers from 722-3, 765-73). cAbbas's mother Mahd-i cUlya was Amul to the Caspian coast; a road over the Elburz the daughter of a local Mazandaran chief who claimed Mountains from Amul to Tehran, 120 miles/190 km. descent from the Fourth ShicT Imam Zayn al-cAbidm, long, had already been constructed by Nasir al-Din and the Shah showed a particular liking for the pro- Shah in 1877-8. vince, constructing there two winter palaces, which In the present century, with the confusion after the formed a kind of northern Isfahan for him. Farahabad First World War, Mazandaran was, with Gllan, was founded in 1020/1611 or 1021/1612, and Ashraf involved in the Bolshevik rising of 1920-1 in the Cas- in 1021/1612; they were visited and described by pian provinces under Kucak Khan [q.v.] and Amir European travellers like Pietro della Valle (1618) and Mu^ayyad, in the ending of which the commander of Sir Thomas Herbert (1627), and it was at Farahabad the Cossack Brigade Rida Khan, later Shah, achieved that the Shah died in 1038/1629 (cf. Savory, Iran under prominence; he was himself a native of Mazandaran, the Safavids, Cambridge 1980, 96-100). It was Shah having been born at Elasht in the Elburz mountains cAbbas who implanted in Mazandaran 30,000 (see L. P. Elwell-Sutton, in Iran under the Pahlavis, ed. Georgian and Armenian Christian families, many of G. Lenczkowski, Stanford 1978, 4-6). After he was whom proved unable to survive the unhealthy climate made Shah (December 1925), much of Mazandaran there. became crown land (khdlisa [q.v.]), actually in the Mazandaran was originally one of the mamdlik, i.e. form of personal estates (amldk-i shdhi) of the Shah diwdmor state land provinces, but under Shah cAbbas himself; but these were returned to their original II (1052-77/1642-66), Mazandaran and Gllan became owners in 1941 and subsequently distributed to small khdssa or royal domains. It suffered in 1668 from the proprietors under the land reform policy of Rida attack of Stenka Razin and his Cossacks, and in the Shah's son Muhammad Rida Shah (see A. K. S. early decades of the 18th century Mazandaran and Lambton, The Persian land reform 1962-1966, Oxford Gilan were coveted by Peter the Great; this was of 1979, 11-12, 120-2, 218-21). course the period when the Safawid state was falling Bibliography : On the campaigns of Alex- into dissension and anarchy under pressure from the ander the Great and Antiochus III (in 209 B.C.; cf. Afghans in the east. Hence the two provinces were in Polybius, x, 28-31), cf. Dorn, Caspia, s.v. Alex- 1723 in principle ceded to the Tsar by the faineant ander; idem, Reise, 156-61; Marquart, Alexander's Tahmasp II (1135-45/1722-32) in return for the pro- Marsch von Persepolis nach Herat, in Untersuch. z. mise of help against his rival Ashraf. The plan was cut Gesch. von Eran, ii, 1905, 45-63; Stahl, Notes on the short by Peter's death in 1725, and the Empress march of Alexander the Great from Ecbatana to Hyrcania, Catherine I offered to abandon the Russian claim on mJRGS (Oct. 1924), 312-19. On the Arsacid and the south Caspian provinces in return for recognition Sasanid period: Darmester, Lettre de Tansar a of Russian annexations in Daghistan and Shirwan. Jasnasf, wide Tabaristan, inJA (Jan.-March 1894), Safawid control over Mazandaran was however estab- 185-250, 502-55 (Tansar [Tusar?], the priest of the lished by Tahmasp with the aid of the chief of the Sasanid Ardashlr I, exhorts Djushnasf to submit; 940 MAZANDARAN

