Number 31 Winter 2008 Ba k e r In s t i t u t e Re p o r t No t e s f r o m t h e Ja m e s A. Ba k e r III In s t i t u t e f o r Pu b l i c Po l i c y o f Ri c e Un i v e r s i t y

Po l i c y Im p l i c a t i o n s o f Ma n a g i n g o r Pr e v e n t i n g Nu c l e a r Proliferation

By George Abbey and Neal Lane former U.S. Sen. Sam Nunn from was the inaugural event held in the Baker Institute Founding Georgia. Speaking live from Atlanta Baker Institute’s new, high-tech R. Director Edward P. Djerejian via videoconference, Sen. Nunn, Stockton Rush Conference Center. hosted a distinguished group of now the co-chairman and CEO of A number of the workshop nuclear nonproliferation experts the Nuclear Threat Initiative, dis- participants had been involved in for the “Nuclear Nonproliferation cussed the new proposal put forth a proliferation conference that Workshop: Policy Implications by himself, former Secretaries of was held at Tulane University, of Managing or Preventing State George Shultz and Henry “Strategies for Managing Nuclear Proliferation” Nov. 9–11, 2007. The Kissinger, and former Secretary of Proliferation,” on April 23, 1982. event featured a keynote address by Defense William J. Perry calling The problems that are being con- former Secretary of State James A. for the total elimination of nuclear fronted today in implementing Baker, III, and a Shell Distinguished weapons — a proposal supported Lecture Series presentation by by Secretary Baker. The workshop continued on page 22

Ba k e r In s t i t u t e Na m e d Am o n g To p U.S. Th i n k Ta n k s

The Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program (TTCSP) at the Foreign Policy Research Institute has ranked Rice University's James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy among the top 30 think tanks in the United States. In preparing the January report, TTCSP called for nomi- nations of think tanks around the world. Only 288 of the world's roughly 5,000 think tanks were nominated. From these, through an "expert-based selection process,” 30 were cho- Wa r Po w e r s Co m m i s s i o n Me e t i n g : Members of the National War Powers Commission, co-chaired sen from the United States and by former U.S. Secretaries of State James A. Baker, III, and Warren Christopher, convened Nov. 28 at the Baker Institute. Front row, left to right: Abner J. Mikva, Slade Gorton, James A. Baker, III, Warren 30 from abroad. Christopher, and Carla A. Hills. Back row, left to right: David W. Leebron, W. Taylor Reveley, III, Gerald L. Baliles, J. Paul Reason, Strobe Talbott, and John C. Jeffries, Jr.

1 Le t t e r f r o m t h e Di r e c t o r

We find ourselves in the midst view, our hope is to focus on the of another American presiden- substance rather than the politics Ba k e r In s t i t u t e Fi l m tial campaign. On a daily basis of public policy. The series will Up Fo r We bb y Aw a r d candidates and their surrogates not provide the final answers for recite carefully polished talking voters weighing their choices, but “Sputnik: A Fifty Year points. Reporters scrutinize polls we will allow an in-depth analysis Legacy,” a 2007 Baker Institute for the latest state of the “horse essential for making informed original film, has been short- race,” and pundits parse every decisions about the candidates. listed for a Webby Award. The candidate’s statement for signs of The first event in the series Webby Awards are the leading inconsistency or a change in posi- on Feb. 26 will focus on health international awards honoring tion. policy. It is being organized by Dr. excellence on the Internet. These are important, even Vivian Ho, the institute’s fellow The Webbys are presented necessary, aspects of our democ- in health economics. Given the by the International Academy of Digital Arts and Sciences, a racy. But they are insufficient. In saliency of universal healthcare 550-member body of leading fact, this situation could cause the as an issue in the presidential Web experts, business figures, substantive domestic and foreign campaign, the debate should be luminaries, visionaries and cre- policy issues themselves to be lost both lively and informative. John ative celebrities. in the sheer “noise” of a national Diamond, our fellow in tax policy, campaign. In the coming months, is organizing a panel on this we at the Baker Institute intend important and hotly debated sub- to keep these issues at the fore- ject in the spring. With the real forthcoming events. If you live in front of our political debate. prospect of a recession now loom- the Houston area, I encourage The reason is simple. How the ing, this event could not be more you to come to the Institute and United States addresses matters timely. participate directly in this impor- as varied as the war in Iraq and Other Baker Institute events tant process. As usual, our events tax reform will have vast ramifica- in this series, scheduled for the can be viewed through institute tions, not only for our country, fall, will address energy policy, sci- web-casts. One way or the other, but globally. We have an opportu- ence and technology, and foreign I warmly invite you to join us for nity to further educate the public affairs. In each instance, we will the institute’s Campaign 2008 on some of the key issues and we be drawing on our institute fel- series. feel it is our responsibility as a lows to organize the events and Edward P. Djerejian nonpartisan think tank to do so. bring nationally known partici- This month, the Baker pants to our forum. Our fellows Institute will start our “Campaign are a critical institute resource. 2008” series. Scheduled to run And we intend to rely fully upon through the November elections, their expertise for the series. the series will include a number We see the Campaign 2008 of events focusing on specific series as the embodiment of the public policy issues. While the institute’s fundamental commit- Campaign 2008 series will not shy ment to good public policy. away from controversy and will Please check our website— involve participants who repre- www.bakerintitute.org—for sent different political points of further information on these

