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Universidad Autónoma De Madrid Tesis Doctoral UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE MADRID FACULTAD DE FILOSOFÍA Y LETRAS DEPARTAMENTO DE FILOSOFÍA TESIS DOCTORAL Necesidades humanas y límites ecológicos en la Democracia Económica Una revisión de la propuesta de David Schweickart Memoria para optar al grado de doctor presentada por Carmen Madorrán Ayerra Director Jorge Riechmann Fernández Madrid, 2017 Para Javier, sine qua non En memoria de Concha Carretero Las ilustraciones de Andrés Rábago (El Roto) incluidas en esta tesis doctoral han sido cedidas exclusivamente para la publicación con fines no comerciales de este trabajo, quedando expresamente prohibida su reproducción sin la autorización del titular del Copyright. ÍNDICE AGRADECIMIENTOS ................................................................................................... ix PRÓLOGO ....................................................................................................................... xi RESUMEN ..................................................................................................................... xv INTRODUCCIÓN ............................................................................................................ 1 1. PREGUNTA Y OBJETO DE INVESTIGACIÓN ............................................................ 1 2. ESTADO DE LA CUESTIÓN .................................................................................. 10 2.1 Perspectivas sobre necesidades y límites ecológicos .............................. 10 2.2 Los estrechos márgenes de lo posible: los debates sobre alternativas socialistas ................................................................................................ 21 2.3 Ante una doble carencia .......................................................................... 28 3. METODOLOGÍA .................................................................................................. 32 4. ESTRUCTURA ..................................................................................................... 35 PRIMERA PARTE NECESIDADES HUMANAS Y LÍMITES ECOLÓGICOS CAPÍTULO I. LA PREGUNTA POLIÉTICA POR LA VIDA BUENA 1. COORDENADAS DE LA DISCUSIÓN ...................................................................... 47 1.1 Poliética como espacio para la reflexión ................................................. 47 1.2 Poliética de la responsabilidad ................................................................ 52 2. FUNDAMENTO Y ALCANCE DE LA COMUNIDAD MORAL ...................................... 55 2.1 Una defensa de la igualdad moral ........................................................... 55 2.2 Características y relaciones de los miembros de la comunidad moral .... 62 3. APROXIMACIONES A LA CUESTIÓN DE LA VIDA BUENA ...................................... 66 3.1 Aproximaciones positivas y negativas .................................................... 66 3.2 Dos consideraciones adicionales sobre la vida buena ............................. 79 CAPÍTULO II. LAS NECESIDADES HUMANAS COMO LÍMITE SOCIAL DE LA VIDA BUENA 1. APORTACIONES DE LA CONSTRUCCIÓN MARXIANA DE LAS NECESIDADES ......... 87 1.1 El carácter social e histórico de las necesidades ..................................... 90 1.2 Crítica de la alienación de las necesidades ............................................... 93 1.3 La grieta abierta por las necesidades radicales ....................................... 101 2. TIPOLOGÍA DE LAS NECESIDADES .................................................................... 104 3. UNA PROPUESTA SINTÉTICA DE NECESIDADES HUMANAS ................................ 112 3.1 Fundamentos de la propuesta .................................................................. 112 3.2 Una decena de necesidades humanas ...................................................... 121 3.3 Alcance y límites del enfoque de las necesidades .................................. 135 CAPÍTULO III. LÍMITES ECOLÓGICOS PARA LA SATISFACCIÓN DE LAS NECESIDADES HUMANAS 1. LA CUESTIÓN DE LOS LÍMITES ECOLÓGICOS ..................................................... 145 1.1 Ecología como enseñanza de los límites ................................................. 145 1.2 Crisis ecológica global ............................................................................. 151 1.3 Nueve límites ecológicos ......................................................................... 159 2. EL ENFOQUE ECOINTEGRADOR ........................................................................ 165 2.1 Poliética extramuros ................................................................................ 165 2.2 El anclaje de los sistemas socioeconómicos en los naturales ................. 174 2.3 Entre necesidades humanas y límites ecológicos .................................... 