Canada's Native Peoples

Canada’s Native Peoples

The People of the Subarctic 15 Graphic Organizers: Traditional Ways Table of Contents

Canada’s Native Peoples - 15 Graphic Organizers

Teacher’s Guide...... 1 Useful websites...... 2 Peoples of the Yukon (1)...... 1-Y Peoples of the Yukon (2)...... 2-Y Peoples of the Yukon (3)...... 3-Y The Dene People (1)...... 1-D The Dene People (2)...... 2-D The Dene People (3)...... 3-D The Western, Central, and Eastern Cree (1)...... 1-C The Western, Central, and Eastern Cree (1)...... 2-C The Western, Central, and Eastern Cree (1)...... 3-C The Northern Ojibway (1)...... 1-NO The Northern Ojibway (2)...... 2-NO The Northern Ojibway (3)...... 3-NO The Innu (1)...... 1-In The Innu (2)...... 2-In The Innu (3)...... 3-In Answer Keys Note to Teachers Image Credits

©Diana Bailey 2013 Note to Teachers: Thank you for purchasing “Canada’s Native Peoples of the Subarctic: 15 Graphic Organizers - Traditional Ways”. I have included questions and inquiry topics on the traditional way of life of five Aboriginal nations of the Subarctic region of Canada, which stretches from coast to coast. I have only scratched the surface of the information available, but I hope the organizers will be helpful to classroom teachers and when completed, provide students with some idea of the diversity of the Native Peoples of the Subarctic.

This product is similar to my earlier listed item: “Canada’s Native Peoples: 15 Graphic Organizers - Traditional Ways”. That is a more general look at the Inuit and First Nations peoples, with one group chosen to represent regions. Both products can be purchased as a bundle for a discount. The organizers are designed so that students will be able to provide answers from their own text books, classroom resources, the library, and the Internet. A website I found very useful is: http://firstpeoplesofcanada.com/index.html It is well organized, easy to read, and has great illustrations. Students should find it easy to use. I have included a more detailed list of websites as well; in some cases the students are directed to specific sites, if not they can often find the answers by going to the website above. Of course books avaiable in your school or classroom can also be used. I have organized the sections from north to west to east - but they are numbered in sections so that you may use them in any order you like, or only use some of them - the organizers can be used as an activity in itself or as complementary activities for other resources you might use while teaching about Canada’s Native peoples. Each of the topics could lead students to search for more information in specific assignments designed by you. The organizers can be completed individually, in groups, or as independent work. The first page of each group includes an area where students can draw a map - this can be of whatever you or the students wish to include! They are designed so that they could work well in interactive notebooks. Please note that there is a variety of ways to spell different First Nations words. I may have used more than one version in this product! If you do find an error or a discrepancy, please contact me directly on TeachersPayTeachers rather than leaving negative feedback; that way I can correct the problem and you will receive a new copy of the activity. My store URL: http://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Store/Diana-Bailey-20 Please check out my store for more Canadian social studies activities and units - I hope to add more this year and next. Ideas and suggestions are always welcome. Thank you for visiting my store! Please respect my copyright and only use this unit in your own classroom.

All images used are from www.wikicommons.org and are in the public domain, many of them due to age. I have included a credit page for the images. Everything reproduces well in greyscale. I have used a number of excellent books and websites to find information and double check facts. My academic background is in history (B.A. Honours) and I have taught several levels of Canadian history. My first teaching experience was with Native children and I have had a respect for and an interest in Aboriginal culture ever since.

Diana Bailey, OCT (Ontario College of Teachers)

©Diana Bailey 2013 Page 1 Websites Below is a list of websites that will provide the information you need to complete the graphic organizers. You may have books in your classroom or library that can be used as well. Canada’s Native Peoples’ Traditional Ways, Peoples of the Subarctic

Peoples of the Yukon: cyfn.ca (Council of Yukon First Nations) firstpeoplesofcanada.com (Canada’s First Peoples) www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/en/article/snowshoes/ (snowshoes) www.oldcrow.ca (Home of the Vuntut Gwitchin) www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/en/article/klondike-gold-rush/

