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A Regional Study of Secular and Sectarian Orphanages and Their Response to Progressive Era Child-Saving Reforms, 1880-1930

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A Regional Study of Secular and Sectarian Orphanages and Their Response to Progressive Era Child-Saving Reforms, 1880-1930 Closer Connections: A Regional Study of Secular and Sectarian Orphanages and Their Response to Progressive Era Child-Saving Reforms, 1880-1930 A dissertation submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Cincinnati in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy In the Department of History of the College of Arts and Sciences by Debra K. Burgess B.A. University of Cincinnati June 2012 M.A. University of Cincinnati April 2014 Committee Chair: Mark A. Raider, Ph.D. 24:11 Abstract Closer Connections: A Regional Study of Secular and Sectarian Orphanages and Their Response to Progressive Era Child-Saving Reforms, 1880-1930 by Debra K. Burgess Child welfare programs in the United States have their foundation in the religious traditions brought to the country up through the late nineteenth century by immigrants from many European nations. These programs were sometimes managed within the auspices of organized religious institutions but were also found among the ad hoc efforts of religiously- motivated individuals. This study analyzes how the religious traditions of Catholicism, Judaism, and Protestantism established and maintained institutions of all sizes along the lines of faith- based dogma and their relationship to American cultural influences in the Midwest cities of Cincinnati, Cleveland, and Pittsburgh during the period of 1880-1930. These influences included: the close ties between (or constructive indifference exhibited by) the secular and sectarian stakeholders involved in child-welfare efforts, the daily needs of children of immigrants orphaned by parental disease, death, or desertion, and the rising influence of social welfare professionals and proponents of the foster care system. This study incorporates material from the archives of the Jacob Rader Marcus Center of the American Jewish Archives, the Cincinnati Historical Society, the Western Reserve Historical Society in Cleveland, and the Western Pennsylvania Historical Society in Pittsburgh. The records of Catholic, Jewish, and Protestant orphanages in Cincinnati (the German Protestant Orphan Home, St. Aloysius, St. Joseph’s, and the Orthodox Jewish Orphan Home), Cleveland (the Jones i 24:11 Home and School for Friendless Children and the Cleveland Protestant Orphan Asylum, St. Joseph’s Orphanage, St. Vincent’s Orphanage, Home of the Holy Family, and the Jewish Orphan Asylum) and in Pittsburgh (the J. M. Gusky Home for Hebrew Children, the Protestant Orphan Asylum, St. Paul’s Orphanage, and the Home of the Holy Family). In addition, diocesan records of Cincinnati, Cleveland, and Pittsburgh offered material in connection with Catholic Church directives on the guardianship and education of orphaned and abandoned children. Parochial and religious education records for Catholic and Jewish children who lived in these institutions shed additional light on several aspects of their daily lives. Newspaper reports on fundraising efforts undertaken on behalf of these institutions and their charges were also useful, along with reports issued by various auxiliary institutional support groups. These original archival research efforts have been analyzed in the context of previous work by gifted scholars in the fields of Immigration, Social History, Child Welfare, and American Religious History that examine pieces of the puzzle this study seeks to solve. The efforts of religious individuals directed at the care of vulnerable children within their communities were originally mounted as an alternative to secular child welfare programs. Over time, these efforts would have to adapt to changes within the American social landscape that diminished the role of faith. ii 24:11 Closer Connections: A Regional Study of Secular and Sectarian Orphanages and Their Response to Progressive Era Child-Saving Reforms, 1880-1930 Copyright © 2020 by Debra K. Burgess iii 24:11 Acknowledgements One of the best parts of being a historian is the opportunity to transform into Lewis Carroll’s heroine and follow little waist-coated rabbits down mysterious holes. At times, you risk getting trapped in an endless tunnel of one clue following another, and another, and another, without ever reaching a satisfying conclusion. Yet, at other times, you are able to weave the tiny threads of information left behind by our friend the rabbit together into something meaningful. That has been my experience with the topic of sectarian child saving in nineteenth century America and how it was transformed by Progressive Era reforms. I would first like to thank members of my committee, Dr. Yaakov Ariel, Dr. Maura O’Connor, Dr. David Stradling, and Dr. Mark A. Raider. I am grateful to Dr. Yaakov Ariel, of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, who agreed early on to be part of my dissertation committee. His insights into the relationships among different religions at important turning points in the American experience have been invaluable. Dr. Maura