Up from Dependency: a New National Public Assistance Strategy
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Why Does Cash Welfare Depend on Where You Live? How and Why State TANF Programs Vary
LOW-INCOME WORKING F AMILIES RESEARCH REPORT Why Does Cash Welfare Depend on Where You Live? How and Why State TANF Programs Vary Heather Hahn Laudan Aron Cary Lou Eleanor Pratt Adaeze Okoli June 2017 ABOUT THE URBAN INSTITUTE The nonprofit Urban Institute is dedicated to elevating the debate on social and economic policy. For nearly five decades, Urban scholars have conducted research and offered evidence-based solutions that improve lives and strengthen communities across a rapidly urbanizing world. Their objective research helps expand opportunities for all, reduce hardship among the most vulnerable, and strengthen the effectiveness of the public sector. Copyright © June 2017. Urban Institute. Permission is granted for reproduction of this file, with attribution to the Urban Institute. Cover image by Tim Meko. Contents Acknowledgments iv Why Does Cash Welfare Depend on Where You Live? 1 A Brief Overview of TANF 2 State TANF Policies 9 Generosity: What a Family Gets, Has, or Can Keep 10 Restrictiveness: What a Family Must or Must Not Do 11 Duration: How Long a Family Can Receive Cash Assistance 12 How State TANF Policy Choices Relate to One Another 14 Racial Implications 18 Explaining State Policy Choices 18 Prior Research 18 State Characteristics 19 State Characteristics Explaining TANF Policy Choices 23 Results 30 Conclusion 33 Appendix A. Data and Methods 34 Appendix B. Correlation and Regression Tables 37 Notes 40 References 43 About the Authors 46 Statement of Independence 47 Acknowledgments This report was funded by the Annie E. Casey Foundation through the Urban Institute’s Low-Income Working Families initiative, a multiyear effort that focuses on the private- and public-sector contexts for families’ well-being. -
Lake Ontario Maps, Facts and Figures
Lake Ontario maps, facts and figures A project by the FINGER LAKES-LAKE ONTARIO WATERSHED PROTECTION ALLIANCE and NEW YORK SEA GRANT 1. Origins of Lake Ontario Direct Drainage Basin 2. Population by Census Block Groups 3. Detailed Surface Water New York’s Lake Ontario . shown in maps, facts & figures Lake Ontario, the 14th largest lake in the world, is the smallest of the Great 4. Topography Lakes. Bordered to the north by Ontario, Canada, and to the south by New York State, it is the smallest in surface area, fourth among the Great Lakes in maximum depth, but second only to Lake Superior in average depth. The basin land area is largely rural with a significant forested and Lake Ontario at a glance 5. Land Use Types agricultural portion. The Lake is nestled between the mighty Niagara River Lake Ontario is the 14th largest lake in the world. to the west...and the picturesque St. Lawrence River Valley to its east. Length: 193 mi / 311 km Width: 53 mi / 85 km Almost one-third of the land area of New York State drains Published by Finger Lakes-Lake Ontario Watershed Protection Alliance (FLLOWPA) Average depth: 283 ft / 86 m 6. Wastewater Treatment Plants and New York Sea Grant. into Lake Ontario, making the wise use and management of Maximum depth: 802 ft / 244 m All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval natural resources vital to the long-term sustainability of the system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, 3 3 photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior permission of the publisher. -
State and Local Immigration Regulation in the United States Before 1882
BENJAMIN J. KLEBANER STATE AND LOCAL IMMIGRATION REGULATION IN THE UNITED STATES BEFORE 1882 The absence of significant federal regulation in the area of immigration legislation until 1882 1 no more denotes a laissez-faire approach in this area than in many other aspects of American economic life. For many generations Congress had left the task of regulating the immigrant stream to the states and localities.2 The first general federal law (1882) is best understood in the context of antecedent activity on the local level. Eventually most of the seaboard states, including many without an important passenger traffic, enacted statutes dealing with immi- gration. Table I presents a brief outline of their essential features. After a consideration of certain aspects of the provisions of these laws, their administration in the major seaports will be surveyed. It will then be shown how the increasing opposition by business inter- ests to state legislation, culminating in decisions by the Supreme Court declaring such regulation unconstitutional, eventually paved the way for the 1882 Act of Congress. I. THE STATUTORY BACKGROUND Nine of the thirteen colonies reflected in their enactments the desire to protect the community from the burden of foreigners likely to 1 Federal space and sanitation requirements, however, date back to 1819. Federal legis- lation is conveniently compiled in U.S. Immigration Commission, Reports, vol. XXXIX (Washington, 1911). Cf. John Higham, Strangers in the Land (New Brunswick, N. J.; Rutgers University Press, 1955), p. 44. This article does not discuss legislation enacted in a number of states which barred foreign convicts. - The author acknowledges with gratitude the many helpful suggestions made by Professor Carter Goodrich, who super- vised his doctoral thesis "Public Poor Relief in America, 1790-1860" (Columbia University, 1952) from which much of the material for this article is taken. -
What Do the War on Drugs and Welfare Reform Have in Common?