2 Im p r o v i n g Sc i e n c e a n d Ma t h Ed u c a t i o n : Te x a s Co n f r o n t s t h e Ga t h e r i n g St o r m

An Oct. 13 conference, at the dinner, Texas “must address scale up an initiative statewide, “Improving Science and Math this challenge with the same kind improving college readiness, and Education: Texas Confronts the of urgency that we gave to the finding ways to pique students’ Gathering Storm,” examined the space race a half-century ago.” interest in math and science. diminishing quality of K–12 profi- The day’s discussion was cen- Neal Lane, senior fellow in sci- ciency in science and math educa- tered on Texas and the United ence and technology policy at the tion, as well as possible avenues for States retaining their roles as world Baker Institute, remarked that improvement and public involve- leaders in science and math edu- K–12 science and math education ment. Co-sponsored by the Baker cation. Most of the suggestions is critical because it is during these Institute Science and Technology for achieving this goal focused on years we “truly impact and encour- Program and The Academy of teacher development and higher age future scientists, engineers and Medicine, Engineering and Science achievement standards for stu- doctors.” Furthermore he stressed of Texas (TAMEST), the confer- dents. Larry Faulkner, president that “as teachers and scientists, ence derived its impetus from the of the Houston Endowment, sug- it is our responsibility to enable 2005 National Academies report, gested an optimistic outlook on students with the proper tools to “Rising Above the Gathering this “ongoing social condition.” He impact any field they pursue in Storm.” The report described how named five areas of importance their future. While everyone might improving science and technol- specific to improving science and not become a scientist, it is vital ogy research will help the United math education: increasing the to instill a basic knowledge and States sustain its economic viability number of qualified teachers, set- understanding of biology, chemis- in the future as industries become ting higher student achievement try, math, and even physics to help increasingly global. levels, establishing the ability to During his keynote speech at continued on page 25 the dinner preceding the con- ference, Nobel Laureate Leon Lederman remarked that it “usu- ally takes a major crisis to get … educational assessment.” One of the goals of the event was to initi- ate discussion of these problems before such a crisis occurs. The conference asked educators to create guidelines to help make Texas a model state for science and math education. It served as an initial and groundbreaking attempt to assess Texas’ strengths, to docu- ment programs and, just as impor- tantly, to identify significant areas where Texas needs to improve its policies or programs. As U.S. Sen. In opening remarks at the dinner honoring participants at the conference, U.S. Sen. Kay Bailey Hutchison Kay Bailey Hutchison commented calls on Texas to address the challenge of improving the quality of K–12 science and math education “with the kind of urgency that we gave to the space race a half-century ago.”

3 McCl e l l a n Pu s h e s f o r In n o v a t i o n , Ac c o u n t a b i l i t y t o Cu r e He a l t h Ca r e Il l s

Mark McClellan, director of the system, worried they won't be able more to increase value in health Engelberg Center for Healthcare to afford it. care, to promote innovation and Reform at the Brookings "If we want affordable care for to get more for the dollars we're Institution, told an audience at the everyone, we're going to have to spending. One opportunity comes Baker Institute Oct. 3 that curing find some ways to increase value in from businesses that promote the country's health care ills will our health care system." McClellan strategies to prevent and reduce require accountability and creativ- said. the risk of disease. The current ity. McClellan suggested devising Medicare system does not reward "The problem is not that we're better methods to measure what such strategies enough, though not spending enough on health the system is actually delivering. they save money and improve care," McClellan said. "We're just An accurate, comprehensive pic- employee health, he said. spending it in the wrong way." ture of quality and costs would After focusing on the provid- McClellan cited the overall help improve the efficiency of the ers, McClellan turned to consum- improvement in Americans’ health nation's health care system, he said. ers, recognizing the prescription over the last generation. "We are Using Medicare as an example, drug plan as an example of a pro- now living about eight years longer McClellan said efforts to manage gram that seems to work for most — in pretty good health — than we costs have usually been the "blunt patients. The key is that it includes did less than half a century ago," instruments" of price controls or both competition and choice. he said. squeezing payments. To better han- "If you realign the way our pay- But the public is not satis- dle increasing costs, he advocated ment system works and our sup- fied with this progress. Instead, addressing variations in costs and port system works … we can create Americans are concerned, anxious the underuse of some treatments. some real opportunities to improve and even angry with the current He also cited opportunities to do care and let doctors and health professionals get paid for what they really want to do, which is getting better care for patients at a lower cost," McClellan said. McClellan, a practicing inter- nist who also holds a doctorate in economics from Massachusetts Institute of Technology, became director of the Engelberg Center last July. The center seeks to pro- vide practical solutions for access, quality and financing challenges facing the U.S. health care system. Vivian Ho, James A. Baker III Institute Chair in Health Economics, called McClellan "one of the most influential people in terms of improving the health care Founding Director Edward Djerejian, left, with Mark McClellan, right, director of the Engelberg Center for Healthcare Reform, following his speech. McClellan discussed ways to measure and handle costs while also of the common American citizen." increasing value in the U.S. health care system.

