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Façade-Integrated Sustainable Technologies for Tall Buildings International Journal of Engineering Technology, Management and Applied Sciences www.ijetmas.comMay 2017, Volume 5, Issue 5, ISSN 2349-4476 FAÇADE-Integrated Sustainable Technologies for Tall Buildings: A discussion of the extent of adoption of such technologies in the most sustainable fifth generation tall buildings and the trends of the future Marionne James M.Arch. Sustainable Tall Buildings University of Nottingham, UK ABSTRACT CLIMATE change and energy depletion are two of the greatest risks facing humanity in the 21st century. Urbanisation is increasing the rate of energy depletion in many ways - demand for buildings, for transport,for more energy consumption and for higher living standards for a great number of people.Buildings account for about 1/3rd of the global greenhouse gas emissions and it is estimated that they account for 40% of global energy utilization,25%of global water usage and 40% of global resourcesutilization.Our buildings need to be more sustainable and energy efficient. In the classification of tall buildings, the term „fifth generation‟ is used to describe ones with high environmental and energy performance. The building façade is the main visible element of a building, acting as a boundary between the interior and the exterior, working as an interface between the living spaces and the external climate, influencing comfort and energy efficiency. Residential buildings have the advantages of balconies and active residents to operate blinds and windows. The more difficult design task is for the office building where occupants expect the building to be comfortable, but have almost no say in the control systems. If the façade fails to provide a habitable environment, mechanical and electrical systems (MEP) fill the gap. Sustainable environmental performancecan be attained only with the smart use of new efficient facade systemsthatreduce the MEP, and helps us design and build low energy buildings for a low carbon future. A new paradigm of facades has emerged which interact with the external environment by the integration of new technologies, some with intelligent controls. Some make use of long standing passive technologies such as solar shading and thermal mass. New areas of interest are active technologies such as control systems, whichcan respond to the environmental demands, energy generating surfaces, active shading layers, even the ideas of biomimeticfacades that are designed to perform responsively, like natural organisms. A detailed study of these technologies especially analysing the thermal behaviour of different façade systems and materials along with case studies will be carried out to learn how these approaches can be implementedand to what extent it can help in the approach to carbon neutrality. Sustainable futuristic façade technologies such as breathing facades, fabric facades, air filtering facades will also be covered in the study. CHAPTER -1.INTRODUCTION demand for buildings, for transport, for more energy consumption and for higher living standards for a CLIMATE change and Energy depletion are two of great number of people. the greatest risks facing humanity in the 21st 1 century. The world‘s population is growing, but According to the UNEP-SBCI , buildings account there is also urbanisation - polarisation of the for about 1/3rd of the global greenhouse gas population location and lifestyle as people move from country to cities. Urbanisation is increasing 1 United Nations Environment Program-Sustainable Buildings and the rate of energy depletion in many ways –higher Climate Initiatives (UNEP-SBCI) 165 Marionne James International Journal of Engineering Technology, Management and Applied Sciences www.ijetmas.comMay 2017, Volume 5, Issue 5, ISSN 2349-4476 emissions and it isestimated that they account for The number of tall buildings(above 200m) 40% of global energy utilization, 25% of global constructed in the last decadealoneexceeded the water usage and 40% of global resources utilization. number that was constructed in the entire previous This clearly indicates the growing need to make our architectural history. So the search for advanced buildings more sustainable and energy efficient. examples is focused on what are called ‗Fifth The building façade is the main element of a Generation‘ tall buildings. (This taxonomy of building, acting as a barrier between the interior and ‗Generations‘ was defined in CTBUH publications the exterior, working as an interface between the and papers in 2009 by Philip Oldfield and Dario living spaces and the external climate, influencing Trabuco. comfort and energy efficiency. If the façade fails to 1.3 Synopsis provide a habitable environment, mechanical and Chapter One: Discusses the general idea about this electrical systems (MEP) fill the gap. There is a cost dissertation, the main research question and the and technology battle between Façade and MEP methodology carried out. that designers must always address with the help of Chapter Two:Literature search and known engineers and good design. Sustainable discussion points about sustainability in regions, environmental performance can be attained only cities and buildings in general. with the smart use of new efficient facade systems that reduce the MEP, and helps us design and build Chapter Three: Literature search and details low energy buildings for a low carbon future. regarding carbon neutrality and the various targets and ways of achieving carbon neutrality. A new paradigm of facades has emerged which interact with the external environment by the Chapter Four: Discusses about tall buildings, integration of new technologies, some with functional and iconic tall, along with the various intelligent controls. Some make use of long energy generations of tall buildings. standing passive technologies such as solar shading Chapter Five: Discusses about the facades in and thermal mass. general and the different concepts of low energy New areas of interest are active technologies such façade design such as climate, orientation, day as control systems which can respond to the lighting, glare, etc. environmental demands, energy generating Chapter Six: Discusses about the different types of surfacesandactive shading layers. Designers are façade systems and materials available. even studying the ideas of biomimeticfacades which Chapter Seven: Discusses about the innovative and are designed to perform responsively, like natural advanced sustainable facades technologies such as organisms. energy generating smart facades to biomimetic 1.1 Research Question facades. A detailed study of passive and active technologies Chapter Eight: Explains about the case studies. especially analysing the thermal behaviour of Chapter Nine:Explains the conclusion of this different façade systems and materials along with complete study about sustainable integrated façade case studies will be carried out to learn how these technologies. approaches can be implemented and to what extent it can help in the approach to carbon neutrality. Sustainable futuristic façade technologies such as CHAPTER-2. SUSTAINABILITY IN breathing facades, fabric facades, air filtering REGIONS, CITIES AND IN BUILDINGS facades will also be covered in the study. 2.1 Sustainability – Definition 1.2 Methodology SUSTAINABILITY literally means the ability to be Different types of sustainable façade technologies, sustained …ie. To continue to have the same both currently used as well as futuristic approaches behaviour, quality of life, access to resources. will be studied in detail. Analysis of the thermal Merriam Webster.com defines ‗sustainable‘ as the behaviour of different façade systems and materials ability to be used without being completely used up along with case studies of façades from varying or destroyed. Towards the latter half of the 20th climatic zoneswill be carried out. century the word sustainability achieved prominence more in the context of the realisation 2 Marionne James International Journal of Engineering Technology, Management and Applied Sciences www.ijetmas.comMay 2017, Volume 5, Issue 5, ISSN 2349-4476 about the environmental degradation that had NASA officials reported in July 2016 that from resulted from the economic and social development. January to June 2016, each month had been setting Thus the most definitive explanation of new temperature records and thus 2016 is on its sustainability, which is based on the concept of way to be the hottest year ever on record. sustainable development, first appeared in the Brundtland Report for the World Commission on Environment and Development (1987). The Report defined Sustainable development as: Fig2 - Carbondioxidelevels(Source: NASA) The warming of the atmosphere is largely the result of emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases from human activities like Fig1 - The three spheres of Sustainability (Source: University of Michigan Sustainability Assessment 2002) burning fossil fuels and changes in land use, such as agriculture and deforestation. Greenhouse gases are “…Development that meets the needs of the not harmful in themselves, but their effect is to trap present without compromising the ability of the solar thermal energy in the atmosphere, thus raising future generations to meet their own needs.” the temperature. Carbon dioxide concentrations in The Report stressed that true sustainability the atmosphere since pre-industrial times have requires a successful combination of Social, increased from 280 parts per million to around 400 Economic and Environmental strategies
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