the document translated from Pahlavi into Arabic 685 (Hasan b. Coban in M.), 726, 730 (Tugha c by Ibn al-Mukaffa is given in Persian in Ibn Isfan- TTmur), 739 (the Sarbadars [^.z>.]); Melgunov, op. diyar); Justi, Iranisches Namenbuch, Marburg 1895, cit. (lists of the dynasties and governors of Mazan- 430-5 (tables); idem, in Grund. d. iran. Phil., ii, 547; daran); Rehatsek, The Bdw and Gaobdrah sepahbuds, Marquart, Erdnsahr, 129-36. For the Muslim inJBBRAS, xii (1876), 410-45 (according to Zahlr period: Baladhun, 334-40; TabarT, index; al-DTn, Mlrkhwand and the Muntakhab al-tawarikh); Yackubi, Historiae, ii, 329-30, 355/447, 465, 479, Howorth, History of the Mongols, index (publ. in 514, 582; Kitdb al-^Uyun, ed. Jong and de Goeje, 1927); Horn, in Grundr. d. iran. Phil., ii, 563 399-405, 502-16, 520-3; Ibn al-Faklh; Ibn al-Athir, (cAlids); Lane-Poole, The Muhamm. dynasties, cf. the index; as well as the local histories given below (an additions by Barthold in the Russ. tr., 1899, 290-3; asterisk marks the works which seem to be lost): Casanova, Les Ispehbeds de Firim, in A Volume... Abu '1-Hasan CA1I b. Muhammad al-Mada^ini (d. presented to E. G. Browne, Cambridge 1922, 117-26 225/890), * Kitdb Futuh Djibdl al-Tabaristdn; (the identification of Firim with Firuzkuh is * Bdwand-ndma (written for Shahriyar b. Karin who wrong); Huart, Les Ziydrides, in Mem. de I'Acad. des reigned 466-503/1072-1109); cAbd al-Hasan Inscr., xlii (Paris 1922), index; Barthold, The place Muhammad YazdadT, *<:Ukud al-sihr wa-kald^id al- of the Caspian provinces in the history of the Muslim world durar; Muhammad b. al-Hasan b. Isfandiyar, (Russ.), Baku 1925, 90-100 (Tlmur in Mazan- Ta^nkh-i Tabaristdn (written in 613/1216) abbr. tr. daran); Rabino, Les dynasties alaouides du Mazan- E. G. Browne, GMS, Leiden-London 1905; the daran, in JA, ccx (1927), 253-77 (lists without manuscript mentioned by Dorn has been continued references); Zambaur, Manuel, ch. ix. and tables C to 842/1488; Badr al-Macali Awliya3 Allah AmulT, and P; Vasmer, Die Eroberung Tabaristans durch die *Ta\ikh-i Tabaristdn (written for Fakhr al-Dawla Araber zur Zeit des Chalifen al-Mansur, in Islamica, iii Shah GhazT, 761-80/1359-78); CAU b. Djamal al- (1927), 86-150 (very important analysis of the Dm b. CA1I Mahmud al-Nadjibi Ruyani, *Ta\ikh-i Islamic sources); Rabino, Mdzandardn and Astardbdd, Tabaristdn (written for the Karkiya Mirza CA1T 133-149 (lists of dynasties and governors: detailed, before 881/1476, used by Zahlr al-Dln); Sayyid but without references; idem, Les dynasties du Zahlr al-DTn (born in 815/1412) b. Sayyid Nasir al- Mazandaran... d'apres les chroniques locales, in JA, Dln al-MarcashI, Ta^nkh-i Tabaristdn wa-Ruydn wa- ccxxviii (1936), 397-474; idem, Les prefets du califat Mdzandardn, completed in 881/1476, ed. Dorn, St. au Tabaristan..., inJA, ccxxxi (1939), 237-74; idem, Petersburg 1266/1850; Dorn's German tr. was L'histoire du Mdzandardn, in JA, ccxxxiv (1947-5), printed in 1885, but only a few copies are known; 211-43. On the Russian expeditions to Mazan- Ibn Abl Musallim, *Ta\Tkh-i Mdzandardn (date daran, see Dorn, Caspia; Kostomarov, Bunt Stenki unknown); Kitdb-i Gildn wa-Mdzandardn wa- Razina (1668-1669), in Sobraniye socinenii, St. Astardbdd wa-Simndn wa-Damghdn wa-ghayrih (Pers. Petersburg 1903, Kniga I, vol. ii, 407-505 (Persian ms. of 1275/1859, cf. Dorn, Bericht); Muhammad sources call the Cossack chief Stenka Razin "Istln Hasan Khan Ictimad al-Saltana, Kitdb al-Tadwinfi Gurazi"); Butkov, Concerning the events which took ahwdl Djibdl Sharwin, Tehran 1311 (geography and place in 1781 at the time of a Russian establishment on the history of Sawad-kuh, lists