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Littorina Littorea Zarai et al. Lipids in Health and Disease 2011, 10:219 http://www.lipidworld.com/content/10/1/219 RESEARCH Open Access Immunohistochemical localization of hepatopancreatic phospholipase in gastropods mollusc, Littorina littorea and Buccinum undatum digestive cells Zied Zarai1, Nicholas Boulais2, Pascale Marcorelles3, Eric Gobin3, Sofiane Bezzine1, Hafedh Mejdoub1 and Youssef Gargouri1* Abstract Background: Among the digestive enzymes, phospholipase A2 (PLA2) hydrolyzes the essential dietary phospholipids in marine fish and shellfish. However, we know little about the organs that produce PLA2, and the ontogeny of the PLA2-cells. Accordingly, accurate localization of PLA2 in marine snails might afford a better understanding permitting the control of the quality and composition of diets and the mode of digestion of lipid food. Results: We have previously producted an antiserum reacting specifically with mSDPLA2. It labeled zymogen granules of the hepatopancreatic acinar cells and the secretory materials of certain epithelial cells in the depths of epithelial crypts in the hepatopancreas of snail. To confirm this localization a laser capture microdissection was performed targeting stained cells of hepatopancreas tissue sections. A Western blot analysis revealed a strong signal at the expected size (30 kDa), probably corresponding to the PLA2. Conclusions: The present results support the presence of two hepatopancreatic intracellular and extracellular PLA2 in the prosobranchs gastropods molluscs, Littorina littorea and Buccinum undatum and bring insights on their localizations. Keywords: phospholipase A2, digestive enzyme, littorina littorea, Buccinum undatum hepatopancreas, immunolocalisation Background in littoral dwellers Littorina, the activity of which Snails require lipids for metabolic energy and for main- depends on the tide level. The presence of massive shell taining the structure and integrity of cell membranes in enhances demands in energy needed for supporting common with other animals to tolerate environemental movement and activity. Because the intensity of energy strains [1]. The analyses of lipid composition of digestive metabolism is related to quantity of total phospholipids, gland and pedal muscle of two northern freshwater pul- mitochondria and activity of their oxidizing ferments, monate snails Lymnaea stagnalis and Lymnaea ovata the presence of thick shell in marine snails together and three marine prosobranch gastropods Littorina with motor activity costs more in terms of energy than obtusata, Littorina littorea and Buccinum undatum in freshwater snails with thin shell [1]. from the White Sea, shown that the content of triacyl- In different molluscs, food is processed to varying glycerides both in digestive gland and pedal was higher degrees as it passes through the alimentary tract. It is generally assumed that digestion of ingested material takes place in two phases, an extracellular process and * Correspondence: [email protected] 1Laboratoire de biochimie et de génie enzymatique des lipases, ENIS BPW intracellular digestion, where the prevalence of one over 1173 Université de Sfax-Tunisia the other depends on the type of diet of the animal. Full list of author information is available at the end of the article © 2011 Zarai et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Zarai et al. Lipids in Health and Disease 2011, 10:219 Page 2 of 10 http://www.lipidworld.com/content/10/1/219 In general terms, the digestive glands of most molluscs partitions join to bound tubules. Every tubule of 30 μm present a common organization and a single epithelium approximately, rest on a fine basal blade. Light tubules comprised by at least two cell types, namely, digestive are wide and cavities represent an important fraction of and basophilic cells found in the digestive diverticula the volume of organ and composed of basophilic and [2]. Digestive cells are involved in the intracellular diges- digestive cells. tion of food and possess a highly developed endo-lysoso- mal system, whereas basophilic cells are secretory cells Specificity of antiserum to Hexaplex trunculus PLA2 with a highly developed rough endoplasmic reticulum The supernatant of the marine snail hepatopancreas [3]. homogenate containing 100 μg of total proteins was Although the digestive enzymes are well characterized, subjected to SDS-PAGE analysis followed by immuno- including pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, and amylase, blotting. The anti-mSDPLA2 polyclonal antibody was little information is available on the lipid digestive found to react with a single band of 30 kDa correspond- enzymes: lipases and phospholipases. This