The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare Volume 41 Issue 1 March Article 2 2014 Pathologies of the Poor: What do the War on Drugs and Welfare Reform Have in Common? Kalynn Amundson University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, [email protected] Anna M. Zajicek University of Arkansas, Fayetteville Valerie H. Hunt University of Arkansas, Fayetteville Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/jssw Part of the Public Policy Commons, Social Policy Commons, and the Social Work Commons Recommended Citation Amundson, Kalynn; Zajicek, Anna M.; and Hunt, Valerie H. (2014) "Pathologies of the Poor: What do the War on Drugs and Welfare Reform Have in Common?," The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare: Vol. 41 : Iss. 1 , Article 2. Available at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/jssw/vol41/iss1/2 This Article is brought to you by the Western Michigan University School of Social Work. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Pathologies of the Poor: What do the War on Drugs and Welfare Reform Have in Common? KALYNN AMUNDSON Public Policy Ph D Program University of Arkansas, Fayetteville ANNA M. ZAJICEK Department of Sociology University of Arkansas, Fayetteville VALERIE H. HUNT Public Policy Ph D Program University of Arkansas, Fayetteville The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconcilia- tion Act of 1996 (PRWORA) authorized drug testing of welfare recipients as a criterion for assistance eligibility. This raises the question of a possible confluence of War on Drugs and Welfare Reform policies, as indicated by continuity in policymakers’ rheto- ric. We examine federal-level policymakers’ debates surrounding the authorization of drug testing welfare recipients. -
Families Coping Without Earnings Or Government Cash Assistance
Families Coping without Earnings or Government Cash Assistance Sheila R. Zedlewski Sandi Nelson The Urban Institute with Kathryn Edin Northwestern University Heather Koball Kate Pomper Tracy Roberts The Urban Institute Occasional Paper Number 64 Assessing the New Federalism An Urban Institute Program to Assess Changing Social Policies Families Coping without Earnings or Government Cash Assistance Sheila R. Zedlewski Sandi Nelson The Urban Institute with Kathryn Edin Northwestern University Heather Koball Kate Pomper Tracy Roberts The Urban Institute Occasional Paper Number 64 The Urban Institute 2100 M Street, NW Washington, DC 20037 Assessing Phone: 202.833.7200 the New Fax: 202.429.0687 Federalism E-mail: [email protected] An Urban Institute http://www.urban.org Program to Assess Changing Social Policies Copyright © February 2003. The Urban Institute. All rights reserved. Except for short quotes, no part of this paper may be reproduced in any form or utilized in any form by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the Urban Institute. This report is part of the Urban Institute’s Assessing the New Federalism project, a multiyear effort to monitor and assess the devolution of social programs from the federal to the state and local levels. Alan Weil is the project director. The project analyzes changes in income support, social services, and health programs. In collaboration with Child Trends, the project studies child and family well-being. This study was funded by the Smith Richardson Foundation and the David and Lucile Packard Foundation. The Assess- ing the New Federalism project is currently supported by The Annie E. -
Community Empowerment: Critical Perspectives from Scotland
Community Empowerment: Critical Perspectives from Scotland Edited by Akwugo Emejulu and Mae Shaw The Glasgow Papers Acknowledgements The Editors would like to thank the Community Development Journal for funding this publication. © The Editors and Contributors September 2010 Edinburgh: Community Development Journal The Glasgow Papers are so-called because the idea of this collection was originally stimulated by a seminar held in Glasgow in 2009, hosted by the Community Development Journal. Contents Editorial introduction 5 Akwugo Emejulu and Mae Shaw 1. Anti-welfarism and the making of the ‘problem’ community 8 Gerry Mooney 2. Preventing violent extremism through community work? Essentialism and manipulation 13 Zakaria el Salahi 3. Anti-social behaviour: Imagining social justice 20 Matthew Priest 4. Trust in the community? Development Trusts in Scotland 28 Ian Cooke 5. Poverty in Scotland: Three challenges for community development 33 Peter Kelly 6. Oor Mad History: Community history as a way of revitalising mental health collective advocacy 40 Anne O’Donnell 7. What’s the problem with communities these days? Learning networks, root causes and solutions 46 Chik Collins 8. The Tenants’ Movement: Incorporation and independence 53 Sarah Glynn 9. Community development for environmental justice 58 Eurig Scandrett 10. Capacity building for activism: Learning from the past for the future 65 Lynn McCabe 11. Partnership in action: A personal reflection 71 Stuart Fairweather 12. Community engagement: For whom? 76 Keith Paterson Biographical details of authors 82 33 44 Community Empowerment: Critical Perspectives from Scotland Editorial Introduction Akwugo Emejulu and Mae Shaw Community development in Scotland has a rich and diverse history. It has emerged from an ambivalent provenance: benevolent paternalism, social welfare (and control), and social and political action ‘from below’ in pursuit of social justice. -