of the Bawandids, Gulf of Astarabad (Russ.), in Zurn. Min. Vnutr. del. Paduspanids, etc.). Cf. also the local histories of (1839), xxxiii, 9; idem, Materiali dlia novoi istorii Gil an : ZahTr al-Dln Marcashl, Ta^rikh-i Gildn wa- Kavkaza, St. Petersburg 1869, index (in the Persian Daylamistdn (to 1489), ed. Rabino, Rasht sources the leader of the Russian expedition of 1781 1330/1912 (Annex 476-98: correspondence of Count Voinovic is called "Karafs [ = Grafj- Khan Ahmad Gflanl); CA1I b. Shams al-Dln, khan"). Archaeology. Bode, On a recently opened Ta'rikh-i Khdni (880-920/1475-1514), ed. Dorn, tumulus in the neighbourhood of Astarabad, in 1858; cAbd al-Fattah Fumani, Ta^rfhh-i Gildn (923- Archaeologia (London 1844), xxx, 248-55 (on the cir- 1038/1517-1629), ed. Dorn, 1858; and the local cumstances of the find made at Turang-tapa cf. histories of Djurdjan: Abu Sacfd al-Rahman b. idem, in Otecestvennyia Zapiski [1865], no. 7, 152- Muhammad al-ldrisl (d. 405/1014), *Ta*rikh-i 60); Rostovtsev, The Sumerian treasure of Astarabad, in Astardbdd, continued by Ibn al-Kasim Hamza b. Journ. of Egyptian Archaeol., vi (1920), 4-27; Minor- Yusuf al-Sahmi al-Durdjani (d. 427/1036) who is sky, Transcaucasica, mJA (1930); De Morgan, Mis- the author of a Ta^rikh Djurdjan or Kitdb Ma^rifat sion scientifique, Recherches archeologiques, part i, Paris culamd>ahl Djurdjan, Hyderabad 1369/1950; CA1I b. 1899, 1-3 (prehistoric sites of Mazandaran); Ahmad al-Djurdjani al-IdrisT, Ta^rikh-i Djurdjan Crawshay-Williams, Rock-dwellings in Raineh, in (date unknown). A large number of Islamic sources JRAS (1904), 551-2; (1906), 217; Hommaire de relating to Mazandaran have been collected by Hell, cf. above (atlas); Hantzsche, Paldste Schah Dorn, Die Geschichte Tabaristans und der Serbedare nach Abbas I in Mazanderan, in ZDMG, xv (1862), xx Chondemir, in Mem. del'Acad. de St. Petersbourg, 1850, (1866), 186; Sarre, Denkmdler persischer Baukunst, viii; and Ausziige aus Muham. Schriftstellern betreffendd. Berlin 1901-10, Textband, 95-116: Die Bauwerke d. Gesch. und Geographic, St. Petersburg 1858 (extracts Landschaft Tabaristan (Grabturme von Mazan- from 22 works). For TTmur's campaigns: Zafar- daran; Amul; Sari; die Palastanlage von Aschref; ndma, i, 348, 358, 379, 570, ii, 577; Munedjdjim- Safi-abad; Farah-abad); Diez, Churasanische bashi (1040-1114/1630-1702), Sahd^if al-akhbdr, Baudenkmdler, Berlin 1918, 88, inscription of Istanbul 1285/1868 (dynasties of Mazandaran; cf. Radkan of the Ispahbad Abu Djacfar Muhammad Sachau's translation, Ein Verzeichniss d. muhamm. b. Wandarm Bawand of 407/1016, see Pope, Survey Dynastien, Berlin 1923: Die Kaspischen Furstentumer, of Persian art, ii, 1022-3, 1721-3. See also MARCASHI 3-13). Cf. further, Storey, i, 359-63, 1298; Storey- SAYYIDS. (V. MlNORSKY - [C. E. BoSWORTHJ) Bregel, 1070-7. European works: d'Ohsson, 7. The coins of Mazandaran. The question Hist, des Mongols, 1835, iii, 2, 10, 44, 48, 106-9 whether the Sasanids struck coins in Mazandaran is (Cintimur as governor in Mazandaran), 120-2, still an open one and can only be settled when the 193, 414-18 (Abaka), iv, 4, 42, 44-5 (Mazandaran groups of letters that mark the mints on Sasanid coins an apanage of Ghazan), 106, 124, 155, 159, 600 have been properly explained. According to the so far (Abu Sacld in M.), 613, 622 (revolt of Yasawur), insufficient attempts to explain them, the letters AM MAZANDARAN 941 found from the _ time of Firuz onwards are an Muhammad, al-DacI al-Kabir [q.v.], from 253/867 abbreviation for Amul, but this explanation is quite onwards, and