Spinal Anatomy

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Anterior Spinal Column Odontoid process Axis (anterior articular facet) Tubercle for transverse Atlas (C1) C2 Anterior tubercle ligament of atlas Superior articular facet Spinal Facet for odontoid process Lateral mass Transverse foramen Axis (C2) Transverse process Transverse Atlas Cervical process Anatomy C1 Vertebrae Body Superior Inferior articular facet Copyright 2010 www.DCFirst.com Groove for articular vertebral artery facet C7 & www.ChiropracticPoster.com Posterior tubercle Vertebral foramen { T1 Anterior tubercle of Left Lateral View transverse process Body Transverse foramen of Spinal Column Posterior tubercle of Groove for transverse process Cervical spinal nerve Curve C5 Posterior Spinal Column Zygopophyseal Joint Superior articular Inferior articular Lamina facet (process) process (Arch) Vertebral foramen Spinous process Costal Facet for Transverse Process The 1st Rib on T7 Spinous Process Thoracic Anterior tubercle Vertebrae Transverse foramen Posterior tubercle Superior articular C7 facet (process) Lamina Inferior (Arch) articular process Thoracic Curve Spinous process (Kyphotic) Superior Costal Facet Transverse Costal Facet Horizontal section through an intervertebral disc Inferior Costal Facet T12 Vertebral Body Nucleus pulposus L1 { Intervertebral Disc Anulus fibrosus Lumbar Vertebrae Intervertebral Superior articular Foramina process and facet Body Superior facet for head of rib Transverse costal facet T6 Lateral view Superior Articular L5 Process Inferior facet for head of rib Spinous Mammillary Process { Lumbar process Sacrum Inferior Curve articular (Lordotic) Pedicle Inferior vertebral notch Sacral process Ala Inferior Articular Sacral Process Brim T10 Spinous process Superior view Transverse Transverse process Lamina Ridges Facet for tubercle Anterior Sacral of rib Foramina Apex of Sacrum Superior articular process Vertebral Facet for head of rib foramen Coccyx Sacral Curve Articular Surface Body of Sacrum Ligamenta flava connecting two thoracic vertebrae. Posterior Sacral Foramina L3 Vertebra Intervertebral Spinous process foramen Lateral Sacral Ligamentum Crest Mammillary process Superior articular flavum process Nucleus Interspinous Medial Sacral pulposus ligament Crest Transverse process Anulus fibrosus Pedicle Vertebral Sacral Hiatus foramen Intervertebral Vertebral disc Inferior Ligamentum flavum body vertebral notch Coccyx.

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Ligaments of the Costovertebral Joints Including Biomechanics, Innervations, and Clinical Applications: a Comprehensive Review W
Open Access Review Article DOI: 10.7759/cureus.874 Ligaments of the Costovertebral Joints including Biomechanics, Innervations, and Clinical Applications: A Comprehensive Review with Application to Approaches to the Thoracic Spine Erfanul Saker 1 , Rachel A. Graham 2 , Renee Nicholas 3 , Anthony V. D’Antoni 2 , Marios Loukas 1 , Rod J. Oskouian 4 , R. Shane Tubbs 5 1. Department of Anatomical Sciences, St. George's University School of Medicine, Grenada, West Indies 2. Department of Anatomy, The Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education 3. Department of Physical Therapy, Samford University 4. Neurosurgery, Complex Spine, Swedish Neuroscience Institute 5. Neurosurgery, Seattle Science Foundation Corresponding author: Erfanul Saker, [email protected] Abstract Few studies have examined the costovertebral joint and its ligaments in detail. Therefore, the following review was performed to better elucidate their anatomy, function and involvement in pathology. Standard search engines were used to find studies concerning the costovertebral joints and ligaments. These often- overlooked ligaments of the body serve important functions in maintaining appropriate alignment between the ribs and spine. With an increasing interest in minimally invasive approaches to the thoracic spine and an improved understanding of the function and innervation of these ligaments, surgeons and clinicians should have a good working knowledge of these structures. Categories: Neurosurgery, Orthopedics, Rheumatology Keywords: costovertebral joint, spine, anatomy, thoracic Introduction And Background The costovertebral joint ligaments are relatively unknown and frequently overlooked anatomical structures [1]. Although small and short in size, they are abundant, comprising 108 costovertebral ligaments in the normal human thoracic spine, and they are essential to its stability and function [2-3].