The Dene People: firstpeoplesofcanada.com (Canada’s First Peoples) www.horizonzero.ca/elderspeak/stories/love.html (Dene/Cree Elderspeak) www.warpaths2peacepipes.com/native-american-women/pemmican.htm (Native Indian Tribes) www.kayas.ca (Northern Saskatchewan Heritage Site)

Cree: www.bigorrin.org/cree_kids.htm (Orrin’s Website) www.mistissini.ca/en/history.html (Cree Nation of Mistissani) www.historymuseum.ca/cmc/exhibitions/aborig/storytel/crme2eng.shtml www.native-languages.org/weapons.htm (Native Languages of the Americas) www.mmf.mb.ca/michif_language.php (Manitoba Metis Federation)

Northern Ojibway: www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/en/article/ojibwa/ www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/en/article/agawa-pictograph-site/ www.chi-manidoo.com/gichigami2.html (Chi Manidoo) www.native-art-in-canada.com/canadian-maple-syrup.html AND www.native-art-in-canada.com/ojibwa.html (Native Art in Canada)

Innu firstpeoplesofcanada.com/fp_groups/fp_subarctic2.html (housing) www.native-languages.org/houses.htm#wigwam (housing) (Native Languages of the Americas) www.native-languages.org/caribou-man.htm (Native Languages of the Americas) firstpeoplesofcanada.com/fp_groups/fp_subarctic3.html (hunting)

©Diana Bailey 2013 Page 2 Canada’s Native Peoples’ Traditional Ways - People of the Subarctic Peoples of the Yukon (1)

______Dictionary hunt! Find out what the word “dialect” means. How can dialect make it ______hard for people to communicate? ______

______

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©Diana Bailey 2013 Page 1-Y Canada’s Native Peoples’ Traditional Ways - People of the Subarctic Peoples of the Yukon (2)

Crafts When humans rely directly on their natural environment to survive, getting around is very important. The people of the Yukon travelled mostly by foot. The skill of making snowshoes developed to make walking on snow and ice easier. What were the early snowshoes made of? ______

List some reasons why it would be easier for the peoples of the Yukon to get around in modern times: ______

Myths and Legends The peoples of the Yukon have many myths and legends, including one about not judging people by appearances. Go to the website www.oldcrow.ca find the section titled “Legends” and read “Never Judge a Person by the Cloths they Wear”. Retell this legend in your own words below.

©Diana Bailey 2013 Page 2-Y Canada’s Native Peoples’ Traditional Ways - People of the Subarctic Peoples of the Yukon (3)

Survival Go the section on the Subarctic

Before the arrival of Europeans in Canada, People on firstpeoplesofcanada.com the Subarctic Peoples survived by hunting, and read the section about food. Why fishing, and gathering. They ate the meat do you think the Tutchone had to go of many different animals, and the cariibou looking for food in the late winter? was a very important meat ______source. The migrating patterns ______of the caribou sometimes changed and Subarctic ______people could then starve. ______

The Klondike Gold Rush

The First Nations man named Keish (also known as Skookum Jim Mason) is credited with discovering gold in the Yukon in 1896. This led to the Klondike Gold Rush which brought thousands of men looking for gold (“prospectors”) into the area, looking for a fast way to get rich. Yukon, a quiet and remote area, quickly changed.

Go to the website page below and read the last section titled “Impact”. http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/en/article/klondike-gold-rush/ On the first three lines below give examples of how the gold rush impacted the Yukon and then explain how you think the gold rush impacted the First Nations people.

©Diana Bailey 2013 Page 3-Y Canada’s Native Peoples’ Traditional Ways - People of the Subarctic The Dene People (1)

Read this website page: Describe the traditional housing of the Dene people: http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/ en/article/dene-nation/

Where did the Dene people live? ______Draw or glue a picture What did the Dene call their land? of a traditional Dene dwelling:

______

What were the language(s) of the Dene people? ______

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©Diana Bailey 2013 Page 1-D Canada’s Native Peoples’ Traditional Ways - People of the Subarctic The Dene People (2)

Art The Dene People lived in the north but their art differed from the Inuit who are famous for their soapstone carvings. The Dene lived in a different climate and had access to items that the Inuit did not. Look at the moccasins on the left - what kind of materials were used? What else could be used for creating art in the Subarctic region? ______Traditional ______moccasins made by the Chipewayan ______

Myths and Legends

The Dene people have many myths and legends, including one about a bear who befriended a man. The story has been retold by Mr. Gabriel Lariviere, a Dene Nation man from Patuanak, Saskatchewan. Read the myth online at www.horizonzero.ca/elderspeak/stories/love.html and retell the story in your own words.