al-Hasan b. CA1I al-Utrush al-Nasir li '1- without proof. Hakk [q.v.] and his successor al-Hasan b. Kasim al- The Dabwayhids and the earlier Arab governors of Dacl ila '1-Hakk [q.v. in Suppl.], who controlled Amul Tabaristan struck in the 2nd/8th century coins of the at times. From 395/966 onwards, we possess coins of type of the Sasanid dirhams of Khusraw II; on the the Zaydl imam Abu '1-Fadl Djacfar b. Muhammad, obverse, with the bust of the ruler, his name is given al-Tha^ir fi 'llah [q.v.] and his son al-MahdT, minted in Pahlavi characters and on the reverse is the fire- at Hawsam or Rud-i Sar on the borders_of Gllan and altar with its two guardians and on the right the mint Daylam (see S. M. Stern, The coins of Amul, in Num. Tpurstan and on the left the year in the Tabaristan era Chron., 7th ser., vii [1967], 210 ff., 269-77, and (began on 11 June 652). These silver coins average in HAWSAM in Suppl.). Interspersed with these coins weight 1.90 gr. = 29.3 grains and are hemidrachms. bearing ShicT-type legends are found those of Sunni Of the Dabwayhid rulers, Ferkhwan, Datburdjmatun type acknowledging the cAbbasid caliphs^ e.g. those and Khurshid are mentioned upon them. The coins of minted by the Samanids, who held Amul from the first bear the years 60-77 (711-28), of the second 289/902, and then by the Ziyarid Wushmagir b. 86-7 (737-8) and of the third 89-115 (740-66); these Ziyar, who held it from 323/935, generally as a dates enable us to correct the chronology given by the Samanid vassal. With the capture of Rayy in 334/945- historians. On some coins with the name Khurshid. 6 by the Buyid Rukn al-Dawla, there began a long earlier students read the dates 60-3, but this is to be period of rivalry between the Buyids, the Samanids explained by the similarity of shast and dehsat in the and the Ziyarids over possession of Gurgan and Pahlavi script and these coins are really of the years Tabaristan, reflected in coin issues of all three powers, 110 and following. The assumption of a Khurshid I, sometimes with coins with more than one of them who reigned in the sixties of the Tabaristan era from the same year, e.g. 341/952-3 (Samanids, and (Mordtmann), is thus quite unfounded. As Khurshid unknown ? cAlid prince and Buyids) and 356/967 and died in 144 A.H. = 110 Tabaristan era, and there are 357/968 (Samanids and Ziyarids). Also in this period coins with the names of Arab governors earlier than begins the series of coins (353-mid-6th century/964- the year 116 Tab. era, it must be assumed that the mid-12th century) of the Bawandid ispahbadhs or local Arabs continued to strike coins in the name of the rulers of Firrlm in the highlands of Tabaristan [see earlier ruler of the land for a period after the conquest BAWAND, and FIRRIM in Suppl.], minted at first in Fir- of Mazandaran, just as they did after the conquest of rim but latterly at San, which bear Shlci-type legends Persia under the caliph cUmar. which nevertheless acknowledge other suzerains like It was not till after KhurshTd's death in 144/761 the Buyids, the cAbbasid caliphs and the Saldjuks, see that cAbbasid control was established over Tabaris- G. C. Miles, The coinage of the Bdwandids of Tabaristan, tan, and after a series of posthumous coins in Khur- in Iran and Islam, a volume in memory of Vladimir Minor- shld's name 110-14 Tab. era = 144-8 A.H./761-5 sky, ed. C. E. Bosworth, Edinburgh 1971, 443-60. No A.D., we get the first coins of the Arab governors, coins are extant of the Ziyarid amir Kabus b. Wush- Khalid b. Barmak (coins from 150/767, Pahlavi magir [q. v. ] and his descendants (cf. Bosworth, in hi., legend Haiti), and then cUmar b. al-cAla? (coins from xl [1964], 25-6), and coins of the Saldjuk sultans who 155/772, Pahlavi legend Aumr). Kufic legends appear replaced them only appear under Berk-yaruk from in 122 Tab. era = 157/774 under cUmar b. al-cAla>, 481/1095 onwards. and thereafter, governors' names are exclusively in After the Mongol invasions, we find issues of this script (for Sacld b. Dacladj, Yahya b. Mikhnak, Mazandaran by the Il-Khanids, Sarbardarids, etc.). See J. Walker, A catalogue of the Muhammadan TTmurids, Safawids, Afsharids and Kadjars. In coins in the British Museum, i. Arab-Sassanian coins, Lon- Amul, anonymous copper coins were struck from the don 1941, pp. Ixix-lxxx (list of cAbbasid governors 10th/16th century onwards. On several pieces of this and their coins at pp. Ixxiv-lxxv), 130-61. The issue period the mint Tabaristan occurs. As these are all of these coins with Sasanid types ended in the year 143 very rare, the issue must have been an occasional one. Tabaristan era (794, anonymous) but we have a coin The dates are not preserved on any specimens. More of 161/812 on the obverse of which in place of the common are copper pieces of the value of 4 kazbeki king's head—as earlier on the coins of the governor (18-22 grammes = 280-340 grains) with the lion and Sulayman (136-7)—there is a rhombus with the puzzl- sun and mint Mazandaran, which belong to the ing Arabic letters bh and on the margin al-Fadl b. Sahl 12th/18th century. During the Russian occupation of Dhu '1-Riyasatayn (in Arabic) is named; on the Gllan in 1723-32, to meet the shortage of currency reverse, instead of the altar with its guardians are provoked by the financial crisis in Russia at this time, three parallel designs like fir branches, between them Persian copper coins were overstruck with a Russian an inscription in four lines giving the Muslim creed in die (double-eagle) and circulated in the occupied Kufic and the date and mint in Pahlavi provinces in place of Russian money. These coins are (Tiesenhausen, in ZVOAO, ix, 224). often called Mazandaran pieces, but this is not cor- The mint name of these Arab-Sasanid coins of the rect, as only Gllan and not Mazandaran was Arab governors of Tabaristan appears in Pahlavi occupied. script as Tpurstan, and the name of the actual town is Bibliography : Olshausen, Die Pehlevi-Legenden not given. Presumably, it was mostly Amul, but may auf den Munzen der letzten Sasaniden, Copenhagen have been at times other places, e.g. Sari/Sariyya, 1843; Krafft, Wiener Jahrbiicher, cvi, Anzeigeblat, which was on occasion the capital of the province; 1844; Mordtmann, in ZDMG, viii, xii, xix, xxxiii; only on one coin of the period, a fats of 168/784-5, is idem, in SB Bayr. Ak. (1871); Dorn, Melanges Asiati- Amul mentioned specifically. It should be noted, how- ques, i-iii, vi, viii; Thomas, inJRAS, 1849, 1852, ever, that odd Umayyad and cAbbasid dirhams of con- 1871. For the later period, see the coin catalogues ventional type are known from 102/720-1 onwards by S. Lane-Poole and R. Stuart Poole; Markov, with the Arabicised name of the mint Tabaristan. Inventarnyi Katalog; E. von Zambaur, in Numism. In the 3rd/9th century, in addition to the coins of Ztschr., xlvii, 136; R. Vasmer, in Sbornik Ermitaza, the caliphal governors, we begin to find coins of the iii, 119-32 (Russ.); J. M. Unvala, Numismatique du cAlid ddcis, beginning with al-Hasan b. Zayd b. Tabaristan et quelques monnaies sassanides provenant de 942 MAZANDARAN — AL-MAZARI