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Lab Manual Axial Skeleton Atla
1 PRE-LAB EXERCISES When studying the skeletal system, the bones are often sorted into two broad categories: the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. This lab focuses on the axial skeleton, which consists of the bones that form the axis of the body. The axial skeleton includes bones in the skull, vertebrae, and thoracic cage, as well as the auditory ossicles and hyoid bone. In addition to learning about all the bones of the axial skeleton, it is also important to identify some significant bone markings. Bone markings can have many shapes, including holes, round or sharp projections, and shallow or deep valleys, among others. These markings on the bones serve many purposes, including forming attachments to other bones or muscles and allowing passage of a blood vessel or nerve. It is helpful to understand the meanings of some of the more common bone marking terms. Before we get started, look up the definitions of these common bone marking terms: Canal: Condyle: Facet: Fissure: Foramen: (see Module 10.18 Foramina of Skull) Fossa: Margin: Process: Throughout this exercise, you will notice bold terms. This is meant to focus your attention on these important words. Make sure you pay attention to any bold words and know how to explain their definitions and/or where they are located. Use the following modules to guide your exploration of the axial skeleton. As you explore these bones in Visible Body’s app, also locate the bones and bone markings on any available charts, models, or specimens. You may also find it helpful to palpate bones on yourself or make drawings of the bones with the bone markings labeled.
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Skeleton of the Spine and the Thorax
SKELETON OF THE SPINE AND THE THORAX Pages 37- 42 and 54 - 57 Skeleton of the spine Vertebral Column . forms the basic structure of the trunk . consists of 33-34 vertebrae and intervertebral discs . 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar = true vertebrae . sacrum and coccyx fused = false vertebrae Vertebra . all vertebrae have certain features in common (vertebral body, vertebral arch and seven processes) and regional differences . vertebral body . vetrebral arch pedicle lamina spinous process transverse process articular processes . vertebral foramen . vetrebral notch Cervical vertebrae . transverse foramen (foramen transversarium) in the transverse process . transverse processes of cervical vertebrae end laterally in two projection for attachment of cervical muscles anterior tubercle and posterior tubercle . bifid spinous process . C6 - tuberculum caroticum . C7 - vertebra prominens Atlas C1 . a ring-shaped bone . has neither a boby nor a spinous process . lateral masses . anterior and posterior arches . anterior and posterior tubercles . superior and inferior articular surfaces . articular facet for dens Axis C2 . serves as the pivot about which the rotation of the head occurs . odontoid process = dens . anterior articular facet Thoracic vertebrae . spinous process is long and running posteroinferiorly . superior costal facet . inferior costal facet . transverse process has an articulating facet for the tubercle of a rib = costal facet . the body is heart-shaped Lumbar vertebrae . massive bodies . accessory process - on the posterior surface of the base of each transverse process . mammilary process - on the posterior surface of the superior articular process . costal process Sacrum solid triangular bone . base . wings (alae) . apex . dorsal surface median crest intermediate crest lateral crest posterior sacral foramina superior art. processes .
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Introduction Joint Facet Tropism Was Previously Defined As the Difference
1 Introduction 2 Joint facet tropism was previously defined as the difference between right and left 3D orientation of the facet-joint 3 (Brailsford, 1929). Additionally, spine joints morphology (i.e. surface geometry) has been also shown to be of 4 clinical relevance while possibly determining degenerative processes (e.g. osteoarthritis, degenerative 5 spondylolisthesis) or injury mechanisms of the spine (Liu et al., 2017). Tropism together with facet 3D orientation 6 have been proposed as factors likely associated with laterality of specific diseases in both the lumbar spine (Alonso 7 et al., 2017; Gao et al., 2017; Kalichman et al., 2009) and the cervical spine (Rong et al., 2017b; Xu et al., 2016, 8 2014). However, considering the costovertebral joint complexes which are involved in both respiratory function 9 (Cappello and De Troyer, 2002) and thoracic spine stability (Brasiliense et al., 2011; Liebsch et al., 2017; Oda et 10 al., 1996; Takeuchi et al., 1999; Watkins et al., 2005), it is questionable how tropism could similarly affect costal 11 facets, but literature concerning costal facets remains qualitative (Drake et al., 2010; Moore et al., 2010; Struthers, 12 1874). In addition, costal facet geometry may partly explain the variability in rib motion during breathing 13 movement (Beyer et al., 2016, 2015). Finally, since the costal facets are also related to the orientation of the 14 transverse processes (Bastir et al., 2014; Gray et al., 2005) measurements of 3D morphometric features of both 15 vertebrae and costal facets can contribute to the understanding of functional and clinical aspects of the rib/vertebra 16 relationship.