4 Ci v i c Sc i e n t i s t Ja c k s o n Di s c u s s e s Cr e a t i n g a Co m p r e h e n s i v e En e r g y Ro a d m a p

Shirley Ann Jackson, presi- dent of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, delivered the second Civic Scientist lecture on the topic, “From Uncertainty to Opportunity: Creating a Comprehensive Energy Roadmap and the Human Capital to Make it Happen,” Nov. 13 at the Baker Institute. According to Neal Lane, senior fellow in science and technology policy, “Dr. Jackson fully embodies the principles we want to promote with our Civic Scientist Lecture Series.” The Science and Technology Policy Program’s Civic Scientist Lecture

Series is a series of talks by leading Shirley Ann Jackson, president of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, speaks about the need for a new, global scientists from around the country comprehensive restructuring of energy systems as part of the institute’s Civic Scientist Lecture Series. who have impacted public policy. Jackson exemplifies the goal (energy generation, transmission versation led by our leaders to help of the lecture series to expose sci- and distribution), the promotion citizens understand what is at stake entists and future scientists to the of environmental sustainability and to motivate all to action. The notion that their roles expand out- and energy efficiency, the develop- unanswered question is, “Will the side of the laboratory. “Jackson has ment of policy alternatives, and United States have the leadership already had a remarkable career robust innovation. She challenged in this new global energy restruc- working in industry, academia, everyone to review congressional turing or will it happen without government and national labora- and presidential candidates’ plans us?” tories,” Lane said in his opening to examine if they “would or could During her visit at Rice remarks. “And, undoubtedly, she lead to a national energy plan.” University, Jackson had a full day has surmounted many barriers as Jackson asserted that global of meetings with Baker Institute the first African-American woman energy security will be the space fellows and scholars as well as to get a Ph.D. in physics, as well as race of this century. In order to Rice students and faculty. These a long list of other major achieve- move forward and find a workable meetings served to highlight the ments.” solution for these global energy institute’s programs in science and Jackson’s lecture focused on issues, Jackson suggested that we technology, energy studies and the need for a new global compre- “commit to consistent policies space policy. They also emphasized hensive restructuring of energy and follow through.” This would the goal of Rice’s faculty and staff systems. The core of the plan require making investments in to improve the representation by should include redundancy of research and development as well women and minorities in science supply and diversity of source, a as in human capital. She said that and engineering. well-functioning energy market, in order to move forward, the investment in sound infrastructure United States needs a national con-

5 Am e r i c a s Pr o j e c t 10t h An n i v e r s a r y : Bu i l d i n g Opp o r t u n i t i e s a n d Ma n a g i n g Ch a l l e n g e s

In October the Americas Project social entrepreneurship plays in them expressed deep concern and celebrated its first reunion, bringing promoting development from a mistrust toward this policy. The together 50 fellows from 17 differ- grass roots level up, and on the benefits of open-market reforms ent countries to discuss the general importance of leadership in the have not clearly been delivered to theme of “Building Opportunities region. Secretary James A. Baker, the people, and many have grown and Managing Challenges in III, opened the reunion with a disenchanted. The fellows dis- the Americas.” For 10 years the speech in which he expressed sup- cussed the importance of separat- Americas Project, a joint effort port for bilateral free trade agree- ing increased wealth through free between the Baker Institute and the ments within the countries of the trade from the actual distribution Organization of American States region He strongly stated that free of that wealth. “Much of the discon- (OAS), has brought together young trade agreements were the best tent expressed by citizens relates leaders of the Americas to discuss vehicles for countries to overcome to the perception that the benefits and share their views on key issues poverty. Additionally, Baker pointed of development [and wealth] are affecting the Western Hemisphere. out the importance of a multilat- both not equally distributed,” stated The peer learning and personal eral strategy that focuses on the Albert Ramdin, assistant secretary relationships the fellows build economic development of Mexico general of the OAS. “The issue through this experience has proven and South America as a key to solv- therefore is not just poverty but also to be lasting, surmounting borders ing the issue of illegal immigration inequality, both of which generate or language barriers. across the U.S.–Mexico border. demands that affect governance. It The Oct. 3–6 conference gen- The concept of free trade as a is up to each country’s government erated lively discussions on the mechanism to tackle poverty in the to decide how to use [its] resourc- current and future state of the region provoked a spirited discus- es.” Americas, on the important role sion among the fellows. Several of The conference made clear that it is not solely the government’s responsibility to bring about the necessary changes to improve eco- nomic conditions in the Americas. The private sector and civil society are also important players. Albina Ruiz, executive director of Ciudad Saludable in Peru, presented a compelling example of how single individuals can have a huge impact in the community where they live by working together for a common goal. Ciudad Saludable is a non- profit entrepreneurial organization which provides garbage collection services to a community whose municipality did not offer that ser- vice. Apart from the obvious envi- James A. Baker, III, opens the Americas Project reunion with remarks supporting free trade agreements between the countries of the region. continued on page 26