Suse, Paris 1938; idem, Supplementary notes on the coins ccvii (1925), 145-8, and on the second discovery, of Tabaristan, injnal. Num. Soc. of India, vi (1944), Khwandam!r, HabTb al-siyar, lith. Tehran 37-45; Zambaur, Die Munzprdgungen des Islams, 1271/1855, iii, 260-1. For the town in recent times, zeitlich und ortlich geordnet, i, Wiesbaden 1968, 34-5 see C. E. Yate, Northern Afghanistan or letters from the (Amul), 136 (Sarl/Sariyya), 170 (Tabaristan), 185 Afghan Boundary Commission, Edinburgh and Lon- (Firrlm), 221 (Mazandaran); A. H. Morton, Dinars don 1888, 279 ff.; J. Humlum el alii, La geographic from western Mazandaran of some vassals of the Saljuq de I'Afghanistan, etude d'un pays aride, Copenhagen sultan Muhammad b. Malik-Shah, in Iran, JBIPS, xxv 1959, 132, 153-4, 327; L. Dupree, Afghanistan, (1987), 77-90. Princeton 1973, 105-6, 631; L. Golombek, Mazar-i (R. VASMER - [C. E. BOSWORTH]) Sharif—a case of mistaken identity ?, in M. Rosen- MAZAR [see SIKILIYYA]. Ay alon (ed.), Studies in memory of Gaston Wiet, MAZAR [see MAKBARA, ZIYARA]. Jerusalem 1977, 335-43; L. Adamec, Historical and MAZAR-I SHARIF, a town in northern political gazetteer of Afghanistan, iv. Mazar-i Sharif and Afghanistan, situated in lat. 36° 42' N. and long. north-central Afghanistan, Graz 1979, 411-14. 67° 06' E., at an altitude of 1,235 feet/380 m. in the (W. BARTHOLD - [C. E. BOSWORTH]) foothills of the northern outliers of the Hindu-Kush AL-MAZARI, ABU CABD ALLAH MUHAMMAD b. [q.v.]. CAH b. cUmar, jurist of Ifrlkiya who was sur- The great classical and mediaeval Islamic town of named "al-Imam" on account of his learning and his Balkh [q. v. ], modern Wazlrabad, lay some 14 renown. His nisba refers to the Sicilian town of Maz- miles/20 km. to the west of Mazar-i Sharif, and until /.ara (Mdzar in Arabic), the native place of his family, the Tlmurid period was the most important urban but it is not known whether the latter had emigrated centre of the region. Previously to that time, the later to Ifnkiya before his birth, which may be dated at Mazar-i Sharif was marked by the village of Khayr, 453/1061 since he died in Rab!c I 536/October 1141, later called Khodja Khayran. On two different occa- at al-Mahdiyya [9.0.], at the age of 83 lunar years. It sions, in the 6th/12th century after 530/1135-6 in the was in this last-named town that he settled after com- time of Sultan Sandjar [q.v.], and in 885/1480-1, in pleting his traditional studies at Sfax as a pupil of al- the reign of the Tlmurid Sultan Husayn, the tomb of Lakhml (d. 478/1085), and at Sousse, under the the caliph CA1I was "discovered" here and its genu- guidance of Ibn al-Sa^igh. These two masters, who ineness declared to have been proved. A place of had left Kairouan (al-Kayrawan) after the Hilalian pilgrimage (mazdr) at once arose around the tomb with invasion, transferred to the Mediterranean coast the a considerable market; the second tomb which is still Jfrlkiyan Malik! tradition, which was linked to the standing (the first is said to have been destroyed by founder of the madhhab by a continuous chain; notable Cingiz-Khan), was built in 886/1481-2. The mazdr figures belonging to this chain include Sahnun, Ibn does not seem to have been of any particular impor- Abl Zayd, Abu clmran al-FasT, etc. (see the table in tance during the time of the Ozbegs and is hardly M. M. Ould Bah, La litterature juridique et revolution du mentioned, although several Ozbeg sultans were Mdlikisme en Mauritanie, Tunis 1981, 25). Al-MazarT buried there. In the first half of the 19th century, the perpetuated