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MAZALIM — MAZANDARAN 935 Public Procession (Mawkib] [See MAWAKIB]

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MAZALIM — MAZANDARAN 935 Public Procession (Mawkib] [See MAWAKIB] MAZALIM — MAZANDARAN 935 public procession (mawkib] [see MAWAKIB]. To the 138a-142a. On mazalim in Persia, see MAHKAMA. 3. mawkib and madjlis was soon added an official banquet (J. S. NIELSEN) (simdf), and the whole ceremony was known as khidma. MAZANDARAN, a province to the south of The khidma reached its most elaborate form under the Caspian Sea bounded on the west by Gilan the early Mamluks. Baybars I [q.v.] transferred the [q.v.} and on the east by what was in Kadjar times the hearing of mazdlim petitions to a new ddr al-^adl in province of Astarabad [q.v., formerly Gurgan); Cairo in 662/1264, just below the Citadel, and this Mazandaran and Gurgan now form the modern ustdn also became the site for the khidma. The mawkib now or province of Mazandaran. included a growing number of military officers of 1. The name. If Gurgan to the Iranians was the state, and the madjlis widened its functions to include "land of the wolves" (vdhrkdna, the region to its west most official public ceremonial, such as the reception was peopled by "Mazaynian dews" (Bartholomae, of foreign emissaries, the publication of government Altir. Worterbuch, col. 1169, under mdzainya daeva). decisions, the granting of royal favours, etc. Hearing Darmesteter, Le Zend-Avesta, ii, 373, n. 32, thought mazdlim cases soon became a minor formality, sym- that Mazandaran was a "comparative of direction" bolised by the continuing presence of kadis and kdtib (* Mazana-tara; cf. Shush and Shush tar) but Noldeke's al-sirr and the new office of mufti ddr al-^adl in the hypothesis is the more probable (Grundr. d. iran. Phil., official seating order (cf. Subh, iv, 44 f.). Sultan ii, 178), who thought that Mazan-dar = "the gate of Kalawun's move of the khidma to his new iwdn kabir Mazan" was a particular place, distinct from the part c and the demolition of Baybars's ddr al- adl a few of the country known as Tapuristan. (A village of decades later confirmed the position of mazdlim as a Mesderan (?) is marked on Stahl's map 12 km. south function of the bureaucracy. of FTruzkuh!). In any case, the name Mazandaran Throughout the early Mamluk period, the identity seems to have no connection with Tou Maawpavou opo<; of mazdlim as a bureaucratic process meant that there which, according to Ptolemy, vi, ch. v., was situated was little definition of its jurisdiction. Al-MakrTzi's between Parthia and Areia (HarT-rud) and was con- claim (Khitat, ii, 220 f.) that it was the forum for the nected by Olshausen (Mazdoran und Mazandaran, in implementation of the Mongol Yasa can be dis- Monatsberichte Ak. Berlin [1877], 777-83) with Maz- counted (cf. D. Ayalon, in SI, xxxiii [1971], 97-140). duran, a station \2farsakhs west of Sarakhs; cf. Ibn The sources report petitions dealing with every con- Khurradadhbih, 24; al-MukaddasT, 351 (cf. however ceivable aspect of government activity, including the late source of 881/1476 quoted by Dorn, in c requests for offices or iktd s, the suppression of par- Melanges asiat., vii, 42). c ticular M/araa° and their teachings, the implementa- The Avestan and Pahlavi quotations given by tion of law and order, as well as appeals for justice and Darmesteter, loc. cit., show to what degree the people the application of kadis' decisions. This situation of Mazandaran were regarded by the Persians as a prevailed in all the provinces of the Mamluk state. foreign group and little assimilated. According to the The confusion of mazdlim and the general apparatus Bundahishn, xv, 28, tr. West, 58, the "Mazandaran" of government was common in other parts of the pre- were descended from a different pair of ancestors to Ottoman Arab world, but there were exceptions, such those of the Iranians and Arabs. The Shdh-ndma as Hafsid Tunisia (R. Brunschvig, in SI, xxiii [1965], reflects similar ideas (cf. the episode of Kay Kawus's 27 ff), where mazdlim remained a more distinct war in Mazandaran, and esp. Vullers ed., i, 332, jurisdiction. Towards the end of the 8th/14th century, v, 290: the war is waged against Ahriman; 364, measures were also taken by the Mamluks to clarify vv. 792-3: Mazandaran is contrasted with Iran; the situation. In 789/1387, Sultan Barkuk detached 574, v. 925: the bestial appearance of the king of mazdlim from the khidma and moved it to the Royal Mazandaran). Equerry (istabl al-sultdn) [see AL-KAHIRA]. The term ddr Among historical peoples in Mazandaran are the c al- adl, however, remained synonymous with the Tapyres (TaTiupoi), who must have occupied the khidma in the iwdn. The jurisdiction of mazdlim was mountains (north of Simnan), and the Amardes likewise clarified, and