THROUGH PHILIPPIANS JOURNEY THROUGH PHILIPPIANS Contents

Home , Philippians 2, Philippians 4

JOURNEY THROUGH PHILIPPIANS JOURNEY THROUGH PHILIPPIANS Contents

Introduction to Philippians 4

WEEK 1 Days 1–5 14

WEEK 2 Days 6–10 38

WEEK 3 Days 11–15 62

WEEK 4 Days 16–20 86

Journey Through Philippians

Willow Creek Community Church | North Shore 2200 Shermer Road Glenview, Illinois 60026

Written and designed by Willow Creek Community Church | North Shore Author, Brenden Lang Revision Author & Development Editor, Amy Mikal Revision Author & Project Manager, Kaleb Wilcox Copy Editor, Grace Zuercher Art Director, Kelly Kang Artistic Features Director, Tyler Hoff Design & Production, Don Kye

Printed in the United States of America Journey Through Philippians Journey Through Philippians is an immersive and contextualized 4-week Bible-engagement experience. With age-specific books, daily podcasts, and videos filmed on-site in Philippi, Journey Through Philippians is designed to help people of all ages hear God’s Word in a fresh new way through this unified study. To learn about all the ways you can participate in Journey, visit www.willowjourney.org. Journey Through Philippians: Adult Edition We hope that the Adult Edition of Journey Through Philippians will make the text of Philippians come alive contextually and visually. Contextually, our goal is to provide relevant historical information so that you can see how this ancient letter might relate to your everyday life. Visually, we want it to be inspiring and interactive with added white space for journaling, notes, or however you choose to respond to your study experience. We have divided the text of Philippians into 20 daily readings. This study will walk you through 5 readings per week for 4 weeks. During the first 4 days of each week, readers will encounter: (1) a daily commentary which takes a deeper look at overarching themes, concepts, or context for that day’s Scripture passage; (2) a short reading from Philippians; and (3) reflection questions to help you interact personally with the text, giving you a platform to discuss it with others. The fifth and final day of each week combines and revisits that week’s Bible readings in an immersive way which invites further reflection. These reflective pages are inspired by the apostle Paul, the author of Philippians. Paul is believed to have been an artisan tentmaker by trade who used his network of fellow artisans to build community and in turn share the gospel of Jesus. It is through community and love that Paul built churches throughout the first century world. Regardless of our giftings, we have an opportunity to share the love of the gospel as Paul did. Each reflective feature highlights a different artisanal medium in order that we may be inspired to reach out to our community. We hope that your journey through the book of Philippians blesses you and those you love as much as it has blessed us during the production of this study.

“To our God and Father be glory for ever and ever. Amen.” – Philippians 4:20

– The Journey Team Acropolis The City of Philippi

HILLY AREA

Sanctuary of The Book of Philippians Egyptian Gods

Author: Paul

Original Audience: Christians in Philippi, a Roman colony in Greece Traditional Theater Place of Writing: Prison, possibly in Rome, Corinth, Ephesus, or Caesarea Maritima Prison of Paul

Council House Date of Writing: Early 50s to mid-60s AD Sanctuary Genre: Greco-Roman letter Forum of Greek Gods Gymnasium (Palaestra) Major Themes: Joy, Unity, Humility, Citizenship in Heaven Temple of Emperor Worship Marketplace (Agora) The Greco-Roman World

EUROPE

BLACK SEA

Rome

Philippi Thessalonica

ASIA MINOR

Corinth Ephesus Athens Tarsus

MEDITERRANEAN SEA

Caesarea Maritima Jerusalem

AFRICA

RED SEA JOURNEY THROUGH PHILIPPIANS

Week 1 | Days 1–5 Day 1

Love Abounding understood from personal experience that allegiance to Christ did not always lead to better physical circumstances (Philippians 1:7, 12-14; 3:10; 4:11-12). What And this is my prayer: that your love may abound more and more in was more important was that these Christians maintained a spirit of love, no matter knowledge and depth of insight . . . what situation they found themselves in. This is a prayer that we would do well to make our own. Imagine what our churches would look like if our prayers became ~ PHILIPPIANS 1:9 less about improving our physical circumstances and more about expanding our capacity to love.

When writing a letter, we tend to follow certain formats or conventions. We start by identifying the recipient (e.g., Dear Jane). We then write the body of the letter. Finally, the letter concludes with a polite closing that identifies the writer (e.g., Sincerely, Joe). These conventions vary somewhat depending on the specific type of letter, but they PHILIPPIANS 1:1–11 tend to follow a general guide.

One of the first and most important things we should notice about the book of Philippians is that it is a letter. When the apostle Paul composed this letter, he followed 1 Paul and Timothy, servants of Christ Jesus, some of the standard conventions used in his culture – the Greco-Roman culture. 1 This is especially clear in the opening section of Philippians (Philippians 1:1-11). To all God’s holy people in Christ Jesus at Philippi, together with the Paul begins this letter by identifying himself as the writer (Philippians 1:1). Then he overseers and deacons: identifies Philippian Christians as his intended recipients (Philippians 1:1). He follows this with a greeting (Philippians 1:2). Finally, he ends his introduction with a note 2 Grace and peace to you from God our Father and the Lord Jesus of thanks and prayer (Philippians 1:3-11). This was the standard way that letters Christ. were written in Paul’s culture. THANKSGIVING AND PRAYER While Paul was guided by ancient letter-writing conventions, he also felt the freedom 3 I thank my God every time I remember you. 4 In all my prayers for to transform some of these conventions to make powerful points. For example, in this all of you, I always pray with joy 5 because of your partnership in the and other letters, Paul created a wordplay on the standard Greek greeting charein gospel from the first day until now,6 being confident of this, that he (“Greetings”). He did this by substituting it with a theologically profound phrase who began a good work in you will carry it on to completion until the containing the same letters: charis kai eirene (“Grace and peace”). Paul often greeted day of Christ Jesus. people this way because he wanted to express more than a simple “hello.” He wanted 7 It is right for me to feel this way about all of you, since I have you his readers to experience the grace and peace of God that had radically transformed in my heart and, whether I am in chains or defending and confirming his own life. the gospel, all of you share in God’s grace with me. 8 God can testify Another way Paul’s letter to the Philippians differed from the conventions of his day is how I long for all of you with the affection of Christ Jesus. found in the note of thanks and prayer included in verses 3-11. In other Greco-Roman 9 And this is my prayer: that your love may abound more and letters, this section usually included a prayer for the health or wealth of the recipients. more in knowledge and depth of insight, 10 so that you may be able Paul made no such prayer for the Philippians. Instead, he prayed that their “love to discern what is best and may be pure and blameless for the day may abound more and more” (Philippians 1:9). Paul prayed this, not because he of Christ, 11 filled with the fruit of righteousness that comes through didn’t care about the physical well-being of his Philippian readers, but because he Jesus Christ—to the glory and praise of God.

14 | Week 1 Week 1 | 15 Day 1 Questions

1. How would you describe Paul’s feelings toward his Philippian readers? Why does he feel this way about them? Who in your life do you feel this way about and why?

2. After sharing his “affection” for his Philippian readers – an affection that is modeled after the “affection of Christ Jesus” for us – Paul prays that their “love may abound more and more in knowledge and depth of insight” (Philippians 1:8-9). The idea here is that they would have more than just a widespread love, but also a wise and discerning love that is able to distinguish what matters most from what is less important. How have you seen wise love in action? In what relationships could you use more wise love?

Ancient city of Philippi

PHILIPPIANS 1:1 Paul and Timothy, servants of Christ Jesus, To all God’s holy people in Christ Jesus at Philippi, together with the overseers and deacons.

16 | Week 1 Day 2

Advancing the Gospel in Jesus had dangerous consequences as demonstrated by Paul’s own imprisonment. It would have been understandable for Christians to be afraid of sharing their faith. All Circumstances Paul’s willingness to embrace these consequences for preaching the gospel actually inspired others to show the same kind of courage. Now I want you to know, brothers and sisters, that what has happened to Paul’s message and model should inspire us too. It can be easy for us to shy away me has actually served to advance the gospel. from sharing our faith because of fear or concern that our circumstances aren’t quite ~ PHILIPPIANS 1:12 right. We don’t feel adequately trained or we don’t view our everyday settings as the mission field that God has called us to. What God wants us to discover is that He can use us no matter our circumstances. In fact, He may have placed us right where In Philippians 1:12, Paul’s letter to the Philippian church turns to a discussion of Paul’s we are because He sees the opportunity in our circumstances. The choice we face present circumstances. In this section, Paul confirms what he had already alluded to is whether we will embrace our opportunities or choose to give in to fear. in verse 7, that he is in “chains.” In other words, Paul is imprisoned as he had been many times for preaching the gospel (2 Corinthians 11:23). There has been a good deal of debate about where Paul was imprisoned and what the specific conditions of his imprisonment were. It could be that Paul was held in a dark, overcrowded, and unsanitary room which was common at the time. It is also possible that Paul was PHILIPPIANS 1:12–18 held under house arrest (Acts 28:16). Whatever his specific circumstance was, this would appear to be a ministry-halting situation.