6 Na t u r a l Ga s i n No r t h Am e r i c a

The Baker Institute Energy Forum and the Center for Energy Economics at The University of Texas at Austin hosted a conference on Nov. 16, 2007, at the institute on “Natural Gas in North America: Markets and Security.” The Energy Forum released a two- year study on natural gas in North America at the confer- ence, which brought together energy industry professionals, researchers, and academics Keynote speakers at the “Natural Gas in North America” conference listen to opening introductions. From left: Francisco Salazar, president, Energy Regulatory Commission of Mexico; Roland George, from the United States, Canada board member, National Energy Board of Canada; Katharine A. Fredriksen, principal deputy as- and Mexico. See article on sistant secretary for policy and international affairs, U.S. Department of Energy; John Walker, former president, Independent Petroleum Association of America, and president and CEO, EnerVest, Ltd.; page 24. and Amy Myers Jaffe, Wallace S. Wilson Fellow in Energy Studies.

Me x i c a n s Lo o k a t Me x i c o Le c t u r e Se r i e s

“The Mexicans Look at Mexico” ployment is very low because both United States) is the educational lecture series, held this fall at the formal and informal economic system’s bottleneck. Baker Institute, featured public sectors are measured and very He explained that previous intellectuals and governmental fig- few people can afford to be idle. administrations invested heavily in ures from Mexico addressing top- So wage rates play a larger role primary education to accommo- ics including energy, educational in determining income and, as a date the huge numbers of young development, and immigration. result, poverty rates. people in Mexican society, but they The speakers were Miguel Székely, "What really changes poverty failed to keep up with correspond- undersecretary of higher educa- over time," Székely argued, "is ing investment at the next level. tion in Mexico; Francisco Salazar, labor productivity." Furthermore, The current administration has president of the Energy Regulatory "productivity, at least in terms of placed a high priority on fixing Commission (CRE) in Mexico; and human resources, is determined this problem. Education already Jorge A. Bustamante, U.N. special by the level of formal education," receives the largest budget in the rapporteur on the human rights of he said. An increase in the level government, he said, and now migrants. of education, then, leads to access there is political will to fund mid- Miguel Székely’s lecture focused to higher wages, which, in turn, dle education at the levels needed. on Mexico’s need to increase its lowers the rate of poverty. Székely The second lecture, by investment in education, especially explained that although in Mexico Francisco Salazar, focused on high schools, if it is to address the average number of years of Mexico’s increased natural gas con- its high poverty rate. Székely schooling has risen steadily, middle explained that in Mexico unem- education (high school in the continued on page 23

7 Gu t i e r r e z Ad v o c a t e s U.S.–La t i n Am e r i c a n Fr e e Tr a d e Ag r e e m e n t s

Carlos M. Gutierrez, 35th sec- retary of the U.S. Department of Commerce, urged for the adop- tion of bilateral free trade agree- ments between the United States and Colombia, Peru and Panama in a Nov. 30 lecture at the Baker Institute. Gutierrez delivered the lecture, part of the Robert A. Mosbacher Global Issues Series, at the “Future of Free Trade Agreements” conference, hosted by the institute’s Tax and Expenditure Policy Program. Gutierrez played a central role Secretary of Commerce Carlos M. Gutierrez discusses the success of the North American Free Trade Agreement in the ratification of the Central and urges the adoption of free trade agreements between the United States and other countries in the Americas. American Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA), and in his lecture (NAFTA) should serve as a current political conditions that pushed for a similar initiative motivation for the alignment of threaten the creation of bilateral with Colombia, stating, “To deny FTA agreements with all of the free trade agreements between Colombia’s FTA (free trade agree- Americas. Since 1994, trade among the United States and countries ment) would not be just a step NAFTA nations has increased more of Latin America are a major backwards, it would be one of the than 200 percent, from $297 bil- policy concern. Farnsworth agreed biggest foreign policy mistakes of lion to more than $900 billion. The with Gutierrez that the United our time.” secretary concluded his address States has reached a “watershed The U.S. House of by saying, “The question is often moment” in Western Hemisphere Representatives and Senate recently asked: ‘Has NAFTA succeeded?’ trade strategy — a moment which passed an FTA with Peru that is The answer is a resounding ‘Yes.’” calls for a fundamental change in pending ratification, with discus- The lecture was followed by a trade policy initiatives between the sions for similar trade initiatives discussion panel that was moder- United States and Latin American with Panama and Colombia. The ated by Professor Malcolm Gillis, nations. Gillis went on to stress that House is yet to vote on trade agree- president of Rice University the work by the secretary serves ments with Colombia or Panama. from 1993 to 2004 and cur- as a profound contribution to the Gutierrez asserted that these agree- rently University Professor in the globalization of Latin America. ments would benefit Colombia, department of economics at Rice Muñoz discussed the steps that the Panama, and the United States. He University. In addition to Secretary Colombian government is taking advocated U.S. action by stating, Gutierrez, the panel consisted of to protect trade unionists and their “Good trade policy should start in Eric Farnsworth, vice president of leaders, a major concern of some our hemisphere.” the Council of the Americas, and U.S. policymakers. Gutierrez reminded the audi- Eduardo Muñoz, Colombia’s vice The conference was organized ence that the success of the North minister for foreign trade. by John Diamond, Edward A. and American Free Trade Agreement The panelists all agreed that Hermena Hancock Kelly Fellow in Tax Policy at the Baker Institute.