©Diana Bailey 2013 Page 2-D Canada’s Native Peoples’ Traditional Ways - People of the Subarctic The Dene People (3)

Survival

“Pemmican” is a mixture of food used by many First Nations peoples. It was easy to prepare and store and provided good nutrition during long overland trips. Read about pemmican at: www.warpaths2peacepipes.com/ native-american-women/pemmican.htm This photo shows pemmican being prepared What was pemmican made of and how was it prepared? at the Calgary Stampede. ______

______

European Contact Go to the website www.kayas.ca and read the section “Trade and Travel”.

Identify and describe the forms of transportation used by the Dene from both the past and the present. Explain in your own words why types of transportation have changed for the Dene people.

______

©Diana Bailey 2013 Page 3-D Canada’s Native Peoples’ Traditional Ways - People of the Subarctic The Cree (1)

What are the three Visit the following website page groups of Cree people? where you will see a gallery of 5 old photos of the Cree of Missistini, Quebec: www.mistissini.ca/en/history.html Describe the traditional activities that you see pictured: ______What were the languages of the ______Cree people? ______

______Go to the website page http://www. ______bigorrin.org/cree_kids.htm Where does the word “Cree” come from? ______

Did you notice anything non- traditional in any of the photos? ______

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©Diana Bailey 2013 Page 1-C Canada’s Native Peoples’ Traditional Ways - People of the Subarctic The Cree (2)

Arts and Crafts

The Cree people are known for their quillwork, beadwork, and woodwork. To find out more about these crafts go to this website page: www.bigorrin.org/cree_kids.htm and after reading, explain how the men or women who made these crafts found their supplies in nature:

Myths and Legends The Subarctic Peoples have many myths and legends. Read “How the PeopleHunted the Moose” on the following webpage: www.historymuseum.ca/cmc/exhibitions/aborig/storytel/crme2eng.shtml In your own words, summarize “How the People Hunted the Moose”. Include why you think the people treated the animals they hunted with respect.

©Diana Bailey 2013 Page 2-C Canada’s Native Peoples’ Traditional Ways - People of the Subarctic The Cree (3)

Survival Go to this web page:

European Contact Many Cree came into contact with Europeans through the fur trade. Some would have known “coureurs des bois” - French residents of New France who were exploring the area outside the colony’s main settlements. Over time many Cree women and French men developed relationships and had children together. These children eventually became known as Métis and the Métis gained a special status.

Go to this web page: www.mmf.mb.ca/michif_language.php and read the section titled “Michif Language”. In your own words, explain why the Métis people were important in the development of the Canadian west.

______How many people speak Michif today? Do you think it is important to save the language? Why or why not?

______

©Diana Bailey 2013 Page 3-C Canada’s Native Peoples’ Traditional Ways - People of the Subarctic The Northern Ojibway (1)

Where did the Northern Go to www.thecanadianencyclopedia.

Ojibway people live? com/en/article/ojibwa/ Describe and draw the traditional housing of the Northern Ojibway people.

______

______What were the language(s) of the Northern Ojibway people?

What other First Nations People did the Northern Ojibway live near?

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©Diana Bailey 2013 Page 1-NO Canada’s Native Peoples’ Traditional Ways - People of the Subarctic The Northern Ojibway (2)

Art Dictionary Hunt: In the photo on the right are examples of pictographs. What is the meaning of pictograph?

______

Go to this web page and read about the Northern Ojibway pictographs on Agawa Rock: http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/en/article/agawa-pictograph-site/ After reading, explain what you think the pictographs meant to the Northern Ojibway people.

______

Myths and Legends The Ojibway people have many myths and legends, and the Northern Ojibway are no exception. Go to the web page http://www.chi-manidoo.com/gichigami2.html and read the section titled “Michi Peshu”. Explain what Michi Peshu, a lynx, meant to the Ojibway.