Paul, however, saw things differently. He writes in verse 12, “Now I want you to know, PAUL’S CHAINS ADVANCE THE GOSPEL brothers and sisters, that what has happened to me has actually served to advance 12 Now I want you to know, brothers and sisters, that what has the gospel.” From Paul’s perspective, his imprisonment didn’t slow the spread of the happened to me has actually served to advance the gospel. 13 As a gospel, it actually advanced it. There are two reasons for this. result, it has become clear throughout the whole palace guard and to everyone else that I am in chains for Christ. 14 And because of my First, Paul’s imprisonment gave him an opportunity to share the gospel with people chains, most of the brothers and sisters have become confident in the he might never have otherwise met. In verse 13, he specifically identifies the palace Lord and dare all the more to proclaim the gospel without fear. guard as one of those groups. The palace guard, also known as the Praetorian Guard, 15 It is true that some preach Christ out of envy and rivalry, but was an elite force of Roman soldiers with significant political influence. These soldiers others out of goodwill. 16 The latter do so out of love, knowing that I would sometimes stand guard over prisoners like Paul, but they also had the honor am put here for the defense of the gospel. 17 The former preach Christ of guarding political leaders including the Roman emperor himself. Because of his out of selfish ambition, not sincerely, supposing that they can stir circumstances, Paul was able to share the gospel with the Praetorian Guard and as a up trouble for me while I am in chains. 18 But what does it matter? result, the gospel began making its way into the inner parts of the largest, strongest, The important thing is that in every way, whether from false motives and most interconnected empire in the world. or true, Christ is preached. And because of this I rejoice. Second, Paul’s imprisonment advanced the spread of the gospel because it inspired others to boldly carry on his mission. He writes in verse 14, “And because of my chains, most of the brothers and sisters have become confident in the Lord and dare all the more to proclaim the gospel without fear.” At this time, preaching about

18 | Week 1 Week 1 | 19 Day 2 Questions

1. Philippians 1:15-18 describes a situation in which some tried to “stir up trouble” for Paul by preaching the gospel with wrong motives. There is a good deal of debate as to who these individuals were and how exactly their preaching could bring Paul difficulty. What is clear is that they were motivated by “selfish ambition.” Later in Philippians 2:3, Paul instructs the Philippians to live differently: “Do nothing out of selfish ambition.” How does Paul model this teaching in his own response to this particular situation?

2. Paul’s courage in the face of imprisonment gave others confidence to preach all the more. What is it about courage that inspires confidence in other people? Which courageous people can you look toward when you lack confidence in your faith?

The traditional prison cell of Paul when he first visited Philippi (Acts 16:23-28)

PHILIPPIANS 1:13 As a result, it has become clear throughout the whole palace guard and to everyone else that I am in chains for Christ.

20 | Week 1 Day 3

Rejoicing in the Midst of This should serve as an example for us. We tend to make life about a lot of things: work, money, family, friends, fun. These things are not necessarily bad, but they an Uncertain Future cannot sustain us when they become the central focus of our lives. Only Jesus can fill that role. When we make our life’s purpose first and foremost about Jesus, For to me, to live is Christ and to die is gain. we discover that we can always rejoice, even in the midst of an uncertain future.

~ PHILIPPIANS 1:21

In yesterday’s reading, Paul talked about his present circumstances. He ended the PHILIPPIANS 1:19–26 section by saying he could “rejoice” despite his imprisonment. This was an incredible display of resolve in the midst of a difficult situation. Perhaps even more incredible is the resolve he shows in today’s reading. In this section, Paul shifts his attention Yes, and I will continue to rejoice, 19 for I know that through your to his future circumstances, saying that he “will continue to rejoice” no matter what prayers and God’s provision of the Spirit of Jesus Christ what has happened, whether he lived or he died (Philippians 1:18). This begs the question, happened to me will turn out for my deliverance. 20 I eagerly expect how was Paul able to continue rejoicing while facing such an uncertain future? and hope that I will in no way be ashamed, but will have sufficient Paul gives us two answers. First, he was able to continue rejoicing because he was courage so that now as always Christ will be exalted in my body, confident that whether he lived or died, he would experience “deliverance.” He writes whether by life or by death. 21 For to me, to live is Christ and to die is in verse 19, “for I know that through your prayers and God’s provision of the Spirit of gain. 22 If I am to go on living in the body, this will mean fruitful labor for Jesus Christ what has happened to me will turn out for my deliverance.” The word me. Yet what shall I choose? I do not know! 23 I am torn between the translated here as “deliverance” could have a variety of meanings. On the one hand, two: I desire to depart and be with Christ, which is better by far; 24 but it could refer to a simple deliverance from his imprisonment. On the other hand, it is more necessary for you that I remain in the body. 25 Convinced this word oftentimes refers to our eternal salvation (Romans 1:16; Hebrews 5:9; of this, I know that I will remain, and I will continue with all of you for 1 Peter 1:5). It seems that Paul is drawing on the full range of meanings of this your progress and joy in the faith, 26 so that through my being with you word to imply that whether he would live or die, he would experience some form of again your boasting in Christ Jesus will abound on account of me. deliverance, either from an earthly ruler’s judgment or from God’s final judgment. This was something he could rejoice over.

Another reason Paul continued to rejoice was because he had a clear understanding of his life’s purpose. He writes in verse 21, “For to me, to live is Christ and to die is gain.” Here, Paul has taken a popular Greek saying, “life is good” (to z¯en chrestos), and modified it into a similar sounding statement, “to live is Christ” (to z¯en Christos). By doing this, he has indicated that life as he understood it wasn’t about pleasure or experiences. For Paul, life was first and foremost about Jesus. This meant that living or dying was not as significant as seeing Christ exalted.

22 | Week 1 Week 1 | 23 Day 3 Questions

1. Paul sees two possible outcomes to his imprisonment: either he will live or he will die. What outcome does Paul say he would desire? What is his reasoning and what does this teach us?

2. What is life about to you? Could you echo Paul’s words, “to live is Christ”? What changes might you need to make to put Jesus first in your life?

The magistrates’ offices, where Paul may have been beaten when he first visited Philippi (Acts 16:19-22)

PHILIPPIANS 1:21 For to me, to live is Christ and to die is gain.

24 | Week 1 Day 4

Living in the World as the consequences of refraining from pagan Roman customs like emperor worship (Philippians 1:29). But it also required that they live as citizens of heaven, or as Paul Citizens of Heaven put it, “in a manner worthy of the gospel of Christ” (Philippians 1:27). Paul’s challenge also stands for us today. We all pledge allegiance to something. Whatever happens, conduct yourselves in a manner worthy of the gospel In fact, most of us pledge allegiance to many things: country, work, a sports team, of Christ. Then, whether I come and see you or only hear about you in a political party, or family. It’s not wrong to value these things. It can, however, be my absence, I will know that you stand firm in the one Spirit, striving problematic when our loyalties lead us to work, act, or speak in ways which do not together as one for the faith of the gospel . . . reflect the gospel of Christ. Paul’s message is that our loyalty to Jesus must always ~ PHILIPPIANS 1:27 come first and our manner of living should reflect this. We may live as citizens in the world, but above all else, we are citizens of heaven.

In Philippians 1:27, Paul shifts from describing his own circumstances to sharing some instructions with his Philippian friends. The first instruction he shares is perhaps his most important. He writes, “Whatever happens, conduct yourselves in a manner worthy of the gospel of Christ.” The significance of this instruction is indicated by the PHILIPPIANS 1:27–30 phrase “whatever happens” which can also be translated as “only,” “just one thing,” or “above all else.” The idea behind this phrase is that this was a lesson they shouldn’t miss. But even without this opening phrase, Paul’s Philippian readers could hardly LIFE WORTHY OF THE GOSPEL miss the significance of this instruction. It would have quite literally hit close to home. 27 Whatever happens, conduct yourselves in a manner worthy of A little background on Philippi is helpful here. Philippi was one of just a few cities in the gospel of Christ. Then, whether I come and see you or only hear the region of Macedonia that enjoyed the status of being a Roman colony. As residents about you in my absence, I will know that you stand firm in the one of a Roman colony, the Philippians were considered citizens of Rome. This was a Spirit, striving together as one for the faith of the gospel 28 without point of pride for the Philippians and it gave them a number of privileges. However, it being frightened in any way by those who oppose you. This is a sign also meant that they had to fulfill certain social obligations if they were to be good to them that they will be destroyed, but that you will be saved— Roman citizens. If they failed to participate in activities like Roman emperor worship, and that by God. 29 For it has been granted to you on behalf of Christ they could suffer the consequences. not only to believe in him, but also to suffer for him, 30 since you are going through the same struggle you saw I had, and now hear that Paul’s opening instruction in this letter would have been particularly striking for his I still have. Philippian readers because it directly confronted their identity as Roman citizens. The Greek word translated as “conduct yourselves” in Philippians 1:27 is a political term that is rarely used in Scripture. This word literally means “live as a citizen.” Paul chose to use this term because he wanted to make it clear to the Philippians that although they may be citizens of Rome, they were citizens of heaven first (Philippians 3:20). As citizens of heaven, they would enjoy privileges infinitely better than what Rome could ever offer. This would have been a source of encouragement when they suffered

26 | Week 1 Week 1 | 27 Day 4 Questions

1. In this passage, what does Paul say it might look like to live in a manner worthy of the gospel of Christ? Do Paul’s descriptions characterize you and your faith? How so?

2. According to verse 28, when we fearlessly live in a manner worthy of the gospel of Christ, our lives become a “sign” for others about the truth of what we believe. Why do you think this is the case? How could your actions better show the authenticity of your faith?