8 NATO: Th e Ba l k a n s , Af g h a n i s t a n a n d Be y o n d

In order to keep up with the “disarm[ed] too much” after the While NATO is currently try- changing world of global defense Cold War ended, Eikenberry said. ing to redefine itself as an orga- and security, the North Atlantic Another issue he touched nization, Eikenberry emphasized Treaty Organization must ask the upon was the expansion of NATO that these four concerns were of critical question of how much — both the issue of whether or utmost importance. “NATO has it wants to be able to do in the not to add member states in the got to move faster in all of these world today, said Lt. Gen. Karl future and whether or not to four domains if it’s going to try Eikenberry in his Dec. 10 lec- expand the geographic scope of to keep pace with the threats that ture, titled “NATO: The Balkans, its operations. continue to emerge and to stay Afghanistan and Beyond,” at the Lastly, according to relevant as a provider of interna- Baker Institute. Eikenberry, the organization tional security,” he said. Lt. Gen. Eikenberry is the needs to define what exactly it deputy chairman of the NATO means to be either a defense or Military Committee in Brussels, security provider in the world Belgium. His previous assignment, today, and what resources and which Ambassador Edward P. capabilities it must have. Djerejian called “one of the most critical military jobs overseas,” was Commanding General of the Combined Forces Command – Afghanistan. Eikenberry’s address touched upon the current situations in Afghanistan and Kosovo — cur- rently NATO’s two highest-priority operations — but he also focused on the future of the organization and cited four major challenges he saw in NATO’s immediate future. According to Eikenberry, NATO must rely on expeditionary operations, using long-distance strategy and multinational solu- tions in order to face its conflicts, rather than relying on the cur- rent Cold War-era tactics that it employs. NATO must also decide, as an organization, how involved and ambitious it is to be in the emerging global context and assess whether or not its countries Lt. Gen. Karl Eikenberry, deputy chairman of the NATO Military Committee in Brussels, addresses opera- tions in Afghanistan and Kosovo and outlines the challenges facing NATO in the emerging global context.

9 An t a r c t i c Se a r c h f o r Me t e o r i t e s , Ob s e r v a t i o n s Re l e v a n t t o Lo n g -Du r a t i o n Sp a c e Fl i g h t

NASA astronaut Donald Pettit considered key to discovering the the unique dynamics of fluids in reflected upon both his meteorite origins of the solar system. space), explaining how these basic expedition on Antarctica and his Purely scientific research aside, and simple experiments contrib- previous travels in orbit as places Pettit also described the “Saturday uted to the understanding of the “where your intuition does not Morning Science” he performed fundamental principles of phys- apply” during an Oct. 26 presenta- on his space missions that “at first ics and science. The meteorites tion at the Baker Institute. Pettit order are parlor tricks but may they found in Antarctica were all suggested that the arctic explora- lead to more worthwhile discov- returned to the United States to tions contribute to space explora- eries.” In space, Pettit and his be catalogued, analyzed and age- tion knowledge. crewmates created simple experi- dated by scientists to determine In a light-hearted presenta- ments that tested the effects of their original source in our solar tion of his past expeditions on ice zero gravity on the dynamics of system, furthering our understand- and in space, Pettit described his fluids and materials in space; in ing of the formation of our Moon exploration of Antarctica with the Antarctica, they examined the and the planets. Antarctic Search for Meteorites effects of temperature extremes The ANSMET project serves as program (ANSMET). The project, and ice. He showed film clips of a “reliable source of new, nonmi- funded by the National Science his crew’s observations (a min- croscopic extraterrestrial material Foundation and NASA, lasted two ute-long clip showing relatively … until future planetary sample- months, six weeks of which were simple experiments such as a fast- return missions develop and suc- spent in search of meteorites — spinning soccer ball on ice and ceed,” Pettit said.

Lo o k i n g Ba c k — Th e Im p a c t o f Sp u t n i k

At a Nov. 19 event commem- orating the 50th anniver- sary of the flight of Sputnik, Sergei Avdeev, former Russian cosmonaut (center) and Roald Z. Sagdeev (left), Distinguished University Professor of the University of Maryland, present George Abbey with the Yuri Gagarin Medal, one of the highest awards given by the Russian Federation of Cosmonautics, for Abbey’s leadership in working with Russia on the International Space Station.