What does the section say about the pictograph to the right of the text?

©Diana Bailey 2013 Page 2-NO Canada’s Native Peoples’ Traditional Ways - People of the Subarctic The Northern Ojibway (3)

Survival - Food Long before Europeans adopted the First Nations methods of harvesting sap from maple trees and turning it into maple syrup, the Ojibway were using it to sweeten their foods and create sweet treats. Read “The Real Canadian Maple Syrup” at: http://www.native-art-in-canada.com/canadian-maple-syrup.html and explain in your own words how the Ojibway harvested sap.

______

European Contact

The Ojibway (Anishnaabe) people had early contact with Europeans due to the growing fur trade and exploration of the Great Lakes region. Read “The Ojibwe and the Missionaries” on this web page: http://www.native-art-in-canada.com/ojibwa.html and answer the question below. (The French language Bible page on the right was printed in 1669).

List two ways you believe that the arrival of Christians changed the way of life for the Ojibway; explain why you think each was: good, bad, or neither good nor bad.

______

©Diana Bailey 2013 Page 3-NO Canada’s Native Peoples’ Traditional Ways - People of the Subarctic The Innu (1)

Where did the Describe the traditional housing

Innu people live? of the Innu people:

What nations make up the Innu people? Draw or glue a picture of a traditional Innu dwelling:

What language family does the Innu language belong to?

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©Diana Bailey 2013 Page 1-In Canada’s Native Peoples’ Traditional Ways - People of the Subarctic The Innu (2)

Art What everyday objects and events do you think might be portrayed through Innu art? Explain how these would relate to hunting traditions and climate.

______This embroidered and beaded felt knife ______sheath was made by a ______Montagnais person in the late 19th century. ______

Myths and Legends

The Innu share similar myths and legends with other Subarctic First Nations people. Read about Caribou Man here: www.native-languages.org/caribou-man.htm and describe this mythical being in your own words:

©Diana Bailey 2013 Page 2-In Canada’s Native Peoples’ Traditional Ways - People of the Subarctic The Innu (3)

Survival Go to www.firstpeoplesofcanada.com and

then to the Subarctic section “Hunting”. The Innu have lived in eastern Canada for about 10,000 years. What did the Innu build to help capture They survived by caribou? hunting and fishing. ______They planned their Why do you think the Innu had a hunt lives around the leader, known as the Atik Utshimau? migration of the ______animals they hunted, ______such as the caribou.

The 20th Century In the late 1950’s a new mining town was built in Quebec, on the northern Labrador border. A reserve was built for Innu people there and they gave up their nomadic lifestyle. What adjustments do you think they had to make, changing from a nomadic This photo of Schefferville was taken in 2007. The mines closed in the 1980’s, lifestyle to a settled life in a white Canadian many houses were torn down and most community? of the residents there now are Innu.

______

©Diana Bailey 2013 Page 3-In Canada’s Native Peoples’ Traditional Ways - People of the Subarctic Answer Key Peoples of the Yukon (1)

The 1847 painting on the What were the characteristics of left shows Gwitchin the dwellings and shelters of the hunters. According to the Subarctic Peoples? Go to website www.yfnta.org firstpeoplesofcanada.com/fp_ how many First Nations groups/fp_subarctic2.html groups live in the Yukon? and read the section “Settlements and Housing”. Fourteen. Dwellings of the Subarctic Peoples varied What were the languages of the in style but were all small, and were easy First Nations peoples of the Yukon? to set up and take down so they could be They spoke dialects of Athapascan (sometimes moved easily. spelled Athabascan). Visit the website page Dictionary hunt! Find out what the word www.oldcrow.ca/history.htm “dialect” means. How can dialect make it and find out what kind of hard for people to communicate? dwellings modern Gwich’in First Dialect - a variation of a main language that is Nations people live in: usually understood by other speakers of that language. Answers will vary to the second part They live in log homes. of the question.

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©Diana Bailey 2013 Page 1-Y Canada’s Native Peoples’ Traditional Ways - People of the Subarctic Answer Key Peoples of the Yukon (2)

Snowshoes were made of a durable, flexible wood such as ash and animal hides were used for lacing.