The forum in Philippi, modeled after the forum in Rome

PHILIPPIANS 1:27 Whatever happens, conduct yourselves in a manner worthy of the gospel of Christ. Then, whether I come and see you or only hear about you in my absence, I will know that you stand firm in the one Spirit, striving together as one for the faith of the gospel.

28 | Week 1 Day 5 Chapter 1

Paul and Timothy, servants of Christ Jesus, To all God’s holy people in Christ Jesus at Philippi, together with the overseers and deacons: Grace and peace to you from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ.

I thank my God every time I remember you. I want you to know, brothers and sisters, In all my prayers for all of you, I always pray that what has happened to me has actually with joy because of your partnership in the served to advance the gospel. As a result, gospel from the first day until now, being it has become clear throughout the whole confident of this, that he who began a good palace guard and to everyone else that I work in you will carry it on to completion am in chains for Christ. And because of my until the day of Christ Jesus. It is right for chains, most of the brothers and sisters have me to feel this way about all of you, since become confident in the Lord and dare all I have you in my heart and, whether I am the more to proclaim the gospel without fear. in chains or defending and confirming the It is true that some preach Christ out of envy gospel, all of you share in God’s grace with and rivalry, but others out of goodwill. The me. God can testify how I long for all of you latter do so out of love, knowing that I am with the affection of Christ Jesus. And this put here for the defense of the gospel. The is my prayer: that your love may abound former preach Christ out of selfish ambition, more and more in knowledge and depth not sincerely, supposing that they can stir of insight, so that you may be able to dicern up trouble for me while I am in chains. But what is best and may be pure and blame- what does it matter? The important thing is less for the day of Christ, filled with the fruit that in every way, whether from false motives of righteousness that comes through Jesus or true, Christ is preached. And because of Christ—to the glory and praise of God. Now this I rejoice. Yes, and I will continue to rejoice, for I know that through your prayers and God’s provision of the Spirit of Jesus Christ what has happened to me will turn out for my deliverance. I eagerly expect and hope that I will in no way be ashamed, but will have sufficient courage so that now as always Christ will be exalted in my body, whether by life or by death. For to me, to live is Christ and to die is gain. If I am to go on living in the body, this will mean fruitful labor for me. Yet what shall I choose? I do not know! I am torn between the two: I desire to depart and be with Christ, which is better by far; but it is more necessary for you that I remain in the body. Convinced of this, I know that I will remain, and I will continue with all of you for your progress and joy in the faith, so that through my being with you again your boasting in Christ Jesus will abound on account of me. Whatever happens, conduct yourselves in a manner worthy of the gospel of Christ. Then, whether I come and see you or only hear about you in my absence, I will know that you stand firm in the one Spirit, striving together as one for the faith of the gospel without being frightened in any way by those who oppose you. This is a sign to them that they will be destroyed, but that you will be saved— and that by God. For it has been granted to you on behalf of Christ not only to believe in him, but also to suffer for him, since you are going through the same struggle you saw I had, and now hear that I still have. JOURNEY THROUGH PHILIPPIANS

Week 2 | Days 6–10 Day 6

People Over A lot has changed since Roman times, but many of us still feel the impulse to climb the social ladder. Paul’s message for us is to imitate Jesus by putting others first. It was Position and Pride through an act of humility that Jesus repaired His relationship with us, and it is through humility that we can maintain healthy relationships with others. Do nothing out of selfish ambition or vain conceit. Rather, in humility value others above yourselves, not looking to your own interests but each of you to the interests of the others.

~ PHILIPPIANS 2:3-4 PHILIPPIANS 2:1–11

In Paul’s day, Roman society was made up of a hierarchy of social classes that determined just about everything. They determined what a person could wear, whom IMITATING CHRIST’S HUMILITY they could marry, even where they could sit! So naturally, many people desired to climb 1 Therefore if you have any encouragement from being united the social ladder. One way they could do this was by gaining honor for themselves. 2 with Christ, if any comfort from his love, if any common sharing in the We can see this especially in the lives of Roman emperors. Around this time, Roman Spirit, if any tenderness and compassion, 2 then make my joy com- emperors began to call themselves gods and welcomed the worship of themselves plete by being like-minded, having the same love, being one in spirit as gods. In doing so, they gained honor for themselves and solidified their spot at the and of one mind. 3 Do nothing out of selfish ambition or vain conceit. top of the social ladder. Rather, in humility value others above yourselves, 4 not looking to your In Philippians 2:1-11, Paul critiques this social structure. He does this in part by own interests but each of you to the interests of the others. contrasting Jesus and Caesar. He writes in verses 6-7, “[Jesus], being in very nature 5 In your relationships with one another, have the same mindset as God, did not consider equality with God something to be used to his own advantage; Christ Jesus: rather, he made himself nothing by taking the very nature of a servant.” Here, Paul implicitly distinguishes Jesus from Caesar. Whereas Caesar was a man who wanted 6 Who, being in very nature God, to be worshiped as God for his own advantage, Jesus was God but became a man for did not consider equality with God something to be used to his our advantage. In fact, He became a “servant,” a member of the lowest class in Roman own advantage; society, and died on a cross, a form of execution reserved for servants. The irony 7 rather, he made himself nothing of this is that Jesus’ humiliation ultimately resulted in His exaltation with every person, by taking the very nature of a servant, including Caesar, acknowledging Him as the one true Lord (Philippians 2:9-11)! being made in human likeness. Jesus therefore flipped the Roman social structure upside down. 8 And being found in appearance as a man, he humbled himself Paul does not stop there. He continues to critique the Roman social structure by by becoming obedient to death— teaching readers to imitate Jesus: “Do nothing out of selfish ambition or vain conceit. even death on a cross! Rather in humility value others above yourselves, not looking to your own interests 9 Therefore God exalted him to the highest place but each of you to the interests of others” (Philippians 2:3-4). Apparently, some and gave him the name that is above every name, Philippian Christians had sought to advance their social status to the detriment of 10 that at the name of Jesus every knee should bow, others and this created division in the church. So, Paul let them know that as citizens in heaven and on earth and under the earth, of heaven they were not to do as the Romans do, but to do as Jesus did. Jesus did 11 and every tongue acknowledge that Jesus Christ is Lord, not try to gain honor for Himself. Jesus humbled Himself because He valued people to the glory of God the Father. over His position and His pride.

38 | Week 2 Week 2 | 39 Day 6 Questions

1. In Philippians 2:5-11, Paul instructs his readers to have a mindset of humble service like Jesus. But Paul is not content to teach only with his words; he also leads the way with his actions. Reflecting back on chapter 1, how had Paul already modeled a mindset of humble service (see especially verses 1, 15-18, 23-25)? Who in your life has modeled a mindset of humble service to you?

2. In Philippians 2:2, Paul pleads with his Philippian readers to have unity with one another. This is neither the first nor the last time that Paul makes this request in this letter (Philippians 1:27; 2:4; 4:2). Unity was obviously a struggle for the church in Philippi, but why do you suppose unity was so important to Paul? What makes unity so hard to achieve even in the church today, and why should unity matter to us?

An ancient cross baptismal at Philippi

PHILIPPIANS 2:8 And being found in appearance as a man, he humbled himself by becoming obedient to death — even death on a cross!

40 | Week 2 Day 7

Do Everything generation.” Here in Philippians, Paul reshapes the verse from Deuteronomy to give his readers a positive vision for what they could become if they would give up Without Grumbling grumbling: “children of God . . . in a warped and crooked generation.” Paul’s point for his Philippian readers was that grumbling was inappropriate for them Do everything without grumbling or arguing, so that you may become as a saved people because it prevented them from being the beacon of light that blameless and pure, “children of God without fault in a warped their Greco-Roman world so desperately needed. This point stands for us today. and crooked generation.” Then you will shine among them like stars When we allow division, complaints, and arguments to occupy our minds and take in the sky. control in our relationships, we fail to adequately reflect the message of the gospel. ~ PHILIPPIANS 2:14-15 But if we would make the uncommon decision to rejoice and let unity prevail, we could show the light of Jesus to the world and “shine among them like stars in the sky” (Philippians 2:15). Unlike most of Paul’s other letters, and for that matter most other New Testament books, the letter to the Philippians includes no direct quotes from the Old Testament. This may be because the church in Philippi was made up almost entirely of people from a non-Jewish background, so the congregation may have been less familiar with the Old Testament. Another possibility is that Paul did not need to cite the PHILIPPIANS 2:12–18 Old Testament because he was not writing to correct bad theology like he did in other letters. Whatever the case may be, as someone who was immersed in Scripture, Paul couldn’t help but allude to the Old Testament from time to time because it was DO EVERYTHING WITHOUT GRUMBLING so thoroughly entrenched in his way of thinking. In today’s reading, Paul makes a 12 Therefore, my dear friends, as you have always obeyed—not only few Old Testament allusions. in my presence, but now much more in my absence—continue to In Philippians 2:14-15, Paul writes, “Do everything without grumbling or arguing, so work out your salvation with fear and trembling, 13 for it is God who that you may become blameless and pure, ‘children of God without fault in a warped works in you to will and to act in order to fulfill his good purpose. and crooked generation.’” The first Old Testament allusion Paul makes is with the 14 Do everything without grumbling or arguing, 15 so that you may word translated as “grumbling.” In the Greek translation of the Old Testament, this become blameless and pure, “children of God without fault in a word was used predominantly to describe Israel’s attitude toward God after He had warped and crooked generation.” Then you will shine among them saved them from their slavery in Egypt (Exodus 16; Numbers 17). The believers in like stars in the sky 16 as you hold firmly to the word of life. And then Philippi evidently also struggled with grumbling, though their grumbling was more I will be able to boast on the day of Christ that I did not run or labor towards each other than towards God. Paul chose to leverage this distinctive term in vain. 17 But even if I am being poured out like a drink offering on to teach readers that “grumbling,” whether it is towards God or towards others, the sacrifice and service coming from your faith, I am glad and rejoice has no place in the life of those who have been saved. Instead, we “should be glad with all of you. 18 So you too should be glad and rejoice with me. and rejoice” (Philippians 2:18).