10 U.S.–Ru s s i a n Re l a t i o n s a n d t h e Ro a d Ah e a d

Building a more effective rela- of modern Russia and provided able history, culture and potential. tionship between the United States counsel for current and future U.S. Contemporary Russia is driven by and Russia will be challenging, diplomacy on the importance of a new sense of national interest rewarding, and globally important developing a better working rela- and a desire to reassert itself in the as the two nations embark on their tionship with Russia. “We’re going global arena. The nation is one of third century of diplomatic ties, to have to try to keep a sense of the world’s largest economies and said Ambassador William Burns perspective, keep a careful eye on is now connected, rather than iso- in a Sept. 27 lecture at the Baker our priorities, keep pushing back lated, to the rest of the world. Institute. The relationship “is bound when Russian behavior threatens “How well or how poorly we to combine cooperation with com- our most important interests, keep manage that [U.S.–Russian] rela- petition and the management of dif- working to expand partnership tionship matters greatly to the rest ferences with the creative expansion wherever we can, and keep paying of the world,” Burns said. Among of areas of common ground,” he attention to the value of making the issues that the two nations must said. our relationship a genuine, mutu- work together on are nuclear and Ambassador Burns is a career ally respectful two-way street,” he global security; economic coopera- member of the senior foreign ser- advised. tion; joint efforts to resolve interna- vice, with the rank of career minis- Since the fall of the Soviet Union tional conflicts, HIV/AIDS and cli- ter. He has served as U.S. ambassa- almost two decades ago, Russia has mate change; and building a more dor to the Russian Federation since grown substantially, evolving into a systematic interaction between the 2005. He discussed his observations nation that recognizes its consider- two governments.

Ma m e d o v Di s c u s s e s Po s t -Co l d Wa r Re l a t i o n s

Ambassador Georgiy Mamedov, smoothing out some of the thorni- drastic, surgical moves,” he said. Russian ambassador to Canada, est issues in U.S.–Russian rela- “Whatever commotion [is] … cre- presented his view of post-Cold tions.” ated will engulf us.” War issues in U.S.–Russian rela- Mamedov noted that contempo- The end of the Cold War sig- tions while remaining optimistic rary issues, including terrorism, a naled the end of the Communist about the future in an Oct. 18 lec- depletion of natural resources and regime’s supremacy in Russia, but ture at the Baker Institute. AIDS, were not anticipated to be of the transition was difficult. “It was “I don’t see any crisis in our global significance when the Soviet a great natural calamity,” he said. relations; I see problems because Union fell. He and other Russian “We gained freedom, but … simul- … we took certain things for grant- statesmen, including President taneously lost free education, free ed,” he said. “The new generation Vladimir Putin, he said, recognize [medical care], affordable housing, of Russians who will deal with the the importance of U.S.–Russian [and] guaranteed pensions.” new generation of Americans [has] relations, but he advised that the Despite these hardships, every interest in making the rela- United States incorporate this rela- Mamedov reassured his audience tionship work.” tionship into its foreign policies. that the psychology of Russians has In his introduction, Ambassador “All the countries that you believe changed and that Communism has Edward P. Djerejian stated that are the basic threat to you are bor- a decreased influence under Putin: Mamedov “has been involved in dering on us, so we can’t afford … “It’s simply a matter of the past.”

11 Fo r m e r Go v . Je b Bu s h Ca l l s f o r Jo i n t U.S.–La t i n Am e r i c a n Ec o n o m i c Co o p e r a t i o n

The United States and Latin America must form a new relation- ship in order to reverse the eco- nomic backslide they have been experiencing in the global market, former Florida Gov. Jeb Bush said in a Sept. 25 speech at the Baker Institute. “Our vision should be a flourishing hemisphere, where the benefits of economic growth are shared by all, where the love for freedom allows for no tolerance for the disrespect and abuse of democ- racy,” he said. In the inaugural lecture of the Robert A. Mosbacher Global Issues Jeb Bush, the 43rd governor of Florida, delivers an address on U.S.–Latin American trade issues. The Series, titled “America’s Promise,” speech was the inaugural lecture of the Mosbacher Global Issues Series. Bush, who served as the 43rd governor of Florida, addressed U.S.–Latin American trade issues. In the late 1980s and early United States must] advance the He discussed the economy of the 1990s, most countries of the notion of a deeper, more profound Western Hemisphere and the dwin- Western Hemisphere seemed to be definition of democracy and a dling growth of the U.S. and Latin on a track leading to entrepreneur- much stronger opposition to those American economies. ial capitalism. Since then, many of who don’t adhere to it.” “To reverse this trend and to these nations have become disil- Some of Bush’s proposals to regain economic momentum,” lusioned with economic liberalism improve U.S.–Latin American Bush said, “we need to concentrate and have abandoned free markets relations included comprehensive our efforts on building a new rela- to move toward more state control immigration reform that would tionship for the 21st century that is of the economy. Bush credited this lead to secure borders for the based on mutual respect and recog- lack of confidence in a free market United States. This would include nition of our mutual dependence in economy to ineffective implemen- expanded guest worker programs an intensely competitive world.” tation in Latin America and sug- and respectful treatment of the This renewed relationship gested that a new outlook on the illegal immigrants currently between Latin America and the part of the United States could residing in the country. He also United States should rest on three improve the situation for the rest proposed a “country-by-country” basic premises: a sincere commit- of the hemisphere. trade approach with the nations ment to entrepreneurial capitalism, “A concerted effort must be of Central and South America and an advocacy of democracy, and the made to spread the tangible ben- attentiveness to cooperative oppor- goal of educating every child in the efits of stronger economic perfor- tunities among nations in other Western Hemisphere. “Education is mance to the traditionally disad- arenas such as health care, envi- the key to sustaining both our lib- vantaged sectors of society in Latin ronment and education in order erty and our economy,” Bush said. America,” Bush suggested. “[The continued on page 23