is mostly due ing to mSDPLA2 present in the crude extract (Figure 3). to difficulties in purification and histochemical analysis No other proteins react with anti-mSDPLA2 sera, sug- of the enzymes in fish [4]. gesting a good specificity of our mSDPLA2 antiserum. Among the lipid digestive enzymes, phospholipases A2 Based on its specificity towards mSDPLA2, the polyclo- (PLA2; EC3.1.1.4) is potentially important in marine nal antibodies were used for immunocytolocalization of snails, for hydrolysis of the essential dietary phospholi- PLA2 in the hepatopancreas tissue of the prosobranchs pids. PLA2 catalyzes selective hydrolysis of the sn-2 acyl gastropods molluscs, Littorina littorea and Buccinum ester bond in 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3 phospholipids, undatum. resulting in the formation of lysophospholipids and free fatty acids [5]. The occurrence, properties and physiolo- Histological, immunochemical and immunofluorescence gical role of various PLA2 in aquatic organisms have studies been explained in several publications. Non-specific The location of the digestive PLA2 in marine snail Lit- lipid acylhydrolases exhibiting combined action of var- torina littorea and Buccinum undatum was studied ious lipases such as phospholipases have also been immunohistochemically by using an antiserum against recovered and examined from aquatic organisms [6-8]. the Hexaplex trunculus digestive mSDPLA2. The anti- This study describes immunohistochemically analysis serum efficiently react with hepatopancreatic cells of of PLA2 in the hepatopancreas organs of the adults’ marine snail Littorina littorea and Buccinum undatum. marine snail littorina littorea and Buccinum undatum Only digestive cells of Littorina littorea displayed a using an antiserum against Hexaplex trunculus hepato- positive labeling for the presence of mSDPLA2.Conver- pancreatic PLA2 [9]. sely, secretory zymogene-like cells were not immunos- tained (Figure 4). Interestingly, we noticed that only few Results intracellular granules on the digestive cells were immu- Morphological analysis of digestive epithelium noreactive to anti-mSDPLA2. These granules with irre- The digestive gland of the gastropod snail, Littorina lit- gular in shape did not have a specific location in the torea consists of blind ending tubules composed of digestive diverticula; they were tentatively named phos- basophilic and digestive cells (Figure 1) [10,11]. The pholipase granules. However, the basophilic cells in the function of the digestive cells is the endocytosis and the hepatopancreas of Buccinum undatum were immunor- intracellular digestion of food material, conveyed to eactive to the Hexaplex trunculus PLA2 antibodies. No them from the stomach via the tubule lumina, and for labeling was detected in the digestive cells (Figure 5). this purpose they have a well developed lysosomal- The granular labeling observed in the basophilic cells vacuolar system [12,13]. indicates that the PLA2 might be an extratracellular Buccinum undatum, the northern whelk, is a common enzyme involved in the extratracellular food digestion snail of moderate size (8 cm) on the northeastern coast process. of North America and in northern Europe. Several other To confirm the presence of PLA2 and the specificity of species occur in the Pacific Northwest. Buccinum unda- the mSDPLA2 polyclonal antibodies, we performed a tum is commercially harvested for human consumption laser capture microdissection targeting stained cells of in Europe. hepatopancreas tissue sections. Selected cells were disso- The digestive gland (Figure 2) is a vast pocket related ciated and proteins were extracted for immunobloting to stomach by the only one ciliate opening, it lacks well analysis. Western blotting revealed a strong broad band differentiated channels collectors. In the neighborhood at around 30 kDa for both snails Littorina littorea and of stomach, it is partially divided up by folds of it wall. Buccinum undatum, corresponding probably to the In the posterior zone towards the apex of the twist, the PLA2 (Figure 6). Zarai et al. Lipids in Health and Disease 2011, 10:219 Page 3 of 10 http://www.lipidworld.com/content/10/1/219 C D E DC BC L T Figure 1 Littorea. littorina. (A), Littorea. littorina fished in Franch Brittany coast. (B), the shell has been removed in the posterieur side taking care to keep the mantle is intact. The marine snail sagittal section exhibited the hepatopancreas in the posterieur side. (C), light microscopic view of sections of digestive glands. Sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin for observing the general morphology. (D and E), magnification of the digestive diverticula
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