Another Old Testament allusion Paul makes plays off of what Scripture teaches happened to Israel as a result of their grumbling. Deuteronomy 32:5 says that the Israelites lost their status as “children of God” and became a “warped and crooked

42 | Week 2 Week 2 | 43 Day 7 Questions

1. Philippians 2:12 is a notoriously controversial verse because it can sound like Paul is saying we can “work” for our salvation. This would seem to contradict what Paul teaches elsewhere which is that we are saved by grace through faith, not through works (Ephesians 2:8-9). It is important to recognize that the letter to the Philippians was written to people who had already been saved (Philippians 1:1). It is also important to note that Paul calls out those who promote a works-based theology later in this letter (Philippians 3:2). When we keep these things in mind, it becomes clear that Paul is not instructing readers to “work for” their salvation. Rather, he is teaching them to “work out” what it looks like to be saved. In other words, they were to live out the reality that they are a people who have been saved. Why do you think Christians through all generations have struggled to live as though they have been saved? If we have already been saved, why should it matter how we live?

2. Would those who know you best describe you as someone who grumbles or someone who is glad? When do you tend to grumble the most? What could help you choose gladness in those moments?

An altar at Philippi

PHILIPPIANS 2:17 But even if I am being poured out like a drink offering on the sacrifice and service coming from your faith, I am glad and rejoice with all of you.

44 | Week 2 Day 8

An Illustration of Imitation What we learn from this travel report is so much more than the historical facts about the travels of Paul’s ministry partners. It reveals to us that living with a mindset like But you know that Timothy has proved himself, because as a son with his Jesus is possible, and is perhaps the best way we can encourage and build faith father he has served with me in the work of the gospel. in those around us. This is incredibly relevant for us. The last thing our world needs is more Christians who promote the gospel with their words and undermine it with ~ PHILIPPIANS 2:22 their actions. What this world craves and pays attention to are authentic people who live by what they say.

Beginning in Philippians 2:19, Paul shares about his plans to send some of his ministry partners to Philippi. This is a common feature in Paul’s letters. Paul often updated his readers on whether he or someone else would be visiting them. What is uncommon about this particular travel report is its size and its location in the letter. Paul’s travel PHILIPPIANS 2:19–24 reports are usually short (e.g., 2 Corinthians 13:10; Philemon 22). Also, they typically occur near the end of his letters (e.g., Romans 15:22-29). This particular update is unique because of its length, encompassing a full 12 verses, and because of its TIMOTHY AND EPAPHRODITUS location at the very center of the letter to the Philippians. 19 I hope in the Lord Jesus to send Timothy to you soon, that I also This has puzzled many scholars and has led some to suggest that this particular letter may be cheered when I receive news about you. 20 I have no one to the Philippians is actually a combination of multiple letters with this travel report else like him, who will show genuine concern for your welfare. 21 For marking the end of the first letter. This is not a necessary conclusion because this everyone looks out for their own interests, not those of Jesus Christ. travel report serves as more than just a future travel itinerary. Falling on the heels of 22 But you know that Timothy has proved himself, because as a son the command to imitate Christ in Philippians 2:1-11, this travel report also highlights with his father he has served with me in the work of the gospel. individuals who have demonstrated how to have the “same mindset as Christ Jesus” 23 I hope, therefore, to send him as soon as I see how things go with (Philippians 2:5). me. 24 And I am confident in the Lord that I myself will come soon.

This is especially clear in the first half of Paul’s travel report which we will read today. In this passage, Paul writes that he hopes to send Timothy to visit the church in Philippi. In his description of Timothy, Paul points out that Timothy doesn’t look out for his “own interests” but shows “genuine concern” for others (Philippians 2:20-21). Timothy therefore embodies the instruction in Philippians 2:3-4: “In humility, value others above yourselves, not looking to your own interests but each of you to the interests of the others.” Paul also points out that Timothy has “served” with Paul in the work of the gospel (Philippians 2:22). In this way, Timothy has followed in the footsteps of Jesus who became a “servant” in his own work of the gospel (Philippians 2:7).

46 | Week 2 Week 2 | 47 Day 8 Questions

1. In Philippians 2:22, Paul notes that Timothy previously served side-by-side with Paul “as a son with his father.” Now Paul plans to entrust the church at Philippi to Timothy’s care. What does Paul’s example teach us about how to disciple others?

2. Who has been like a Paul for you, helping you mature in your faith? Who is like a Timothy for you and how are you helping them grow into a future Christian leader?

The Via Egnatia, an international highway which passes through Philippi

PHILIPPIANS 2:19 I hope in the Lord Jesus to send Timothy to you soon, that I also may be cheered when I receive news about you.

48 | Week 2 Day 9

Honor in Place of Shame In modern America, we may not live in a traditional honor and shame society, but there are similarities between our cultures. We know how good it feels to be So then, welcome him in the Lord with great joy, and honor people like him . . . celebrated. We also know the agony of feeling exposed, embarrassed, or humiliated. Our challenge is to make sure our values are in line with Jesus’ values so that we ~ PHILIPPIANS 2:29 don’t let shame prevail where there should be honor, especially for those who have sacrificed in the service of Christ.

In today’s reading, Paul continues the travel report that began in Philippians 2:19. Previously, he expressed his hope to send Timothy to the Philippians in the near future. Now, he tells them of his decision to send them a man named Epaphroditus for the time being. Unfortunately, we do not know a great deal about Epaphroditus. Unlike PHILIPPIANS 2:25–30 Timothy, who is mentioned by name 24 times across 12 books of the New Testament, Epaphroditus is mentioned just twice, and all in this one letter. What we do know about him is that he had been sent by the Philippian church to take care of Paul while 25 But I think it is necessary to send back to you Epaphroditus, my he was in prison (Philippians 2:25; 4:18). We also know that he became deathly ill brother, co-worker and fellow soldier, who is also your messenger, at some point during his stay with Paul (Philippians 2:26-27). whom you sent to take care of my needs. 26 For he longs for all of you Though the details on Epaphroditus are few, we can be sure that this was an agonizing and is distressed because you heard he was ill. 27 Indeed he was ill, ordeal for him, and for many reasons! It was agonizing because of the pain he would and almost died. But God had mercy on him, and not on him only but have endured with his sickness. It was agonizing because it caused those who loved also on me, to spare me sorrow upon sorrow. 28 Therefore I am all the him to worry for him: “He longs for all of you and is distressed because you heard more eager to send him, so that when you see him again you may be he was ill” (Philippians 2:26). It was also agonizing because of the significant social glad and I may have less anxiety. 29 So then, welcome him in the Lord implications this would have had for him and his home church. In the honor and with great joy, and honor people like him, 30 because he almost died shame society in which the Philippians lived, Epaphroditus’ seeming inability to tend for the work of Christ. He risked his life to make up for the help you to the needs of Paul would have been perceived by some as a grievous failure and yourselves could not give me. great source of shame.

Because of this, Paul uses this part of the travel report as a teaching opportunity. First, he presents Epaphroditus as an illustration of Christ-like living as he had just done with Timothy. Using the same Greek words he had used to describe how Jesus became obedient “to death” for the work of Christ (Philippians 2:8, 30). Second, he instructs his readers to “honor” people like Epaphroditus (Philippians 2:29). In this way, Paul reminds his readers that the values of the kingdom of heaven are not like those of the empire of Rome. Where they may have been inclined to heap shame, Paul challenges them to bestow honor.

50 | Week 2 Week 2 | 51 Day 9 Questions

1. In this passage, Paul teaches the Philippians to “honor” Epaphroditus and he models this by honoring him with his words. How do you suppose Epaphroditus felt when he heard Paul call him a “brother, co-worker and fellow soldier” while the letter was read aloud in Philippi? When have you experienced encouragement like this?

2. Re-read verses 29-30. Why was Epaphroditus worthy of honor? Who in your life is like Epaphroditus in this way? Who do you need to honor with your words today?

Relief of soldier armor at Philippi

PHILIPPIANS 2:25 But I think it is necessary to send back to you Epaphroditus, my brother, co-worker and fellow soldier, who is also your messenger, whom you sent to take care of my needs.

52 | Week 2 Day 10 Chapter 2

Therefore if you have any encouragement from being united with Christ, if any comfort from his love, if any common sharing in the Spirit, if any tenderness and compassion, then make my joy complete by being like-minded, having the same love, being one in spirit and of one mind.