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Lecture 22 - Thoracic Walls and Diaphram
LECTURE 22 - THORACIC WALLS AND DIAPHRAM Function – protection and breathing Ribcage – bony framework of the thorax supporting the thoracic cage covered by tissues like muscles and skin. The breast is also part of the thoracic wall The ribcage is composed of the following bones– • Sternum – made of three parts, o Manubrium – the top section of the sternum where sternoclavicular joints are found o The body o Xiphoid process – the bottom • 12 thoracic vertebrae and intervertebral discs • 12 pairs of ribs and costal cartilages o true ribs – ribs 1 – 7 have their own cartilage that directly articulates to the sternum o false ribs – ribs 8 – 10 have cartilage that articulate with the cartilage of the above rib, hence they indirectly articulate with the sternum o floating ribs – ribs 11 and 12 do not have cartilage and do not articulate with the sternum The structure of typical ribs - Ribs 3 – 9 are typical ribs, and 1,2, 10 – 12 are atypical ribs Typical ribs – • vertebral end – the head of the rib is at the posterior and articulates with the transverse processes of the spine, • the vertebral end has two smooth impressions called facets, then the vertebral end narrows into a neck • articular facet - tubercle that is smooth for articulation • the tubercle lateral to the articular facet is for muscle attachment • the body of the rib is curved • the top of the body is called the superior border, the bottom is the inferior border. • The costal groove runs along the inferior border and it is for neurovascular supply to muscles between ribs • sternal end – anterior, smooth Thoracic vertebra – Typically have 3 facets on each side.
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Axial Skeleton
EXERCISE 9 The Axial Skeleton Objectives □ Name the three parts of the axial skeleton. □ Identify the bones of the axial skeleton, either by examining isolated bones or by pointing them out on an articulated skeleton or skull, and name the important bone markings on each. □ Name and describe the different types of vertebrae. □ Discuss the importance of intervertebral discs and spinal curvatures. □ Identify three abnormal spinal curvatures. □ List the components of the thoracic cage. □ Identify the bones of the fetal skull by examining an articulated skull or image. □ Define fontanelle, and discuss the function and fate of fontanelles. □ Discuss important differences between the fetal and adult skulls. Materials Pre-Lab Quiz ● Intact skull and Beauchene skull 1. The axial skeleton can be divided into the skull, the vertebral column, ● X-ray images of individuals with scoliosis, and the: lordosis, and kyphosis (if available) a. thoracic cage c. hip bones ● Articulated skeleton, articulated vertebral b. femur d. humerus column, removable intervertebral discs 2. Eight bones make up the , which encloses and protects the ● Isolated cervical, thoracic, and lumbar brain. vertebrae, sacrum, and coccyx a. cranium b. face c. skull ● Isolated fetal skull 3. How many bones of the skull are considered facial bones? 4. Circle the correct underlined term. The lower jawbone, or maxilla / mandible, articulates with the temporal bones in the only freely movable joints in the skull. 5. Circle the correct underlined term. The body / spinous process of a typical vertebra forms the rounded, central portion that faces anteriorly in the human vertebral column. 6. The seven bones of the neck are called vertebrae.
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Introduction to Spinal Anatomy
55942_CH01_Vander.qxd 2/10/09 12:48 PM Page 1 © Jones and Bartlett Publishers, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Spinal Anatomy MORPHOLOGY With a newborn infant, the spine as a whole exhibits a dorsal-facing convexity in the sagittal plane. During the first few years of life, this convexity diminishes in the cervical and lumbar regions of the spine, and after the third year this initial kyphosis develops into an opposite curvature, the cervical and lumbar lordosis. The spine attains its defin- itive morphology after the 10th year, when the curvatures become set. The morphology is determined by the fact that the intervertebral disks—and to a lesser extent the vertebral bodies—are wedge shaped. In lordotic areas, these struc- tures are higher on the ventral side than on their dorsal as- pect; in the thoracic area, the opposite is true. The lordotic morphology of the cervical and lumbar spine helps bear the weight of the head and the torso, re- spectively, thereby unloading the dorsal anular fibers. In terms of movement, the S-shaped curved and articulated spine has certain advantages over a totally straight spine (Figure 1–1). Because the individual vertebrae can move in relation to each other, movements in the lumbopelvic region can be compensated for by movements in the more cranial segments. Without these compensatory abilities, a small range of caudal movement would require a signifi- cantly greater range of cervical movement. The formula R = N2 + 1 proposed by Kapandji (1974), in which he in- dicates that the load-bearing capacity is directly propor- tional to the number of curvatures squared plus one, appears incorrect.
