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The Mausoleum of Khusrau Khan Ancient Pakistan, Vol. XXII 111 The Mausoleum of KhusrauKhan Charkas at Makli Hill,Thatta: Historyand Architecture MuhmmadNaeem Qazi,Mukhtar Ali Durrani, Zakirullah Jan and Javed Iqbal Location Thattais located 98 km east of Karachi. The necropolis of MakliHill lies about threekm It may be further added that among the southwest of Thatta. The mausoleum under variousunique and imposing structuresat Makli study is situatedto the northeastern flank of the Hill, Satcharni is one of the foremost pertinent Makli Hill and lies to the southwest of Sheikh buildings, which is undoubtedly invites the Jia' s tomb inthe samenecropolis. scholars' interestin order tosolve the prevailing concerns regarding the origin of this enigmatic Introduction and folkloristic structure. There is controversy among the different groups of researchers The "Makli Hill", school of art and concerning the origin of the term "Satcharni" architecture yields a galaxy of classical and the date of its construction. In this regard, buildings. Thesemonuments possess significant question arises here, that when this edifice was features of art and architecture, mostly in constructedand to whom it may be assigned? In vernacular style. Besides, there are many this regard, the present researchers would be examples, which show, that these have been aimingto find out, thepossible solution, forthe derived through the Persian and Central Asian proper nomenclature of the term "Satcharni" interactions. In this process, it may be andthe date of its construction. proclaimed here that the local values were amalgamated with the foreign traditions due to It is to pinpoint here that as per local the cultural interactions. Thus as a blend of traditions, the under debate building was built cultures, a new form of art and architecture, for the family of Khusrau Khan Charkas. evolved in the area of our study. In this However, about the grave of the above sequence, it is worthwhile to elaborate that mentioned person, except ''Makliamo" N other since the area of our interest was ruled by the sources of pertinent values are absolutely silent. Samma dynasty from AD 1337 till AD 1520, Therefore, as per traditions this enigmatic who were from the local Rajput clan, therefore, building has owed its name, which gained they emphasized on the indigenous values. In tremendous fame, during the succeeding this regard, Gujarat, Ahmadabad and Kathiawar centuries. Besides, Khusrau Khan Charkas also traditions have greatly encouraged the constructeda grand mosque known asMasjid-e­ vernacular art of the Makli Hill on one hand, Dabgaran or Dabgir Mosque at Thatta in AD whereas, on the other, the Central Asian in 1588 (Khan, 1978: 23, Dani, 1982: 175, Khan, particular, under the Arghuns AD 1520-55, 1991: 57), which is an exquisite precedent, Tarkhans AD 1555-1613 and later the Mughals showing the aesthetic sense and engineering AD 1613 (Qazi, 2011: 83) have brought with skillsof the in question person. them their own traditions. Likewise, with the passage of time their interactions caused for the HistoricalBackground glory of the Makli Hill style of tomb architecture. Thus it appears that the indigenous Khusrau Khan Charkas remained an style was also influenced by the Persian and eminent figure of Thatta, during the Tarkhan Central Asian trends which were uniform in the period (AD. 1555-1613). However, there is area of our concern and reached perfection controversy among the scholars, regarding the during the Tarkhanand later Tarkhan period. early history of the under discussion person. In Ancient Pakistan, Vol. XXII 112 this connection, Siddiqui in his works has among the scholars. However, Dani quoting mentioned, that Khusrau Khan Charkas was the Qani who in Makli Namo on the basis of valid slave of Mullah Jan Bandri. Whereas, Qani in justifications, has very correctly assigned his contributions has recorded that Mullah Jani "Satcharni" place of Khusrau Khan Charkas. was having a lot of Indian and circassian However, it is sterling to note here that (Charkas), Chinese (Khatai) slaves (Dani, 1982: according to ''Tarkhan Nama" he died during 175, Khan 1978: 18, Qani,2002: 285-6, Sidiqui, the imprisonment at Delhi. Whereas, Qani in 1972: 195-6). Due tohis significantqualities, he ''Tohfat ul Kiram" mentions, that he died as a was purchased by Isa Khan Tarkhan-1 (AD free man in 1028 AH/ AD 1618 and was buried 1555-66) the founder of Tarkhan dynasty at at Ajmer (Qani, 1994: 214, Akhtar, 1990: 87, Thatta (Siddiqi, 1972: 248, Javadi, 1992: 314, Khan, 1978: 24). While, in the Urdu translation Nisyani, 1964: 13). KhusrauKhan Charkasvery of "Tohfat-ul-Kiram", composed by Akhtar intelligently supported MirzaBagi Beg Tarkhan Rizvi, it is recorded, that later on, he went to (AD 1566-1584) in the administrative affairs. Iran, where he died and was buried there(Qani, He remained as an instructor of MirzaJani Beg 2002: 286). However, as a matter of fact, this Tarkhan, who later on, appointed him his magnificentedifice was constructedby Khusrau lawyer (Qani, 2002: 285-6, Sidiqui, 1972: 195- Khan Charkas (Khan, 1978: 19; Dani, 1982: 6). 