Do nothing out of selfish ambition or vain a cross! Therefore God exalted him to the conceit. Rather, in humility value others above highest place and gave him the name that yourselves, not looking to your own interests is above every name, that at the name of but each of you to the interests of the others. Jesus every knee should bow, in heaven In your relationships with one another, have and on earth and under the earth, and every the same mindset as Christ Jesus: Who, being tongue acknowledge that Jesus Christ is Lord, in very nature God, did not consider equali- to the glory of God the Father. Therefore, my ty with God something to be used to his own dear friends, as you have always obeyed— advantage; rather, he made himself nothing not only in my presence, but now much more by taking the very nature of a servant, being in my absence—continue to work out your made in human likeness. And being found in salvation with fear and trembling, for it is God appearance as a man, he humbled himself by who works in you to will and to act in order to becoming obedient to death—even death on fulfill his good purpose. But even if I am being poured out like a drink offering on the sacrifice and service coming from your faith, I am glad and rejoice with all of you. So you too should be glad and rejoice with me.

Do everything without grumbling or arguing, so that you may become blameless and pure, “children of God without fault in a warped and crooked generation.” Then you will shine among them like stars in the sky as you hold firmly to the word of life. And then I will be able to boast on the day of Christ that I did not run or labor in vain. But even if I am being poured out like a drink offering on the sacrifice and service coming from your faith, I am glad and rejoice with all of you. So you too should be glad and rejoice with me. I hope in the Lord Jesus to send Timothy to you soon, and fellow soldier, who is also your messenger, whom you that I also may be cheered when I receive news about sent to take care of my needs. For he longs for all of you you. I have no one else like him, who will show genuine and is distressed because you heard he was ill. Indeed concern for your welfare. For everyone looks out for their he was ill, and almost died. But God had mercy on him, own interests, not those of Jesus Christ. But you know and not on him only but also on me, to spare me sorrow that Timothy has proved himself, because as a son upon sorrow. Therefore I am all the more eager to send with his father he has served with me in the work of the him, so that when you see him again you may be glad gospel. I hope, therefore, to send him as soon as I see and I may have less anxiety. So then, welcome him in the how things go with me. And I am confident in the Lord Lord with great joy, and honor people like him, because he that I myself will come soon. But I think it is necessary almost died for the work of Christ. He risked his life to to send back to you Epaphroditus, my brother, co-worker make up for the help you yourselves could not give me. JOURNEY THROUGH PHILIPPIANS

Week 3 | Days 11–15 Day 11

Not by Works but by Faith The debate about whether Christians must be circumcised, observe the Sabbath, or keep a particular diet is not as prominent in today’s world. However, in our culture, For it is we who are the circumcision, we who serve God by his Spirit, it is still common to think that certain things we do can help us win a better standing who boast in Christ Jesus, and who put no confidence in the flesh . . . before God. Paul’s message for us is to hang on to the truth of the gospel message: “a person is not justified by the works of the law, but by faith in Jesus Christ . . . ~ PHILIPPIANS 3:3 for if righteousness could be gained through the law, Christ died for nothing” (Galatians 2:16, 21).

In Philippians 3, this otherwise joyous letter takes an ominous turn. At the beginning of this chapter, Paul warns his readers about some opponents who might threaten their church. This is not the first nor the last time in this letter that Paul refers to opponents (Philippians 1:15-18, 27-30, 3:18-19). However, these opponents are unique. Their PHILIPPIANS 3:1–6 efforts do not help advance the gospel or give the gospel any opportunity to shine. Instead, they have distorted the message of the gospel, so Paul describes these opponents with his harshest words. NO CONFIDENCE IN THE FLESH He writes in Philippians 3:2, “Watch out for those dogs, those evildoers, those 3 1 Further, my brothers and sisters, rejoice in the Lord! It is no trouble mutilators of the flesh.” The opponents Paul is talking about are Judaizers, Jewish for me to write the same things to you again, and it is a safeguard for Christian missionaries who taught that Gentile Christians could not be confident you. 2 Watch out for those dogs, those evildoers, those mutilators of in their salvation unless they abided by certain works of the law like circumcision the flesh. 3 For it is we who are the circumcision, we who serve God (Acts 15:1). by his Spirit, who boast in Christ Jesus, and who put no confidence in the flesh—4 though I myself have reasons for such confidence. Using harsh words, Paul points out that their version of the gospel is backwards. If someone else thinks they have reasons to put confidence in the First, he calls them “dogs,” a derogatory term that Jews used against Gentiles flesh, I have more:5 circumcised on the eighth day, of the people of because of their unclean mannerisms. This is ironic because although they thought Israel, of the tribe of Benjamin, a Hebrew of Hebrews; in regard to the they were helping Gentiles become clean, Paul implies that they were the ones who law, a Pharisee; 6 as for zeal, persecuting the church; as for righteous- were actually unclean. Second, he calls them “evildoers.” This word can also be ness based on the law, faultless. translated as “evil-workers.” These Judaizers taught that certain works would make people righteous, but Paul implies that their own work resulted in evil. Third, he calls them “mutilators of the flesh.” Paul makes a great wordplay here. The Greek word for mutilation sounds like the word for circumcision, but elsewhere in Scripture this word refers to a pagan ritual (Leviticus 21:5). The idea here is that those who circumcise themselves to become part of the family of God, are in reality more like pagans who are outside the family of God. Paul’s point with all these insults is to emphasize that those who are truly in Christ “put no confidence” in works like circumcision (Philippians 3:3). Rather, they put their confidence in the cross of Christ.

62 | Week 3 Week 3 | 63 Day 11 Questions

1. In today’s reading, Paul warns his readers to watch out for those who promote a distorted view of the gospel. How have you seen people distort the gospel in today’s world? What are some unnecessary roadblocks to faith that you’ve seen some Christians create? Have you ever created such a roadblock for yourself or others?

2. Why is it so difficult for us to place our confidence in someone else? Where do you tend to put your confidence if not in Christ?

A relief at Philippi which features the Greek goddess Artemis and wild animals.

PHILIPPIANS 3:2 Watch out for those dogs, those evildoers, those mutilators of the flesh.

64 | Week 3 Day 12

The Surpassing Worth Paul also extends his metaphor: everything is not just “loss.” Everything is “garbage.” The Greek word translated here as “garbage” appears nowhere else in Scripture, but of Knowing Christ outside the Bible it refers to human excrement or kitchen scraps (like what dogs eat [Philippians 3:2]). By using this vulgar and uncommon word, Paul is expressing in What is more, I consider everything a loss because of the surpassing worth of the strongest possible terms that anything in our lives that competes with or distracts knowing Christ Jesus my Lord, for whose sake I have lost all things. I consider us from Jesus should be regarded as waste and sent away. them garbage, that I may gain Christ . . . This message is just as relevant for us today. We live in a culture that puts incredible ~ PHILIPPIANS 3:8 stock in our status and accomplishments. We treasure the things we do and the things we own. Paul’s challenge is for us to know what has true worth and what is just waste. Nothing in this world can make us right before God but Christ, and nothing At the end of yesterday’s reading, Paul provided his religious résumé, listing seven in this world compares to the surpassing worth of knowing Christ. Spending your special qualities about himself. These were things that would have distinguished him time, thoughts, and energies on your relationship with Him is the most rewarding in the Jewish community. He was “circumcised on the eighth day, of the people of investment you will ever make. Israel, of the tribe of Benjamin, a Hebrew of Hebrews; in regard to the law, a Pharisee; as for zeal, persecuting the church; as for righteousness based on the law, faultless” (Philippians 3:5-6). Paul’s reason for providing his résumé was to show that none of the Judaizers who presented a threat to the Philippian Christians could stand to benefit more than he from the works-based religion they promoted. Whatever attributes or PHILIPPIANS 3:7–11 achievements they claimed for themselves couldn’t measure up to his (Philippians 3:4).

In today’s reading, Paul continues this discussion, but we learn that Paul didn’t provide his résumé simply to boast. He provided his résumé to show that he had 7 But whatever were gains to me I now consider loss for the sake of learned just how worthless human works are in God’s economy. He writes in verse 7, Christ. 8 What is more, I consider everything a loss because of the “But whatever were gains to me I now consider loss for the sake of Christ.” Here, surpassing worth of knowing Christ Jesus my Lord, for whose sake Paul talks about his achievements as though they are assets. What he discovered is I have lost all things. I consider them garbage, that I may gain Christ that the things he previously thought were valuable are actually just the opposite. 9 and be found in him, not having a righteousness of my own that They are like sinking investments. By this, Paul doesn’t mean that human works comes from the law, but that which is through faith in Christ—the are intrinsically wrong and worthless. What he means is that when our attributes and righteousness that comes from God on the basis of faith. 10 I want achievements are viewed as assets that bring spiritual gain, they actually result in to know Christ—yes, to know the power of his resurrection and a net loss because they blind us to the one and only thing that can bring us true participation in his sufferings, becoming like him in his death, 11 and spiritual gain, Jesus Christ. so, somehow, attaining to the resurrection from the dead.

Paul goes further. He writes in verse 8, “What is more, I consider everything a loss because of the surpassing worth of knowing Christ Jesus my Lord, for whose sake I have lost all things. I consider them garbage, that I may gain Christ.” Here, Paul expands his argument. It’s not just the qualities he listed in verses 5-6 that are losses. “Everything” is loss when compared to the supreme value of knowing Christ!