this tradition by establishing it at al- place is usually simply called mazdr by travellers, the Mahdiyya, where he became head of the local judicial name Mazar-i Sharif seems only to have arisen within school, while representing a link in the chain which the last hundred years. cAbd al-Karlm Bukhari (ed. came to its end with Khalll b. Ishak [q.v.], the Schefer, 4) does not mention Mazar at all among the supreme authority of Maghrib! Malikism. towns of Afghanistan; in 1832 when Alexander Although sympathetic to the doctrine of the Burnes passed through it, it was a little town with Shafic!s, as well as to the opinions of the Ashcar!s in about 800 houses. In 1866, the Afghan governor kaldm, since he is said to have passed on to posterity NaDib cAlim Khan, a Shicl, chose Mazar-i Sharif as the Tamhid of al-Bakillanl (d. 403/1013 [q.v.]), he his residence; since then Mazar-i Sharif has been the founded his numerous and henceforward renowned capital of Afghan Turkistan. In 1878 it was described fatwds on strictly Malik! doctrine, without feeling by the Russian general Marveyev as one of the best himself completely bound by the interpretations of his towns in Northern Afghanistan with about 30,000 predecessors; in general, he opted for what was inhabitants (L. F. Kostenko, Turkestanskiy kray, St. mashhur, applied the principle according to which "of Petersburg 1880, ii, 157). two evils, the lesser must be chosen", and, in a sense, It was the selection of Mazar-i Sharif as the tended towards a moderate practice of iajtihdd. Al- administrative capital of northern Afghanistan which Mazari attracted a considerable number of disciples caused the town's fortunes to rise, so that in recent and had dealings with other individuals who were to times, it has become a centre for local government as become famous, including Ibn Tumart (d. 534/1130 well as continuing to fulfill its old commercial role [q. v. ]), whose life he saved when the latter was being arising from its position on a route from Kabul to the chased by the governor of al-Mahdiyya after having ferry-point of Pata Kesar on the Oxus [see AMU- broken jars of wine at a market in the town. Ibn al- DARYA], by means of which goods have for long been Abbar (in the Takmilat al-Sila, ed. Codera, Madrid exported to Russian Central Asia. In particular, it is 1887-9) mentions prominent Andalusians who a centre for the trade in karakol fur [see KARA-KOL]. attended his lectures or corresponded with him, in The visits of pilgrims seeking healing and blessing at particular, Ibn al-cArab! (Abu Bakr, d. 543/1148 the shrine are still important, as are the religious [q.v.]); the kddiclyad (d. 544/1149 [q.v.]), who never- festivals there of the Nawruz "raising of the theless gives no biography of him in the Maddnk; Ibn standard" and that of its lowering 40 days or so later. Khayr al-Ishbll! (d. 575/1179 [q.v.]; and Ibn Rushd Mazar-i Sharif now has civil and military airfields, a (d. 595/1198 [q.v.]). power station and a fertiliser plant. It is the chef-lieu This jurist seems to have cultivated the humanities of the province (wildyat) of Balkh; in ca. 1959, and poetry, and to have studied mathematics and Humlum estimated its population at 75,000. medicine, but he does not appear to have excelled in Bibliography : On the first discovery of the these disciplines, even if the Kitdb fi 'l-tibb which is tomb of CA1I, see Abu Hamid al-Andalus! al- attributed to him is indeed his own work. In fact, his Gharnati, Tuhfat al-albdb, ed. G. Ferrand, in JA, name remains linked specifically to the fatwds which