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Spine and Vertebra RIBS STERNUM Danil Hammoudi.MD
Spine and vertebra RIBS STERNUM Danil Hammoudi.MD http://www.getbodysmart.com/ap/skeletalsystem/skeleton/axial/ver tebrae/atlas/animation.html 1 Axial v. Appendicular Skeleton Green axial § Axial Skeleton § Skull § Vertebral column § Thoracic cage § Ribs and sternum § Appendicular Skeleton Gold – App. § Bones of the upper and lower limbs § Plus, pectoral and pelvic girdles 2 The spine, or vertebral column, is composed of 5 main segments: •t he cervical, •t horacic, •and lumbar curvatures, • the sacrum, •and the coccyx. Each of these curvatures is composed of individual vertebrae, which provide structural support and protection for the spinal cord. There are 24 movablee vertebrae in the spine; •7 in the cervical curvature, •12 in the thoracic curvature, •5 in the lumbar curvature. •Additionally, the sacrum consists of 5 fused vertebrae •the coccyx is composed of three to five fused vertebrae. Regions of Vertebral Column Cervical 7 Lordosis Thoracic 12 Kyphosis Lumbar 5 Lordosis Sacral 5 fused lordosis Coccygeal 4 fused 3 The spine provides attachment for our ribs, muscles and ligaments which make up the trunk. It is divided into 3 regions: Neck (cervical) 7 vertebrae Thoracic 12 vertebrae Lumbar 5 vertebrae The four curves function to: a.increase the strength of the spine b.help maintain balance in the upright position c.absorb shocks from walking and jumping d.help protect the spine from fracture. 4 The vertebral column (also called the backbone, spine, or spinal column) consists of a series of 33 irregularly shaped bones, called vertebrae. These 33 bones are divided into five categories depending on where they are located in the backbone.
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Chapter 8 *Lecture Powerpoint the Skeletal System
Chapter 8 *Lecture PowerPoint The Skeletal System *See separate FlexArt PowerPoint slides for all figures and tables preinserted into PowerPoint without notes. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Introduction • Many organs are named for their relationships to nearby bones • Understanding muscle movements also depends on knowledge of skeletal anatomy • Positions, shapes, and processes of bones can serve as landmarks for clinicians 7-2 Overview of the Skeleton Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Frontal bone Parietal bone • Axial skeleton is Occipital bone Skull Maxilla colored tan Mandible Mandible – Forms central Clavicle Clavicle Pectoral girdle Scapula Scapula supporting axis of the Sternum body Thoracic Ribs Humerus cage Costal cartilages – Skull, vertebrae, sternum, ribs, Vertebral column sacrum, and hyoid Hip bone Pelvis Sacrum Ulna Coccyx Radius Carpus • Appendicular Metacarpal bones Phalanges skeleton is colored green Femur – Pectoral girdle Patella – Upper extremity Fibula – Pelvic girdle Tibia – Lower extremity Metatarsal bones Tarsus Phalanges 8-3 Figure 8.1 (a) Anterior view (b) Posterior view Bones of the Skeletal System • Number of bones – 206 in typical adult skeleton • Varies with development of sesamoid bones (patella) – Bones that form within some tendons in response to stress • Varies with presence of sutural (wormian) bones in skull – Extra bones that develop in skull suture lines – 270 bones at birth, decreases
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Applied Anatomy of the Thorax and Abdomen
Applied anatomy of the thorax and abdomen CHAPTER CONTENTS The posterior aspect of the vertebral body and the arch The thoracic spine e157 enclose the vertebral foramen. The spinal cord at the thoracic level is rounder and smaller than at the cervical level, and in The vertebra . e157 consequence the vertebral foramina are also smaller. The intervertebral disc . e157 Where the pedicles and laminae unite the transverse process The ligaments . e158 is found, slightly posterior to the articular process, pedicle and Facet joints . e158 intervertebral foramen. There is also an oval facet for the ribs on all the transverse processes, except for T11 and T12, to Content of the spinal canal . e158 which ribs are not attached. The thoracic cage e160 The spinous processes at mid-thorax are long and very Bony structures . e160 steeply inclined: each transverse process is at a level one Contractile structures . e161 and a half vertebrae higher than the tip of the corresponding Landmarks . e164 spinous process. In the upper and lower thorax, the spinous processes are less inclined; here, the corresponding transverse Movements of the thoracic spine and cage . e165 process is located approximately one level higher. The abdominal wall e165 The oval intervertebral foramina are located behind the vertebral bodies and between the pedicles of the adjacent vertebrae and contain the segmental nerve roots. In the tho- The thoracic spine racic spine, these are situated mainly behind the inferoposte- rior aspect of the upper vertebral body and not just behind the The vertebra disc. This makes a nerve root compression by a posterolateral displacement less likely at the thoracic level, whereas at the lumbar level nerve root compressions by posterolateral disc The thoracic spine has a primary dorsal convexity (Fig.