List some reasons why it would be easier for the Peoples of the Yukon to get around in modern times: The use of snowmobiles and other vehicles; better roads.

Myths and Legends The Peoples of the Yukon have many myths and legends, including one about not judging people by appearances. Go online to: http://www.oldcrow.ca/legends.htm and read “Never Judge a Person by the Cloths they Wear”. Retell this legend in your own words below.

Answers will vary.

©Diana Bailey 2013 Page 2-Y Canada’s Native Peoples’ Traditional Ways - People of the Subarctic Answer Key Peoples of the Yukon (3)

Survival Go the section on the Subarctic

Before the arrival of Europeans in Canada, People on firstpeoplesofcanada.com the Subarctic Peoples survived by hunting, and read the section about food. Why fishing, and gathering. They ate the meat do you think the Tutchone had to go of many different animals, and the cariibou looking for food in the late winter? was a very important meat source. The migrating patterns Their stored supplies (dried food) might run low before spring so they would have of the caribou sometimes to go looking for whatever they could changed and Subarctic find before winter ended. people could then starve.

The Klondike Gold Rush

Examples: quick growth in population, towns and infrastructure had to be established quickly, the North was romanticized, natural environment exploited, the establishment of the Yukon as an official territory in 1898. Answers will vary to the second question.

©Diana Bailey 2013 Page 3-Y Canada’s Native Peoples’ Traditional Ways - People of the Subarctic Answer Key The Dene People (1)

Read this website page: Describe the traditional housing of the Dene people: http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/ en/article/dene-nation They lived in plains-type tipis (skin tents with bone supports); single or double Where did the Dene people live? lean-tos, and some lived in pit houses.

They lived in northern BC, Alberta, SK, and Manitoba and the Northwest Territories.

What did the Dene call their land? Draw or glue a picture Denedeh. of a traditional Dene dwelling:

What were the language(s) of the Dene people?

Athapascan/Athapaskan.

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©Diana Bailey 2013 Page 1-D Canada’s Native Peoples’ Traditional Ways - People of the Subarctic Answer Key The Dene People (2)

Skins, fur, felt, beads (brought by Europeans, before that they would use shells or seeds, etc.). Answers will vary to the second question - basically any material that could be Traditional manipulated and preserved, such as grasses for weaving. moccasins made by the Chipewayan

Myths and Legends

Answers will vary.

©Diana Bailey 2013 Page 2-D Canada’s Native Peoples’ Traditional Ways - People of the Subarctic Answer Key The Dene People (3)

Survival

Pemmican was (is) a mixture of dried and smoked meat often mixed with berries. Melted fat was added to hold it together and provide energy. The meat would be dried, salted, and smoked to preserve it and everything was molded into a shape for transporting on long trips.

European Contact Go to the website www.kayas.ca and read the section “Trade and Travel”.

Identify and describe the forms of transportation used by the Dene from both the past and the present. Explain in your own words why types of transportation have changed for the Dene people.

Past: by foot, by foot using snowshoes, by canoe. by dog team. Present: by snowmobile or other vehicle (after the Europeans arrived horses and donkeys could have been used), by various types of boats. Answers will vary to the second part of the question.

©Diana Bailey 2013 Page 3-D Canada’s Native Peoples’ Traditional Ways - People of the Subarctic Answer Key The Cree (1)

What are the three Visit the following website page groups of Subarctic Cree where you will see a gallery of 5 people? old photos of the Cree of Missistini, Quebec: The Western Cree, the Central Cree, the Eastern Cree. www.mistissini.ca/en/history.html Describe the traditional activities that you see pictured:

People travelling by water in canoes, What was/is the language of the gathering natural products, baby in ham- Cree people? mock. Algonquian.

Did you notice anything non- Go to the website page http://www. traditional in any of the photos? bigorrin.org/cree_kids.htm Where does the word “Cree” come from? An airplane, motor on boat, Hudson Bay store. It is a shortened form of Kristeneaux, a French name for the Cree, but the exact origins of that word is unknown.