66 | Week 3 Week 3 | 67 Day 12 Questions

1. Where does “knowing Christ” rank in the value system of your life? Do you feel like you know Christ? How could you get to know Him better?

2. According to verse 10, one way we can “know Christ” more intimately is through “participation in his sufferings.” What do you think it means to participate in Jesus’ sufferings? Why might this help us know Christ better?

A latrine at the palaestra in Philippi

PHILIPPIANS 3:8 What is more, I consider everything a loss because of the surpassing worth of knowing Christ Jesus my Lord, for whose sake I have lost all things. I consider them garbage, that I may gain Christ.

68 | Week 3 Day 13

Pressing On Toward This was an important message for Paul to share at this point in his letter. After emphasizing that “righteousness” comes by faith and not by works, Paul wanted to the Goal make sure that his readers didn’t draw the conclusion that their work on earth was now complete (Philippians 3:9-11). In reality, their work had just begun. This is a good Brothers and sisters, I do not consider myself yet to have taken hold of it. reminder for us in the church today. It can be easy for us to conclude that the goal But one thing I do: Forgetting what is behind and straining toward what is of the Christian life is to make the decision to follow Jesus. The truth is that following ahead, I press on toward the goal to win the prize for which God has called Jesus entails so much more than a one-time “yes.” It is a decision we make each me heavenward in Christ Jesus. and every day to press on, saying “yes” to whatever God has in store for us that day. In some seasons of life, this can be easy. In other seasons, this can be strenuous. ~ PHILIPPIANS 3:13-14 What makes it worthwhile is knowing that God has guaranteed the prize at the finish. Jesus has won the race for us. We just need to get to the end.

In the Greco-Roman culture where the Philippians lived, sports were a big deal. This is demonstrated by the many stadiums and athletic statues that have been dug up by archaeologists throughout Greece. In Philippi itself, there was an athletic facility known as a palaestra where local citizens would train in athletics. Because of the PHILIPPIANS 3:12–16 prominent role sports played in this society, Paul frequently used athletic metaphors in his letter to illustrate the nature of Christian living. For example, in Philippians 1:27-30, Paul uses gladiator language as he encourages the Philippians to continue “striving 12 Not that I have already obtained all this, or have already arrived together” in their “struggle” with outside opponents. Later in Philippians 4:1, Paul at my goal, but I press on to take hold of that for which Christ Jesus refers to some of his own disciples as his “crown,” a reference to the olive wreaths or took hold of me. 13 Brothers and sisters, I do not consider myself celery wreaths that champions received in the ancient Olympic and Isthmian Games yet to have taken hold of it. But one thing I do: Forgetting what is (for other athletic references, see Philippians 2:16 and 4:3). behind and straining toward what is ahead, 14 I press on toward the In today’s reading, we encounter Paul’s most famous and vivid athletic metaphor in goal to win the prize for which God has called me heavenward in this letter. He writes, “Brothers and sisters, I do not consider myself yet to have taken Christ Jesus. hold of it. But one thing I do: Forgetting what is behind and straining toward what is ahead, I press on toward the goal to win the prize for which God has called me FOLLOWING PAUL’S EXAMPLE heavenward in Christ Jesus” (Philippians 3:13-14). In these verses, Paul portrays 15 All of us, then, who are mature should take such a view of things. his Christian life as a footrace. In ancient footraces, runners would fix their eyes on And if on some point you think differently, that too God will make clear a “goal” which appeared at the end of a track. Those who won their races, were to you. 16 Only let us live up to what we have already attained. “called . . . heavenward (literally: upward)” by officials who would give them their “prize” on a podium. By using this racing imagery, Paul is teaching that there is a prize that Christians are called to receive from God above. But if we are to receive it, we must “press on,” “straining” with every ounce of our being until we’ve reached the finish line.

70 | Week 3 Week 3 | 71 Day 13 Questions

1. Paul makes a somewhat paradoxical wordplay in this passage. In verse 12, he uses the Greek verb teleioo¯ to indicate that he has not yet “arrived at [his] goal.” Then in verse 15, he uses the related Greek word teleios to say that those who are “mature” should have this same view. In effect, he is saying that Christians who are mature understand that they are not mature. What do you think he means by this? What does Christian maturity look like and how do you gain it?

2. How do you need to press on in your own Christian race? What are some things you need to forget and leave behind so that you can move forward?

The ancient stadium at Delphi

PHILIPPIANS 3:13-14 Brothers and sisters, I do not consider myself yet to have taken hold of it. But one thing I do: Forgetting what is behind and straining toward what is ahead, I press on toward the goal to win the prize for which God has called me heavenward in Christ Jesus.

72 | Week 3 Day 14

Citizenship in Heaven This continues to be true for us today. We are no longer bound by the unique dietary laws that bound the people of God in the past. But our freedom from these laws But our citizenship is in heaven. And we eagerly await a Savior from there, does not mean that we are free to give in to every impulse of our bodies, even the Lord Jesus Christ . . . if we see others doing the same. Jesus wants us to discover that He is an infinitely better “God” than our “stomach,” and He’s inviting us to join Him in establishing ~ PHILIPPIANS 3:20 the kingdom of heaven on earth.

As chapter 3 comes to a close, Paul warns his readers about one last group of “enemies.” He writes, “For, as I have often told you before and now tell you again even with tears, many live as enemies of the cross of Christ. Their destiny is destruction, PHILIPPIANS 3:17–21 their god is their stomach, and their glory is in their shame” (Philippians 3:18-19). There has been a fair amount of debate over what enemies Paul specifically had in mind in these verses. Some suggest Paul was referring to the same group of Judaizers 17 Join together in following my example, brothers and sisters, and that he had warned his readers about at the beginning of this chapter (Philippians 3:2). just as you have us as a model, keep your eyes on those who live Others suggest Paul was referring to Christian libertines, followers of Jesus who as we do. 18 For, as I have often told you before and now tell you thought that their freedom from the Law meant that they could indulge in all the again even with tears, many live as enemies of the cross of Christ. pleasures that Roman society offered. 19 Their destiny is destruction, their god is their stomach, and their At the center of the debate is what Paul meant by the phrase “their god is their glory is in their shame. Their mind is set on earthly things. 20 But our stomach.” If he had Judaizers in mind, this was an allusion to their strict dietary citizenship is in heaven. And we eagerly await a Savior from there, laws. If he had Christian libertines in mind, this was an allusion to their gluttonous the Lord Jesus Christ, 21 who, by the power that enables him to bring and promiscuous lifestyle. It could be that Paul had both groups in mind. This everything under his control, will transform our lowly bodies so that would explain why he is so vague. Both groups made their “stomach” into a “god.” they will be like his glorious body. Whatever the case may be, these enemies had “their mind . . . set on earthly things” (Philippians 3:19).

In this passage, Paul reminds his Philippian readers again that what matters is not whether they are Jews in practice, or that they are fully participating Roman citizens. As a “Hebrew of Hebrews” and a Roman citizen, Paul understood the limitations of both worlds as much as anyone (Philippians 3:5; Acts 16:37). What really mattered was that they lived as citizens of heaven because “our citizenship is in heaven” (Philippians 3:20).

74 | Week 3 Week 3 | 75 Day 14 Questions

1. Verse 18 says that Paul shed “tears” for those he criticized. Why do you think he wept for them? Have you ever shed tears for someone in this way?

2. Around the time that this letter was written, it was common for the Roman emperor to be referred to as “Savior” and “Lord.” What might Paul have had in mind when he gave Jesus these titles in verse 20? In light of verse 21, what distinguishes Jesus from Caesar, and why should we live in a way that honors Jesus with our bodies today?

An inscription at Philippi describing Augustus Caesar as divine

PHILIPPIANS 3:20 But our citizenship is in heaven. And we eagerly await a Savior from there, the Lord Jesus Christ.

76 | Week 3 Day 15 Chapter 3

Further, my brothers and sisters, rejoice in the Lord! It is no trouble for me to write the same things to you again, and it is a safeguard for you.

Watch out for those dogs, those evildoers, those mutilators of the flesh. For it is we who are the circumcision, we who serve God by his Spirit, who boast in Christ Jesus, and who put no confidence in the flesh—though I myself have reasons for such confidence. If someone else thinks they have reasons to put confidence in the flesh, I have more: circumcised on the eighth day, of the people of Israel, of the tribe of Benjamin, a Hebrew of Hebrews; in regard to the law, a Pharisee; as for zeal, persecuting the church; as for righteousness based on the law, faultless. I want to know Christ—yes, to know the power of his resurrection and participation in his sufferings, becoming like him in his death, and so, somehow, attaining to the resurrection from the dead.