183 SEGUNDA PARTE ALTERNATIVAS AL CAPITALISMO: DEMOCRACIA ECONÓMICA CAPÍTULO IV. SOCIALISMO DEMOCRÁTICO COMO ALTERNATIVA AL CAPITALISMO 1. INCAPACIDAD DEL CAPITALISMO PARA SATISFACER LAS NECESIDADES HUMANAS SIN SOBREPASAR LOS LÍMITES ECOLÓGICOS ..................................................... 195 1.1 Crecimiento y extralimitación ................................................................. 196 1.2 Limitaciones a la democracia .................................................................. 203 2. CRITERIOS PARA EL ESTUDIO DE LAS ALTERNATIVAS ...................................... 206 2.1 Deseabilidad, viabilidad y factibilidad ................................................... 206 2.2 Utopías (realizables) frente al peso de lo real ......................................... 212 3. SOCIALISMO DEMOCRÁTICO ............................................................................ 216 3.1 La relevancia de alternativas completas y democráticas al capitalismo . 216 3.2 Rasgos definitorios del socialismo democrático ..................................... 225 CAPÍTULO V. SOCIALISMO DE PLANIFICACIÓN PARTICIPATIVA O SOCIALISMO DE MERCADO 1. LA POSIBILIDAD (TEÓRICA) DEL SOCIALISMO: UN DEBATE EN DOS FASES ........ 237 2. SOCIALISMO DE PLANIFICACIÓN PARTICIPATIVA ............................................. 243 2.1 Modelos de planificación ........................................................................ 243 2.2 Valoración de las propuestas de planificación participativa ................... 252 3. SOCIALISMO DE MERCADO .............................................................................. 269 3.1 ¿Qué mercado para el socialismo? .......................................................... 269 3.2 Modelos de socialismo de mercado ......................................................... 273 3.3 Valoración de las propuestas de socialismo de mercado ......................... 279 3.4 La prevalencia del socialismo de mercado .............................................. 287 CAPÍTULO VI. DEMOCRACIA ECONÓMICA (I): INSTITUCIONES CENTRALES 1. CONSIDERACIONES PREVIAS SOBRE LA DEMOCRACIA ECONÓMICA ................. 294 1.1 Origen y motivaciones de la Democracia Económica ............................ 294 2. AUTOGESTIÓN DE LOS TRABAJADORES ............................................................ 304 2.1 Democracia en el trabajo ........................................................................ 304 2.2 Motivaciones de la democracia en el trabajo .......................................... 307 3. MERCADO ....................................................................................................... 316 3.1 El mercado en la DE: defensa y límites .................................................. 316 3.2 Con mercados pero no de mercado ......................................................... 319 4. CONTROL SOCIAL DE LA INVERSIÓN ................................................................ 324 4.1 Funcionamiento de la inversión en la DE ............................................... 324 4.2 Tres consideraciones adicionales sobre el control social de la inversión 337 CAPÍTULO VII. DEMOCRACIA ECONÓMICA (II): EL MODELO AMPLIADO 1. GOBIERNO COMO EMPLEADOR DE ÚLTIMO RECURSO ....................................... 345 1.1 Hacia el pleno empleo ............................................................................. 345 1.2 Estado como empleador de último recurso ............................................. 351 2. ASOCIACIONES DE AHORRO Y CRÉDITO ........................................................... 356 2.1 Problema: el dinero ................................................................................. 361 3. PRESENCIA DE EMPRENDEDORES ..................................................................... 364 3.1 Problema: el trabajo asalariado ............................................................... 368 4. SOBRE LAS TRANSICIONES ............................................................................... 371 CAPÍTULO VIII. NECESIDADES HUMANAS Y LÍMITES ECOLÓGICOS EN LA DEMOCRACIA ECONÓMICA 1. NECESIDADES HUMANAS EN LA DEMOCRACIA ECONÓMICA ............................ 377 1.1 Un modelo socioeconómico orientado a la satisfacción de las necesidades . ............................................................................................................... 377 1.2 Posibilidades de satisfacción de las necesidades humanas en la DE ...... 382 2. LÍMITES ECOLÓGICOS EN LA DEMOCRACIA ECONÓMICA ................................. 408 2.1 El reto del Siglo de la Gran Prueba ......................................................... 408 2.2 Tres factores de sostenibilidad en la DE ................................................. 412 2.3 Tres limitaciones a tener en cuenta ........................................................
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