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©Diana Bailey 2013 Page 1-C Canada’s Native Peoples’ Traditional Ways - People of the Subarctic Answer Key The Cree (2)

Arts and Crafts

Porcupine quills were used for weaving after they were softened and dyed. Beadwork was originally done using shells, small stones, teeth, etc. Europeans brought glass beads and these became used almost entirely. Woodworking would have been used for making bowls and other tools and the best trees and roots would have been known to the Cree.

Myths and Legends The Subarctic Peoples have many myths and legends. Read “How the People Hunted the Moose” on the following webpage: www.historymuseum.ca/cmc/exhibitions/aborig/storytel/crme2eng.shtml In your own words, summarize “How the People Hunted the Moose”. Include why you think the people treated the animals they hunted with respect.

Answers will vary.

Survival Go to:

The Cree, like all other Subarctic www.native-languages.org/weapons.htm peoples, survived by hunting, In your own words explain the technology fishing, and gathering. Finding the right materials needed to of the spears used by Native peoples. make the tools needed for Example: The spears were especially hunting was extremely important. effective because of the atlati, a tool used Above right is a drawing of an arrowhead. to launch the spear. The First Nations What do you think were the main materials people had developed a way of throwing used to make bows, arrows, and arrowheads? the spears great distances and with great accuracy thanks to the atlati and their own Example: a pliable wood that could be bent skill. and shaped, animal gut or skin for ties, stone that could be worked into an arrowhead.

Go to this web page: www.mmf.mb.ca/michif_language.php and read the section titled “Michif Language”. In your own words, explain why the Métis were important in the development of the Canadian west.

Example: The Métis could often speak French, English, and several Native dialects which helped them communicate with many people who were trading etc. with each other. They could be said to belong to several cultures and understand aspects of each one that helped them flourish.

How many people speak Michif today? Do you think it is important to save the language? Why or why not?

Fewer than 1000 speak Michif today. Answers will vary to the other questions.

©Diana Bailey 2013 Page 3-C Canada’s Native Peoples’ Traditional Ways - People of the Subarctic Answer Key The Northern Ojibway (1)

Where did the Northern Go to www.thecanadianencyclopedia.

Ojibway people live? com/en/article/ojibwa/ Describe and draw the traditional hous- T h e y l i v e d i n n o r t h w e s t e r n ing of the Northern Ojibway people. Ontario, north of Lake Superior. T h e y l i v e d i n R i d g e P o l e L o d g e s , c o n i c a l o r dome shaped birchbark dwellings which were quick and easy to assemble and cover with material they found close at hand. What was/were the language(s) of the Northern Ojibway people?

They spoke Ojibway (or Ojibwa, Ojibwe), an Algonquian language.

What other First Nations People did the Northern Ojibway live near? The Cree.

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©Diana Bailey 2013 Page 1-NO Canada’s Native Peoples’ Traditional Ways - People of the Subarctic Answer Key The Northern Ojibway (2)

Art Dictionary Hunt: In the photo on the right are examples of pictographs. What is the meaning of pictograph?

A pictograph is a symbol made using representational pictures rather than geometric shapes.

Example: Some of the pictographs may represent clan symbols.

Example: the lynx represents power, mystery, and danger that lurks in the sacred waters of Lake Superior.

What does the section say about the pictograph shown to the right of the text?

Example: It may represent a heroic four day crossing of Lake Superior by a war party of five canoes. The artist may have been a shaman named Myeengun which means “Wolf.”

©Diana Bailey 2013 Page 2-NO Canada’s Native Peoples’ Traditional Ways - People of the Subarctic Answer Key The Northern Ojibway (3)

Survival - Food

Long before Europeans adopted the First Nations methods of harvesting sap from maple trees and turning it into maple syrup, the Ojibway were using it to sweeten their foods and create sweet treats. Read “The Real Canadian Maple Syrup” at: http://www.native-art-in-canada.com/canadian-maple-syrup.html and explain in your own words how the Ojibway harvested sap.

During the “Moon of Boiling” (Izhkigamisegi Geezis), the month of April, the Ojibway people would go to their own section of the bush where a single family could tap 400-500 maple trees. Thousands of birchbark baskets would hang from the trees. Before European traders arrived with iron kettles the sap would be strained into a very large basket with a sieve of cedar branches.