12 Ba k e r In s t i t u t e Fa l l Ro u n d t a b l e Ev e n t s

The Baker Institute’s this event, Secretary Baker dis- Douglas Brinkley served as the Roundtable continues to play a cussed the importance of our keynote speaker for this Nov. 8 critical role in supporting the country’s role in the global com- event, which brought together work of its public policy research munity. Much of his presentation almost 100 members of Houston’s programs. Now in its 10th year, was formatted as a conversation business and political communities the Roundtable consists of almost with the audience where he to discuss projections for the 2008 800 institute supporters and serves addressed a series of questions on presidential election. The event as an important link between topics ranging from Iran and the was hosted by Maynard Holt and the policymaking world and the prospect for peace in the Middle Cody Sutton, the newly appointed Houston community. The group East to growing political instabil- Associate Roundtable chairs, who is chaired by Beth Robertson, who ity in the U.S.–Russian relation- are helping to shape this effort returns for another term in this ship. to bring together young and position and continues to play an In addition to these two events, politically engaged members of instrumental role in furthering the Baker Institute Roundtable the Houston community who are the public outreach efforts of the formally launched its Associate interested in public policy issues. institute. Roundtable — a membership Members of this group range from Baker Institute events range program designated for young their mid-20s to late 40s. from public policy workshops and professionals and rising leaders. major policy conferences to lec- ture events with leading national Clockwise from top left: John and and international dignitaries. Betty Cabaniss at the policy briefing by James A. Baker, III; Steve and Events designated exclusively for Sheila Miller at Secretary Baker’s Roundtable members also are briefing; and Alfredo Brener and Mike Stude at the Fall Reception. hosted several times a year. Three of these events took place in fall 2007, including the Oct. 1 Fall Reception featuring the institute’s fellows and scholars. This annual event offers institute supporters a chance to meet the institute’s fellows and scholars, who are all highly esteemed experts and leaders in their respective fields. New fellows were also introduced to Roundtable members at this event, including Douglas Brinkley, the institute’s newly appointed fel- low in history and editor of “The Reagan Diaries.” On Oct. 17, more than 250 Roundtable members attended the annual policy briefing by Secretary James A. Baker, III. At

13 Br i n k l e y Ca l l s f o r De c i s i v e Na t i o n a l Ac t i o n To w a r d Po s t -Ka t r i n a Ne w Or l e a n s

Despite relief efforts in the focused on the future of New sea level and the immense funding wake of Hurricane Katrina, New Orleans. He said the nation must necessary to protect it. In order to Orleans may be no better off today sincerely commit to rebuilding secure this land from future flood- than it was two years ago, Douglas New Orleans in order for the city ing, levees designed to withstand Brinkley said in his Sept. 18 lecture to survive. Category 5 hurricanes must be at the Baker Institute. “Nobody serious in government built along Lake Pontchartrain. Brinkley, the institute’s new fel- thinks that New Orleans is pre- Another issue Brinkley cited was low in history and author of the pared for a Category 1 hurricane wilderness conservation. If global award-winning book, “The Great right now, with the way the levee warming continues to raise the Deluge: Hurricane Katrina, New system is,” said Brinkley. While he level of the Gulf of Mexico, then Orleans, and the Mississippi Gulf acknowledged that some contribu- the barrier islands that act as a Coast” (Harper Collins, 2006), tions, both financial and nonfi- storm buffer for coastal Louisiana discussed New Orleans and the nancial, have been made toward will be swallowed by the sea, leav- aftermath of the 2005 catastrophe. Katrina relief, he argued that ing the coast even more vulnerable The subject is deeply personal to rebuilding New Orleans should be to natural disasters, he said. the historian, who is a former resi- a concerted national effort, rather Brinkley advocated a decisive dent of the city, where he taught than an unorganized stream of plan of action. He called for a at Tulane University and lived donations that are diverted inef- national discussion of two clear through the hurricane. fectively to a variety of small proj- options. The first option imple- While Brinkley mentioned both ects. ments what would be the boldest the great heroism and the govern- One of the key issues in the res- national public works project ever mental inaction displayed in the toration effort is the vast amount undertaken, devoting $50 billion Mississippi Delta region, his speech of residential area that lies below to $60 billion specifically to fix the levees and preserve the wetlands in New Orleans. The second option calls for brutal honesty in declar- ing the communities that are below sea level unsustainable and managing the ensuing exodus in an upfront and direct manner. Brinkley cited reasons both for and against rebuilding areas of New Orleans that lie below sea level, but he emphasized the importance of the decision itself. “The argument for saving New Orleans is a cultural one,” he said. “If you’re not going to get into the cultural argument, then the writ- ing’s on the wall that it’s not going to happen.” Douglas Brinkley, fellow in history at the institute, discusses the current and future situation in New Orleans and argues that the nation must seriously commit to a decisive plan of action to rebuild the city in order to ensure its survival.