The Cultural Meaning of the "Welfare Queen": Using State Constitutions to Challenge Child Exclusion Provisions
THE CULTURAL MEANING OF THE "WELFARE QUEEN": USING STATE CONSTITUTIONS TO CHALLENGE CHILD EXCLUSION PROVISIONS RiSA E. KAuftIA.N* I. The Race Discrimination Underlying Child Exclusion Provisions .................................................... 304 A. The Welfare System's History of Discrimination Against African American Women ............................... 305 B. Images of the "Welfare Queen" ......................... 308 C. Illumination of History and Representation via the Cultural Meaning Test ................................... 312 I. The Insufficiency of Equal Protection Doctrine in Eliminating Race Discrimination in Welfare "Reform" Legislation ................................................... 314 III. The Use of State Constitutions for Challenging the Race Discrimination Inherent in Child Exclusion Provisions ...... 321 IV. Conclusion: The Advantages and Limitations of a Cultural Meaning Test ................................................ 326 The stereotype of the lazy, black welfare mother who "breeds children at the expense of the taxpayers in order to increase the amount of her welfare check"1 informs and justifies the ongoing welfare debate. This debate has led to the passage of recent federal welfare "reform" legislation eliminating the federal entitlement program of Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC).2 The debate now continues at the state * Law Clerk, the Honorable Ira DeMent, Middle District of Alabama; J.D., 1997, New York University; B.A., 1994, Talane University. I would like to thank, for their support and guidance, Paulette Caldwell, Martha F. Davis, Barbara Fedders, Lisa Kung, Anne Kysar, Jennie Pittman, Preston Pugh, Lynn Vogelstein, the staff of the N.Y.U. Review of Law and Social Change, and my family. 1. Dorothy Roberts, Punishing Drug Addicts Who Have Babies: Women of Color, Equality and Right to Privacy, 104 HARv. L. REv. 1419, 1443. -
Supporting Child Welfare Workers
Supporting Child Welfare Workers Invest in the workforce, invest in NYS’ children and families New York State Citizen Review Panels 2019 Annual Report Supporting Child Welfare Workers Invest in the workforce Invest in NYS' children and families NYS Citizen Review Panels The New York State (NYS) Citizen Review Panels (the Panels) for Child Protective Services (CPS) are important conduits for public sentiment and offer an external perspective on the efficacy of New York State’s child protective policies, practices, programs, and fiscal priorities. Panel members, appointed by the Governor or the NYS Legislature, are volunteers with a breadth of experience and knowledge in child welfare practice and law, social work, education, and technology, among other areas. Each of the three Panels has up to 13 members. Of those members, the Governor appoints seven, and the Senate President and Speaker of the Assembly appoint three each. The Western Panel covers the 17 counties in the western region of the State. The New York City Panel covers the five boroughs of New York City. The Eastern Panel covers the remaining 40 counties. The Panels are authorized by both State and Federal law to examine the policies, procedures, and practices of the state and local departments of social services and, where appropriate, the outcome of specific cases. The Panels are authorized to hold public hearings and to evaluate the extent to which the agencies are effectively discharging their child protection responsibilities. The Panels have reasonable access to public and private facilities receiving public funds to provide child welfare services within the Panel jurisdiction. -
The Politics of Welfare Retrenchment, 1873-1898 and 1973-2002
City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works All Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects 2002 No Relief: The Politics of Welfare Retrenchment, 1873-1898 and 1973-2002 Stephen Pimpare Graduate Center, City University of New York How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/1690 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9’ black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. -
Welfare Dependency: Questioning Common Assumptions