in the 9th/15th century a ("AfiapSoi), who according to Andreas_and Marquart, distinction is made between petitions for justice in the have given their name to the town of Amul (although face of injustice and oppression and petitions the change of rd to / is rather strange in the north of requesting iktdcs or official posts (al-Sdlihi, Persia). These two peoples were defeated by Alex- Copenhagen Royal Library ms. 147, fols. 32b-33a). ander the Great. The Parthian king Phraates I (in 176 Bibliography (additional to references given B.C.) transplanted the Mardes (Amardes) to the above): Mawardi, al-Ahkdm al-sultdniyya, Cairo region of x<*pa£ (Khwar to the east of Waramin) and c D 1298, 64-82, and Abu Ya la b. al-Farra , al-Ahkdm their place was taken by the Tapyres, whose name al-sultaniyya, Cairo 1966, 58-74. H. F. Amedroz, in came to be applied to the whole province. JRAS (1911), 635-74, provides an extensive The Arabs only knew the region as Tabaristan paraphrase and commentary to al-Mawardi's text. (<Tapurstan, on the Pahlavi coins). The name E. Tyan, Histoire de I'organisation judiciaire en pays Mazandaran only reappears in the Saldjuk period. 2 d'Islam , Leiden 1960, 433-520, surveys the history Ibn al-Athlr, x, 34, in speaking of the distribution of of mazdlim with an emphasis on juridical theory. S. fiefs by Alp Arslan in 458/1065, says that Mazan- M. Stern deals in great detail with the bureaucratic daran was given to the amir Inandj Blghu. Ibn Isfan- processes in Oriens, xv (1962), 172-209, and in diyar, 14, and Yakut, iii, 502, 9, think that Mazan- BSOAS, xxvii (1964), 1-32, xxix (1966), 233-76. daran as a name for Tabaristan is only of fairly c The Mamluk period and the role of ddr al- adl are modern origin (in Arabic?), but according to Za- discussed by J. S. Nielsen, Secular justice in an Islamic kariyya0 Kazwfnl, 270, "the Persians call Tabaristan state: Mazdlim under the Bahn Mamluks, Istanbul Mazandaran". Hamd Allah Mustawff distinguishes 1985. H. Ernst, Die mamlukischen Sultansurkunden, between Mazandaran and Tabaristan. In his time Wiesbaden 1960, has published some of the peti- (1340), the 7 tumdns of the "wildyat of Mazandaran" tions and drecrees preserved at St. Catherine's, were Djurdjan, Murustak (?), Astarabad, Amul and Mount Sinai, and a basic source for Mamluk Rustamdar, Dihistan, Rughad and Siyah-rustak (?); bureaucratic procedure is Ahmad b. Fadl Allah al- on the other hand, the diydr-i Kumis wa-Tabaristdn c UmarI, Masdlik al-absdr, Ayasofya ms. 3416, fols. included Simnan, Damghan, FTruzkuh, a town of 936 MAZANDARAN Damawand, Firnm, etc. We find a similar distinction tures. .. on the southern banks of the Caspian Sea, London in KhwandamTr, ed. Dorn, 83. 1826, chs. ii-viii, 12-125; Ashraf-San-Barfurush- 2. Geography: The actual extent of Mazan- Amul - Izideh -c Allabad - Towar - Abgarm - Lahldjan; daran (Rabino) is 300 miles from east to west and 46 Eichwald, Reise auf d. Kasp. Meere (1825-6), Stutt- to 70 miles from north to south. Except for the strip gart 1834, i, ch. xi. (Mazandaran), 330-58 along the coast—broader in the east than the west— (Mashhadisar Barfurush); Conolly, Journey to the Mazandaran is a very mountainous country. The North of India overland, London 1834, i, 20-7 main range of the Elburz forms barriers parallel to the (Tehran-Flruzkuh-SarT-Ashraf); A. Burns, Travels south of the Caspian, while the ridges running down into Bokhara, 1835, iii, 103-22 (Astarabad-Ashraf- to the sea cut the country up into a multitude of cAlIabad-Flruzkuh-Tehran); Stuart, Journal of a valleys open on the north only. The principal of the residence in Northern Persia (1835), London 1854, 247- latter ridges is the Mazarcub, which separates 89 (town of Damawand - Flruzkuh - Zlrab - Sari - Tabaristan from Tunakabun. The latter is bordered Amul-Tehran); d'Arcy Todd, Memoranda to accom- on the south by the chain of the Elburz in the strict pany a sketch of part of Mazandaran, in JRGS, viii sense, which separates it from the valley of the (1838), 101-8, map (Tehran - Amul - Barfurush- Shahrud (formed by the waters of the Alamut and ShFrgah - Surkh - rabat - Flruzkuh - Tehran - Dama- Talakan and flowing westward into the SafTd-rud). wand - Ffruzkuh-sources of the Talar - Dlw-safTd - To the east of Mazar-cub, a number of ranges run Shirgah -c Allabad - Sari- Barfurush - Amul - Tehran; out of the central massif of the Elburz: 1. to the east, Firuzkuh-Fulad-mahalla); C. Ritter, Erdkunde, vi/1 the chain of Nur, which cuts through the Haraz-pay; = part viii/3, Berlin 1838, 471-514 (routes through and 2. to the south-east, the southern barrier which the Elburz), 514-50 (coast region of Mazandaran), forms the watershed between the Caspian and the cen- 550-95 (Damawand); Fraser, A winter's journey, tral plateau.
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