O’Connor of the University of Cincinnati is an amazing role model as a scholar, author, and educator. I am grateful for her willingness to be a part of my committee. I would also like to thank Dr. David Stradling of the University of Cincinnati who has been an honest, and thoughtful, contributor to my growth as a student and historian. His ability to guide, without micromanaging, the development of this study has helped me strive to do my best work. Finally, I would like to acknowledge the contributions of Dr. Mark A. Raider of the University of Cincinnati to my work and evolution as a scholar. Without his consistent support, encouragement, and mentoring, I would never have arrived at the point where I am able to defend a work in which I am invested so deeply. Abraham Lincoln said, “I am a success today because I had a friend who believed in me and I did not have the heart to let him down.” Dr. Raider is that friend. There have been iv 24:11 several professors in my undergraduate and graduate career who have inspired and encouraged me to pursue this dream. I would not be at the threshold of this achievement without mentors like Dr. Raider and Dr. Sigrun Haude whose encouragement allowed me to press forward with this project, even when I was unsure of my contributions. I would also like to acknowledge the time and assistance of the archivists, librarians, curators, and historians who aided me in my research. Sara L. Ater of the Cincinnati Archdiocesan Archives, Dr. Gary P. Zola (Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion), executive director of the Jacob Rader Marcus Center of the American Jewish Archives, and the AJA staff especially Dr. Dana Herman, Elisa Ho and Kevin Proffitt, David Schlitt of the Rauh Jewish Archives at the Heinz History Center, Christine Engels and the research librarians at the Cincinnati Historical Society Library and Archives, the Sisters of Notre Dame, the Cleveland and Pittsburgh Diocesan Archives, and members of the Herschede family who allowed me access to family papers and photographs. And, I would like to thank my doctoral program colleagues, Angela Stiefbold, Kristen Fleming, Bela Kashyap, Evan Johnson, Maurice Adkins, Peter Niehoff, and Anne Delano Steinert, who have helped me keep my sanity, and dear family friends, Franklin Foster and Shannon Whitaker, who agreed to read an early draft of this dissertation, their generous friendship has been a gift. Adoption is a part of my life experience. It has helped me to understand that giving up a child to be raised by others can often be a selfless act of the highest form of love. My Mother was adopted by my grandparents when she was just two weeks old. Twenty-one years later, as a struggling young mother, abandoned by her husband, with two small children of her own, she would likely have had to place my brother and I up for adoption, had it not been for my grandparents. When she remarried a few years later, my brother Michael and I were adopted by v 24:11 her second husband, our Dad. I am also a wife and a mother; part of a blended family that includes both biological and bonus children. My husband and I each had two children from first marriages and together we added our fifth. Two of our children were adopted as newborns through Catholic Family Services and so our family is one that is not defined solely by genetics. All of these experiences have informed who I am and how I have approached this dissertation topic. My husband, Doug, and our children, Christopher, Brian, Kevin, Brittany, and Matthew, our daughters-in-law Stephanie and Melanie, and grandchildren, Lilly, Kurtis, and Juniper have been my cheerleaders on the long road of pursuing my doctorate. Their love and support have been the inspiration that have allowed me to finish this dissertation. vi 24:11 With Love and Gratitude for Doug, and Our Children Christopher, Brian, Kevin, Brittany, and Matthew vii 24:11 Table of Contents Introduction ,,….…………………………………………………………….………….……… 1 Chapter 1 – Class, Ethnicity, and Faith: Factors in Shaping Communal Responses to Midwest Progressivism …………………………………………………………………….……. 17 Chapter 2 – Disrupting the Status Quo or Introducing Order?: Bosses, Progressives, Social Gospelers, and the New Philanthropy….…………………………………...…………. 60 Chapter 3 – Public Child Welfare and Protestant Charity ..………………..……….………… 92 Chapter 4 – A Light of Renewal: Nineteenth-Century Catholic Charity …………………….. 136 Chapter 5 – Diaspora in Retrograde: The Jewish Community’s Regional Response ……….. 202 Chapter 6 – Fostering Change: Adopting Progressive Era Child Welfare Reforms ………… 269 Conclusion …………………………………………………………………………………... 344 Bibliography ..……………………………………………………………………………….. 363 viii 24:11 Tables Table 1 – Jewish Populations …………………………………………………………………… 33 Table 2 – The Children Released to Frank and Sadie Herschede from the St. Aloysius Orphan Asylum – 1894-1924 ……………………………………………………………. 167 ix 24:11 Illustrations and Images Fig. 1 - “The Wisdom of the West,” Cover, Punch, or the London Charivari, May 4, 1910. Fig. 2 – “‘Map of the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago and Cleveland and Pittsburg, Grand Rapids and Indiana, and Pennsylvania Railroads’ (1874), Rand McNally and Co.” Fig.
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