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Lab Manual Axial Skeleton A+P 12
1 PRE-LAB EXERCISES When studying the skeletal system, the bones are often sorted into two broad categories: the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. This lab focuses on the axial skeleton, which consists of the bones that form the axis of the body. The axial skeleton includes bones in the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage, as well as the auditory ossicles and hyoid bone. View Module 7.2 Axial and Appendicular Skeleton to highlight the bones of the axial skeleton and compare them to those of the appendicular skeleton. Examine Module 10.1 Axial Skeleton to view only the bones of the axial skeleton. In addition to learning about all the bones of the axial skeleton, it is also important to identify some significant bone markings. Bone markings can have many shapes, including holes, round or sharp projections, and shallow or deep valleys, among others. These markings on the bones serve many purposes, including forming attachments to other bones or muscles and allowing passage of a blood vessel or nerve. It is helpful to understand the meanings of some of the more common bone marking terms. Bones of the skull Thoracic cage Vertebral column 2 Before we get started, look up the definitions of these common bone marking terms: Canal: Condyle: Facet: Fissure: Foramen: (see Module 10.18 Foramina of Skull) Fossa: Margin: Process: Throughout this exercise, you will notice bold terms. This is meant to focus your attention on these important words. Make sure you pay attention to any bold words and know how to explain their definitions and/or where they are located.
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Anatomy of the Thorax
ANATOMY OF THE THORAX THORACIC CAGE, THORACIC WALL & SURFACE ANATOMY DR. A.O.AJELETI OUTLINE • THORACIC CAGE • SKELETAL ARTICULATION • THE THORACIC VERTEBRAE • THE STERNUM • THE RIBS • MUSCELES OF THORACIC WALLS • THE THORACIC WALL VESSELS Learning objective • By the end of this lecture, students should be able to: • Know the types and apertures of thoracic skeleton • Know the thoracic skeletal arrangement and articulation • Have the knowledge of manubrium and clinical importance • Know the types of ribs and coastal joints. • Understand the thoracic wall muscles and vessels • Describe the clinical correlates. THORACIC CAGE • Thoracic skeleton consists of consists of 12 thoracic vertebrae, 12 pairs of ribs and coastal cartilages and the sternum • Upper Aperture is formed by the body of the 1st thoracic vertebrae, 1st rib, 1st cartilage and the upper sternum margin. • The lower aperture is formed by the lower 6 coastal cartilages and the 12th ribs, the xiphoid process in front and the body of the 12th thoracic vertebra behind. • The 11th rib is longer than the 12th rib even close to the iliac crest. THORACIC WALL & CAVITY • Thoracic cavity is kidney shaped on T/S because the ribs are carried backward beyond the vertebral bodies. • Diaphragm dome rises to 5th or 6th rib level so bony thorax protects the heart and lungs also the upper abdominal viscera: liver, stomach and spleen. TYPICAL THORAX SKELETAL ARTICULATION • The costovertebral articulations include the joints of the head of the rib with two adjacent vertebral bodies and the tubercle of the rib with the transverse process of a vertebra. • There are two articular facets on the head of the rib: a larger, inferior costal facet for articulation with the vertebral body of its own number, and a smaller, superior costal facet for articulation with the vertebral body of the vertebra superior to the rib.
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