Welfare Dependency: Questioning Common Assumptions by Michael French Smith, Ph.D. There is wide agreement that the welfare system sumed by the Supplemental Security Income (SSI) pro- (means-tested cash and in-kind assistance programs, gram in the 1970s. 'I'he Social Security Act was a chiefly Aid to Families with Dependent Children) is response to political unrest and a burgeoning need for replete with problems.' Mainstream periodicals - such as assistance caused by the Great Depression. It was made Time, Newsweek, Business Week, the New Republic, and politically possible, in part, because prevailing attitudes The Atlantic Monthly - routinely refer to the problems toward poverty changed as a result of the widesprexl of "welfare dependency," the "culture of poverty," or the hardship caused by the 1)eprt:ssion. Thc economist "culture of welfare dependency." The subject of this Bradley Schiller writes: paper is the commonly held assumption that a large per- centage of welfare recipients become dependent on It was not until the depression of the 1890s that m:my public assistance. Related assumptions are that welfare people seriously began to question the proposition that recipients are seduced by the system into a self-perpetu- poverty resulted from sin and slovenliness ....13111 it \vas not until 15 n~illionAmericans simultaneously rxperi- ating culture of dependence, and that the system inad- enced unemployment in the depths of the Great Ikprcs- vertantly increases poverty by swelling the ranks of the sion that a really new perspcctivc on poverty took hold. idle and fostering families headed by single women Only as millions of otherwise re>ponsihle and industri- unable to provide for their children. -
The Myth of Post- Emotionalism
LSE Research Online Article (refereed) Hartley Dean The third way and social welfare : the myth of post- emotionalism Originally published in Social policy and administration, 37 (7). pp. 695- 708 © 2003 Blackwell Publishing. You may cite this version as: Dean, Hartley (2003). The third way and social welfare : the myth of post- emotionalism [online]. London: LSE Research Online. Available at: http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/archive/00000354 Available online: August 2005 LSE has developed LSE Research Online so that users may access research output of the School. Copyright © and Moral Rights for the papers on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. Users may download and/or print one copy of any article(s) in LSE Research Online to facilitate their private study or for non-commercial research. You may not engage in further distribution of the material or use it for any profit-making activities or any commercial gain. You may freely distribute the URL (http://eprints.lse.ac.uk) of the LSE Research Online website. This document is the author’s final manuscript version of the journal article, incorporating any revisions agreed during the peer review process. Some differences between this version and the publisher’s version remain. You are advised to consult the publisher’s version if you wish to cite from it. http://eprints.lse.ac.uk Contact LSE Research Online at: [email protected] The Third Way and Social Welfare: The myth of post-emotionalism Hartley Dean Author’s final draft Published 2003 in Social Policy and Administration, vol. -
Hunger Is No Accident
HUNGER IS NO ACCIDENT: New York and Federal Welfare Policies Violate the Human Right to Food This report is produced by the New York City Welfare Reform and Human Rights Documentation Project This report was made possible by funding from: The Ford Foundation Mazon: A Jewish Response to Hunger The Rose and Sherle Wagner Foundation The Shaler Adams Foundation The Strategic Alliance Fund For a free copy of this report, please contact the Urban Justice Center’s Human Rights Project 666 Broadway, 10th Floor _ New York, NY 10012 Tel: (212) 533-0540 _ Fax: (212) 533-4598 E-mail: [email protected] or download a copy from our website at www.ujchumanrights.org © 2000 New York City Welfare Reform and Human Rights Documentation Project Permission is hereby granted to reprint any portion of this report for any non-commercial reasons. New York City Welfare Reform and Human Rights Documentation Project The New York City Welfare Reform and Human Rights Documentation Project is a collaboration of anti- poverty organizations that work together to monitor the implementation and impact of welfare reform in New York City. Trained monitors gather quantitative and qualitative data that document the experiences of welfare applicants, recipients or former recipients throughout New York City. Using this data, the Documentation Project produces and disseminates reports in order to continue the push for a higher standard of government accountability for meeting basic human needs. The Documentation Project is coordinated by: Community Food Resource Center