European Contact The Ojibway (Anishnaabe) people had early contact with Europeans due to the growing fur trade and exploration of the Great Lakes region. Read “The Ojibwe and the Missionaries” on this web page: http://www.native-art-in-canada.com/ojibwa.html and answer the question below. (The French-language Bible page on the right was printed in 1669).

List 2 ways you believe that the arrival of Christians changed the way of life for the Ojibway; explain why you think each was: good, bad, or neither good nor bad.

Answers will vary.

Where did the Describe the traditional housing

Innu people live? of the Innu people:

The Innu built wigwams - circular houses The Innu lived in Labrador and northeastern Quebec. made of birchbark.

Draw or glue a picture What nations make up the Innu people? of a traditional Innu dwelling: The Naskapi and the Montagnais.

What language family does the Innu language belong to?

It belongs to the Algonquian group of First Nations languages.

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Art What everyday objects and events do you think might be portrayed through Innu art? Explain how these would relate to hunting traditions and climate.

Examples: fishing, hunting, religious ceremonies.

This embroidered and beaded felt knife sheath was made by a Montagnais person in the late 19th century.

Myths and Legends The Innu share similar myths and legends with other Subarctic First Nations people. Read about Caribou Man here: www.native-languages.org/caribou-man.htm and describe this mythical being in your own words:

Answers will vary.

Go to www.firstpeoplesofcanada.com and Survival then to the Subarctic section on Hunting. The Innu have lived in eastern Canada for about 10,000 years. What did the Innu build to help capture caribou? They survived by hunting and fishing They drove caribou into corrals they had built. and planned their Why do you think the Innu had a hunt lives around the leader, known as the Atik Utshimau? migration of the animals they hunted, Example: someone who would be a strong leader and could be counted on to make the such as the caribou. right decisions.

Answers will vary.

Cover: See page 1-C below.

Page 1-Y: Gwich’in Hunters, Fort Yukon, 1847 (Alexander Hunter Murray’s 1847 Journal).

Page 2-Y: Snowshoes and Mukluks, Dawson City Museum (photograph by Adam Jones, Ph.D.); Subarctic shirt, UBC Museum of Anthropology, Vancouver (photograph by Leoboudv). Page 3-Y: Caribou drawing, by Pearson Scott Foresman, derivative work by papapishu; gold prospector, the Klondike, ca 1898 (photograph by Asahel Curtis)

Page 1-D: Ataithco and son, Yellowknife Nation leader from an 1821 book by Robert Hood.

Page 2-D: Chipewyan moccasins, Bata shoe musuem, Toronto, ON, photo by Daderot; Black bear, Parc Omega, Quebec (photograph by Cephas).

Page 3-D: Preparing pemmican, Calgary Stampede, photo by John Johnston; Dogsled dogs, Ottawa, ON, photo by M. Rehemtulla; Snowmobile - Lanny Fisher in Nunuvut (photograph by LannyFisher).

Page 1-C: Cree man, 1903, Library and Archives Canada (photograph by G.E. Fleming).

Page 2-C: Cree Gauntlets, National Cowboy and Western Heritage Museum, Oklahoma City, USA (photograph by Wolfgang Sauber); Moose, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (photograph by Ronald L. Bell).

Page 3-C: Coureur de bois, woodcut by Arthur Heming (1870-1940), Library and Archives Canada.

Page 1-NO: Ojibway woman (cropped), Red River Settlement, Manitoba, 1895, Library and Archives, Canada (photograph by Humphrey Lloyd Hime)

Page 2-NO: Underwater Panther rock painting, Lake Superior Provincial Park, ON (photograph by Wonder Al); Lynx (photograph by kdee64).

Page 3-NO: Maple syrup tapping (photograph by Oven Fresh); Frontispiece of a Bible published in Geneva in 1669 (photograph by Hubertgui).

Page 1-In: Montagnais woman, 1930, Library and Archives Canada (photograph by Fred C. Sears).

Page 2-In: Knife sheath, Montagnais, Native American Collection, Peabody Museum, Harvard University, Boston, MA (photograph by Daderot); Caribou drawing (see page 3-Y above).

Page 3-In: Caribou, Wagon Trails Animal Park (photograph by Brian 0918); Schefferville, Quebec, 2007 (photograph by Pierre Bouchard).