164). Whereas, Qani in "Makli Namo", has It is indeed interesting to pinpoint here, recorded it as Rfil!k of Khusrau Khan Charkas" that there is controversy among the scholars (Qani, 1994: 195; Dani, 1982: 164). In this regarding the last ruler of the Tarkhan dyasty. sequence, it is indeed importantto add here, that In this sequence, it is generally claimed, that in Sindhi language "Rruik", means, an enclosure when Ghazi Beg Tarkhan died on 11th Safar wall or more precisely, it defines, graves 1021/13th April1612 (Nisyani, 1964: 270, Elliot located inside an enclosure wall (Lashari, 1992: & Dowson, 1979: vol. I: 500, Akhtar, 1990: 86) 15; Hassan, 1996: 20). Thus, in the light of thus, with his death the Tarkhan government above stated valid references mentioned by over Thatta was ended. In this connection, the Qani and Dani in their contributions, therefore, eminent historianshave also recorded that after it may be undoubtedly proclaimed, that the in his demise, the Mughal king appointed question building was the last resting place of governors of Thatta. However, as a matter of Khusrau Khan Charkas. It is noteworthy to fact, after the death of Ghazi Beg Tarkhan, he argue here that the word "Rruik", which has was succeeded by Mirza Abdul Ali Tarkhan-11a been specifically used for a certain group of little known ruler of Thatta. He was actually graves, encircled by the enclosure wall, entirely supported by Khusrau Khan Charkas in his a different mode of workmanship, which canbe succession, during the last days of April 1612. seen for the first time at Makli Hill, during the However, since the later Tarkhans were ruling Samma period (Dani, 1982: 43, Lari, 1997: over Thatta as vassal kings, therefore, when 134). Whereas, the underdiscussion category of King Jehangir received the news of their tombs, may be placed in themausoleum style of disobedience thus both were summoned to the architecture. However, at Makli Hill one can court of Delhi on 16th May 1613 where they very easily differentiate between the RaIJk were imprisoned (Akhtar, 1990: 86-7). Thus, forms of burial enclosures from the typical the later Tarkhan government was properly mausoleum style. In this process, the former merged into the Mughal Empire. Therefore, to mode of work can be visibly observed at the run the administrative issues of the Sindh Makli Hill necropolis such as, the Rruik of province, Isa Khan Tarkhan-11 was nominated Darya Khan (AD. 1490-1513) (Dani, 1082: 43, asthe first governor of the Mugbals over Sindh. Lari, 1997: 134, Nadiem, 2000: 59), Issa Khan Tarkhan-1 (AD. 1565-72) (Dani, 1982: 114, It is important to advocate here that the Nadiem, 2000: 78), Bagi Beg Tarkhan (AD burial place of Khusrau Khan Charkas is one of 1585) (Dani, 1982: 120, Nadiem, 2000: 85) and the other debatable issues, which created doubts Ancient Pakistan, Vol. XXII 113 Abdul Ali Tarlman-II (9 Rajah 1040/ 11th 2. Platform Feb.1631) (Javadi, 1992: 273, pl. 117) etc. The platform is chamfered in plan. The core of the plinth is entirely constructed from Besides, theproper identification of that the MakliHill stones, which are cemented with issue tomb and the exact nomenclature of the lime mortar. The outer facing is wrought with term "Raiµc", the other foremost pertinent rectangular shape dressed yellow marble tiles concern is the dating of this tomb. Regarding (pl. 1). These are varying in size, such as 61 x the above stated issue, we have no evidence, in 22cm, 38 x 22cm, 58 x llcm and 59 x 10cm. It the form of epigraphical and literary sources, to is indeed interesting to suggest thatthe height of date this illustrious structure. However, it is this podium from the present ground level is significant to argue here that Dani in his book varying such as 1.57m, 1.70m and 1.79m. It ''Thatta:Islamic Architecture" has proposed the may be further elaborated that the outer facing probable date of its construction, which he th of this platform is slightly impacted by the assigns to the 16 century AD (Dani, 1982: salinity, because of the wet breeze blowing 165). However, keeping in view the across, flowingfrom the Indus and Arabian Sea. architectural style adopted in the under study tomb, is showing resemblance with the Dabgir 3. Outerwalls mosque AD 1588, which is clearly indicating that the shape of the pointed arches, stucco The four outer walls are erected above stalactite work glazed plastering technique and the platform, which have been constructed from the tile work adornment wrought in the above two different size bricks, i.e. the square mentioned two buildings, is also showing its (measuring 25 x 25 x 4cm) and rectangular continuation from the tomb of Sultan Ibrahim (measuring 23 x 12 x Scm).
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