But whatever were gains to me I now consider loss for the sake of Christ. What is more, I consider everything a loss because of the surpassing worth of knowing Christ Jesus my Lord, for whose sake I have lost all things. I consider them garbage, that I may gain Christ and be found in him, not having a righteousness of my own that comes from the law, but that which is through faith in Christ—the righteousness that comes from God on the basis of faith. I want to know Christ—yes, to know the power of his resurrection and participation in his sufferings, becoming like him in his death, and so, somehow, attaining to the resurrection from the dead. Not that I have already obtained all this, or have in following my example, brothers and sisters, and already arrived at my goal, but I press on to take just as you have us as a model, keep your eyes on hold of that for which Christ Jesus took hold of me. those who live as we do. For, as I have often told you Brothers and sisters, I do not consider myself yet to before and now tell you again even with tears, many have taken hold of it. But one thing I do: Forgetting live as enemies of the cross of Christ. Their destiny what is behind and straining toward what is ahead, is destruction, their god is their stomach, and I press on toward the goal to win the prize for which their glory is in their shame. Their mind is set on God has called me heavenward in Christ Jesus. All earthly things. But our citizenship is in heaven. And of us, then, who are mature should take such a view we eagerly await a Savior from there, the Lord Jesus of things. And if on some point you think differently, Christ, who, by the power that enables him to bring that too God will make clear to you. Only let us live everything under his control, will transform our lowly up to what we have already attained. Join together bodies so that they will be like his glorious body. JOURNEY THROUGH PHILIPPIANS

Week 4 | Days 16–20 Day 16

Unity in the Lord It is, however, possible to have lasting unity when it is rooted in the Lord. As Christians, we must remember that we all have the same Lord and that we share the same I plead with Euodia and I plead with Syntyche to be of the same mind mission from our Lord. In practice, this requires that we prioritize others above in the Lord. ourselves and above our arguments, just as our Lord prioritized us (Philippians 2:5-8). In the end, we may not agree on everything, but not everything is as important as ~ PHILIPPIANS 4:2 Jesus, His people, and the mission He has given to us.

Throughout this letter, Paul often expresses his desire for the believers in the Philippian church to have unity with one another. In Philippians 1:27, Paul encourages his readers to “stand firm in the one Spirit, striving together as one for the faith of PHILIPPIANS 4:1–3 the gospel.” In Philippians 2:2, Paul asks them to be “like-minded, having the same love, being one in spirit and of one mind.” These calls for unity, along with other instructions like “do everything without grumbling or arguing,” make it clear that there CLOSING APPEAL FOR STEADFASTNESS AND UNITY was some level of disunity in this church (Philippians 2:14). 4 1 Therefore, my brothers and sisters, you whom I love and long for, my In today’s reading, we come across what may have been the specific issue that joy and crown, stand firm in the Lord in this way, dear friends! prompted these calls for unity. Using the same vocabulary he used in Philippians 2:2, 2 I plead with Euodia and I plead with Syntyche to be of the same Paul now begs two specific individuals to “be of the same mind.” He writes, mind in the Lord. 3 Yes, and I ask you, my true companion, help these “I plead with Euodia and I plead with Syntyche to be of the same mind in the Lord” women since they have contended at my side in the cause of the (Philippians 4:2). Unfortunately, we do not know much about these two individuals or gospel, along with Clement and the rest of my co-workers, whose their dispute. Based on their names, we know that they were both women and likely names are in the book of life. Greek, not Roman. It is also likely that they were both leaders in the local church. This is suggested by the fact that Paul refers to them as “co-workers” and is supported by archaeological and biblical evidence that shows that women often held prominent religious roles in Philippi (Philippians 4:3; Acts 16:13-15). As for their dispute, we can only speculate about what divided them. Most scholars assume that it was a personal matter rather than a theological matter because of Paul’s silence on the issue.

No matter the reason, their fracture disrupted their work “in the cause of the gospel” (Philippians 4:3). Paul challenges them to “be of the same mind” and he adds the critically important qualifier “in the Lord.” This is very important. It is nearly impossible for people to always be of the same mind. Even the most sincere Christians won’t always agree on everything. Unfortunately, when Christians disagree, our grievances can distract us from the more important work of sharing the gospel. Even worse, our disputes can sometimes be so ugly that they deter others from embracing the gospel.

86 | Week 4 Week 4 | 87 Day 16 Questions

1. Notice the repetition of the word “plead” in verse 2. Paul singles out each person, and pleads with each individually to “be of the same mind in the Lord” with the other. Why do you suppose he does this? Why is it sometimes so difficult for two disputing parties to see eye to eye?

2. In verse 3, Paul asks another unknown individual in the church to “help these women” settle their differences. Why might it be beneficial for us to let outside mediators help us resolve conflicts? Do you need to invite someone in to help you navigate a conflict in your life? Are you willing to welcome outside wisdom?

LEFT: One of over 150 reliefs etched into the rock hill above Philippi; the vast majority of these depict female goddesses

RIGHT: The traditional baptism site of Lydia, the first convert and church leader at Philippi

PHILIPPIANS 4:2 I plead with Euodia and I plead with Syntyche to be of the same mind in the Lord.

88 | Week 4 Day 17

The Transcendent This promise would have been particularly striking for Paul’s original Philippian readers. At the time this letter was written, Philippi was home to a contingent of Peace of God Roman soldiers whose task was to guard something that was considered the pride of the Roman Empire: the Pax Romana (“Roman peace”). In these verses, Paul plays off Do not be anxious about anything, but in every situation, by prayer and these familiar images to teach that God promises a type of peace that “transcends” petition, with thanksgiving, present your requests to God. And the peace anything they could understand, even the celebrated peace of Rome. Where Rome’s of God, which transcends all understanding, will guard your hearts peace needed to be guarded by soldiers, God’s peace is so great that the very peace and your minds in Christ Jesus. itself can guard our hearts and our minds.

~ PHILIPPIANS 4:6-7 This teaching is just as true for us today. We live in an anxious and restless culture, but God doesn’t want us to worry about what will come or what will be. He wants us to be consumed by peace – to find rest in the fact that Jesus is Lord and Jesus is near. As his letter begins to close, Paul shares a number of short, succinct instructions All He asks is that we surrender our worried thoughts and trust Him to guide us in the as he frequently does toward the end of his letters (e.g., 1 Thessalonians 5:12-22; way that He alone can. 1 Corinthians 16:13-18; 2 Corinthians 13:11). At first glance, these quick commands might seem random and unrelated, but they actually reiterate themes we’ve seen throughout the letter. For example, Paul writes in verse 9, “Whatever you have learned or received or heard from me, or seen in me—put it into practice.” This relates to Paul’s previous command: “join together in following my example” (Philippians 3:17). PHILIPPIANS 4:4–9 Or again, in verse 4, Paul instructs readers to “rejoice.” This is a verb Paul has already used six times in this letter (Philippians 1:18; 2:17; 2:18; 2:28; 3:1).

Paul’s most famous command in this section also relates to things he has said earlier, FINAL EXHORTATIONS but in an ironic way. In verse 6, Paul writes, “Do not be anxious about anything . . . .” 4 Rejoice in the Lord always. I will say it again: Rejoice! 5 Let your This is ironic because Paul has already admitted to having “anxiety” in this letter gentleness be evident to all. The Lord is near. 6 Do not be anxious (Philippians 2:28). It is also ironic because this is a behavior that seems to be about anything, but in every situation, by prayer and petition, with commended elsewhere in this letter. The word translated here as “anxious” is the thanksgiving, present your requests to God. 7 And the peace of God, same word translated as “concern” in Philippians 2:20: “I have no one else like him, which transcends all understanding, will guard your hearts and your who will show genuine concern for your welfare.” However, Paul is not commanding minds in Christ Jesus. the Philippians to suddenly stop having all feelings of anxiety, and he isn’t telling 8 Finally, brothers and sisters, whatever is true, whatever is noble, them not to have concern for others. Instead, Paul is instructing them to let go whatever is right, whatever is pure, whatever is lovely, whatever is of counterproductive thoughts that reflect a doubt that “the Lord is near” and to admirable—if anything is excellent or praiseworthy—think about such replace their worry with prayer: “ . . . in every situation, by prayer and petition, with things. 9 Whatever you have learned or received or heard from me, thanksgiving, present your requests to God” (Philippians 4:5-6). or seen in me—put it into practice. And the God of peace will be with you. Paul then goes on to share a promise about what they could experience if they would give their concerns to God in prayer: “And the peace of God, which transcends all understanding, will guard your hearts and your minds in Christ Jesus” (Philippians 4:7).

90 | Week 4 Week 4 | 91 Day 17 Questions

1. In Philippians 4:8, Paul instructs his readers to focus their thoughts on “whatever is true, whatever is noble, whatever is right, whatever is pure, whatever is lovely, whatever is admirable.” What does this look like in practice? What are some negative thoughts you need to eliminate from your thinking? What are some excellent thoughts you could dwell on more?

2. According to Philippians 4:6, what should be included in our prayers for peace? What are some anxious concerns you need to give to God in prayer? Use this space to write down your own prayer.

Site of the Battle of Philippi, fought between the forces of Octavian and Marc Antony, and the forces of Brutus and Cassius after the assassination of Julius Caesar

PHILIPPIANS 4:6-7 Do not be anxious about anything, but in every situation, by prayer and petition, with thanksgiving, present your requests to God. And the peace of God, which transcends all understanding, will guard your hearts and your minds in Christ Jesus.

92 | Week 4 Day 18

Content in Any and This is an important lesson for us living in modern America. Despite the overwhelming blessings most of us enjoy compared with the rest of the world, it is quite common Every Situation for us to feel discontent, especially when we compare our situations with others. We think that when we get the right job, house, possessions, or spouse, then we will I know what it is to be in need, and I know what it is to have plenty. I have suddenly be happy. Usually, we are just let down. What Paul teaches and models is learned the secret of being content in any and every situation, whether well that contentment is possible in any and every situation. To be truly content we must fed or hungry, whether living in plenty or in want. I can do all this through remember that a relationship with Jesus is the most valuable thing in this life, and him who gives me strength. that God alone can “meet all [our] needs according to the riches of his glory in Christ Jesus” (Philippians 3:8; 4:19). ~ PHILIPPIANS 4:12-13

Today’s reading includes the conclusion to the main body of Paul’s letter. In this section, Paul gives thanks to the Philippians for some gifts they had recently shared PHILIPPIANS 4:10–20 with him. This is not the first time in this letter that Paul has expressed his gratitude for these gifts. In Philippians 1:3-5, he thanked God for their “partnership in the gospel.” In Philippians 2:25-30, he honored Epaphroditus for delivering these gifts. THANKS FOR THEIR GIFTS However, this is his most heartfelt thank you, encompassing a full ten verses. 10 I rejoiced greatly in the Lord that at last you renewed your con- In the middle of this extensive thank you note, Paul does something curious. He writes cern for me. Indeed, you were concerned, but you had no opportunity a short aside saying that he didn’t really need their gifts: “I am not saying this because to show it. 11 I am not saying this because I am in need, for I have I am in need, for I have learned to be content whatever the circumstances. I know learned to be content whatever the circumstances. 12 I know what it is what it is to be in need, and I know what it is to have plenty. I have learned the secret to be in need, and I know what it is to have plenty. I have learned the of being content in any and every situation, whether well fed or hungry, whether secret of being content in any and every situation, whether well fed or living in plenty or in want” (Philippians 4:11-12). This is an odd statement, because hungry, whether living in plenty or in want. 13 I can do all this through it seems to undermine his thank you. But there are a couple of reasons why Paul him who gives me strength. makes this digression. First, in Philippi’s society which was driven by honor and 14 Yet it was good of you to share in my troubles. 15 Moreover, as shame, all sorts of power dynamics could be involved in the giving and receiving you Philippians know, in the early days of your acquaintance with the of gifts. Those who gave gifts to others could advance in status, and those who gospel, when I set out from Macedonia, not one church shared with received gifts could find themselves subordinate and indebted to the gift giver. me in the matter of giving and receiving, except you only; 16 for even By emphasizing that he was “content” no matter his circumstances, Paul made sure when I was in Thessalonica, you sent me aid more than once when I that the Philippians knew that their gifts were just that, gifts. The gifts did not obligate was in need. 17 Not that I desire your gifts; what I desire is that more him to them or make him subordinate to them in any way. In the kingdom of heaven, be credited to your account. 18 I have received full payment and have gift-giving is motivated by generosity, not by the pursuit of power or influence. more than enough. I am amply supplied, now that I have received from Epaphroditus the gifts you sent. They are a fragrant offering, Second, as the Philippians faced the prospect of suffering for their faith, Paul wanted an acceptable sacrifice, pleasing to God.19 And my God will meet all to pass along what he had learned from his own life experience about contentment. your needs according to the riches of his glory in Christ Jesus. Contentment is not found in material possessions and it is not found in one’s own 20 To our God and Father be glory for ever and ever. Amen. inner strength like some contemporary Greek philosophers taught. True contentment is found “through him who gives me strength” (Philippians 4:13).

94 | Week 4 Week 4 | 95 Day 18 Questions

1. Philippians 4:13 is one of the most memorized verses in all Scripture. When read in isolation and in other translations, this verse seems to say that believers have the ability to do anything they set their hearts on: “I can do everything through him who gives me strength”. But how does the surrounding context change how we read this verse? What is Paul really saying that he has the strength to do?

2. How do you struggle with contentment in your own life? What would it take for you to be content with the situation God has given you today?

A gold crown from the region of Philippi

PHILIPPIANS 4:18-19 I have received full payment and have more than enough. I am amply supplied, now that I have received from Epaphroditus the gifts you sent. They are a fragrant offering, an acceptable sacrifice, pleasing to God. And my God will meet all your needs according to the riches of his glory in Christ Jesus.

96 | Week 4 Day 19

Anyone Might Accept faith, it was those who worked directly for the Roman emperor (Philippians 1:27-29). This special greeting let the Philippian Christians know that they were not alone.

the Gospel The significance of this greeting should not be lost on us either. If any of us have fear or concerns about how others will respond to our faith, we can find encouragement All God’s people here send you greetings, especially those who belong from these Christians who belonged to Caesar’s household. Others have faced this to Caesar’s household. struggle before us and they found the strength to press on. Also, if we ever doubt ~ PHILIPPIANS 4:22 whether a certain person or group of people could become followers of Jesus, this greeting should give us hope. Any person, no matter how unlikely, can be moved by the gospel and may come to see Jesus as Lord. Paul ends his letter to the Philippians with closing greetings and a blessing. He begins by sending his own personal greetings (Philippians 4:21). Then he passes along the greetings of those who were with him (Philippians 4:21-22). Finally, he prays for the “grace of the Lord Jesus Christ” to be with the Philippians, mirroring the blessing he bestowed upon these Christians at the opening of this letter (Philippians 4:23; 1:2). PHILIPPIANS 4:21–23 Although this closing is customary and brief, it should not be read as a mere formality. Even in these few short verses, Paul had something surprising he wanted to reveal to the Philippian readers and to us today. FINAL GREETINGS While passing along the greetings of those who were with him, Paul specifically 21 Greet all God’s people in Christ Jesus. The brothers and sisters identifies one group of people who wanted to greet the Philippians: “All God’s who are with me send greetings. 22 All God’s people here send you people here send you greetings, especially those who belong to Caesar’s household” greetings, especially those who belong to Caesar’s household. (Philippians 4:22). There is some debate about what Paul meant by “Caesar’s 23 The grace of the Lord Jesus Christ be with your spirit. Amen. household.” This debate is related to the question of where Paul was imprisoned when he wrote this letter. What is clear to most modern scholars is that the individuals Paul is alluding to worked in some capacity for the Roman emperor, most likely as slaves, freedmen, or freedwomen. This is clear from hundreds of inscriptions archaeologists have found throughout the Roman Empire that refer to “Caesar’s household.”

The significance of this greeting would not have been lost on the original Philippian readers. People who answered to Caesar, a self-proclaimed savior and lord of the universe, had come to pledge their allegiance to Jesus, the world’s true Savior and Lord. This was another reminder that nothing, not even Caesar himself, could stop the “advance” of “the gospel” (Philippians 1:12-13). This also would have been a source of encouragement for the Philippians who were suffering at the hands of those loyal to Caesar. If anyone had reason to be “frightened” that they might “suffer” for their

98 | Week 4 Week 4 | 99 Day 19 Questions

1. Notice the repetition of the phrase “all God’s people” in this passage. How does this relate to Paul’s appeals for unity throughout this letter? Are there people in your community of faith that you view as different or you exclude? Do you ever try to avoid someone when you go to church? How could you be more inclusive in the ways you interact with others?

2. Who in your life is like those who “belong to Caesar’s household” – people you thought might never come to believe, or people you doubt will ever believe? What would help you to have courage like Paul’s to make the most of every interaction?

A temple of Roman emperor worship at Philippi

PHILIPPIANS 4:22 All God’s people here send you greetings, especially those who belong to Caesar’s household.

100 | Week 4 Day 20 Chapter 4

Therefore, my brothers and sisters, you whom I love and long for, my joy and crown, stand firm in the Lord in this way, dear friends! I plead with Euodia and I plead with Syntyche to be of the same mind in the Lord. Yes, and I ask you, my true companion, help these women since they have contended at my side in the cause of the gospel, along with Clement and the rest of my co-workers, whose names are in the book of life. Rejoice in the Lord always. I will say it again: Rejoice! Let your gentleness be evident to all. The Lord is near. Do not be anxious about anything, but in every situation, by prayer and petition, with thanksgiving, present your requests to God. And the peace of God, which transcends all understanding, will guard your hearts and your minds in Christ Jesus. Finally, brothers and sisters, whatever is true, whatever is noble, whatever is right, whatever is pure, whatever is lovely, whatever is admirable—if anything is excellent or praiseworthy—think about such things. Whatever you have learned or received or heard from me, or seen in me—put it into practice. And the God of peace will be with you.

I rejoiced greatly in the Lord that at last you renewed your concern for me. Indeed, you were concerned, but you had no opportunity to show it. I am not saying this because I am in need, for I have learned to be content whatever the circumstances. I know what it is to be in need, and I know what it is to have plenty. I have learned the secret of being content in any and every situation, whether well fed or hungry, whether living in plenty or in want. I can do all this through him who gives me strength. Yet it was good of you to share in my troubles. Moreover, as you Philippians know, in the early days of your acquaintance with the gospel, when I set out from Macedonia, not one church shared with me in the matter of giving and receiving, except you only; for even when I was in Thessalonica, you sent me aid more than once when I was in need. Not that I desire your gifts; what I desire is that more be credited to your account. I have received full payment and have more than enough. I am amply supplied, now that I have received from Epaphroditus the gifts you sent. They are a fragrant offering, an acceptable sacrifice, pleasing to God. And my God will meet all your needs according to the riches of his glory in Christ Jesus. To our God and Father be glory for ever and ever. Amen. Greet all God’s people in Christ Jesus. The brothers and sisters who are with me send greetings. All God’s people here send you greetings, especially those who belong to Caesar’s household. The grace of the Lord Jesus Christ be with your spirit. Amen.

Feature-Philippians Chapter 4