14 Ba k e r In s t i t u t e Co n t r i b u t e s t o Su c c e s s o f Sh i p Ch a n n e l Se c u r i t y

The efforts of the Harris County Regional Homeland Security Advisory Council have successfully assisted in winning $34 million in federal security grants to help cre- ate a unique maritime security dis- trict the Department of Homeland Security considers a model for other ports nationwide. The Advisory Council is a joint effort of Harris County, the City of Houston and Rice University. In early 2005, with Ambassador Edward P. Djerejian as its chair and Baker Institute fellow Joan Neuhaus Schaan as its executive director, the Advisory Council identified the Houston Ship Joan Neuhaus Schaan, fellow in homeland security and terrorism, discusses “Terrorism in 2007” at a Roundtable event July 19, 2007. Topics included Houston as a terrorist target, securing ports of entry and Channel as its top priority. Given jihad as a personal duty. that the Houston–Harris County region is one of the nation’s top maintenance costs of security infra- Security Council (the predeces- five economic terrorist targets, the structure. sor organization to the new Ship Advisory Council recognized the “The Baker Institute was an inte- Channel Security District), and has urgent need to secure the Ship gral part of the Advisory Council’s been active with the Area Maritime Channel. successes,” said Ambassador Security Committee. The efforts of the Advisory Djerejian. “Joan Neuhaus Schaan As the nation’s fourth largest Council have been multipronged: was instrumental in the efforts that city, Houston serves as the capital to raise the awareness of the city’s helped secure the grants and that of the global energy industry and is significance among federal policy- also worked to improve security strategically critical to the nation’s makers; to work with local stake- at the Houston Ship Channel.” economy and defense. Refineries holders to improve security mea- Schaan is the fellow in homeland and petrochemical plants lining sures; and to serve as a resource for security and terrorism at the insti- the Ship Channel make up the educating civil authorities about tute. second-largest complex in the potential threats. In activities facilitated by world and incorporate the largest On June 15, Texas Gov. Rick Schaan, the Advisory Council refinery in the world. The region Perry signed a bill authorizing visited Northern Command, par- accounts for 40 percent of the the creation of the Houston Ship ticipated in the Department of nation’s base petrochemicals. Channel Security District, a public- Defense’s Base Realignment and private partnership intended Closure (BRAC) proceedings, to improve security in the Ship worked with the Department of Channel area by providing for a Homeland Security, was involved in vehicle to share the operations and the creation of the Port Strategic

15 Th e Ar a b Wo r l d : Hi s t o r y , Po l i t i c s a n d Cu l t u r e

This fall, “The Arab World: and that American policy often advent of Zionism, Massad argued, History, Politics and Culture” series exacerbates rather than alleviates European settlers began to project featured Rami Khouri, director of the situation. “We really need a many of the racial stereotypes that the Issam Fares Institute for Public much more comprehensive, inte- characterized nineteenth-century Policy and International Affairs at grated, and, above all, honest level anti-Semitism onto the indigenous the American University at Beirut, of analysis of what is happening Arab population of Palestine at and Joseph Massad, associate pro- in the Middle East and what is the the same time as they dispossessed fessor in the department of Middle nature of American policy toward them of their lands and proper- East and Asian languages and the Middle East to really figure out ties. cultures at Columbia University. how we deal with the situation that The lecture series is sponsored The series, now in its third year, we are in today,” Khouri said. jointly by the Rice University provides a forum of perspectives Massad’s lecture, “Semitism department of history, the on and from the Arab world. It and the Palestinian,” posed the Boniuk Center for the Study is organized by Ussama Makdisi, question, “What is the relation- and Advancement of Religious the Arab–American Educational ship the Palestinians have to the Tolerance, the Arab–American Foundation Associate Professor in Semite?” In his careful analysis Educational Foundation, and the Arabic Studies at Rice University. of this question, he explored Baker Institute. The final lecture Khouri’s lecture, “From how the term “Semitism” evolved for this academic year is scheduled Baghdad to Beirut: What’s Right from its original eighteenth- for April 10, 2008. Lara Deeb pres- and Wrong with American Policy in century philological meaning to ents “Understanding Hizbullah.” the Middle East,” emphasized that a nineteenth-century racial clas- Deeb is assistant professor of the Arab world has been in transi- sification, in which Jews were vic- women’s studies at the University tion since the end of the Cold War, timized by anti-Semites. With the of California, Irvine.

EPS Le c t u r e Se r i e s : Ex p r e s s i n g Gr a t i t u d e i n t h e Mo d e r n We s t

Anthony Kronman, Sterling Universities Have Given Up on public life is a consequence of Professor of Law at Yale Law the Meaning of Life” and “The the extraordinary weight the School, presented a lecture on Lost Lawyer: Failing Ideals of the Christian religion attaches to “Gratitude” as part of the Rice Legal Profession.” He noted that gratitude itself,” Kronman said. University Lecture Series on Kronman combines the realism Kronman said he believed that by Ethics, Politics and Society (EPS). characteristic of an expert in sev- living according to God’s teach- In his introduction to the lecture eral areas of law with the idealism ings, one can meet one’s respon- on Nov. 15., Hanoch Sheinman, of a philosopher pondering the sibility to God. assistant professor in the depart- meaning of life. The EPS lecture series is spon- ment of philosophy at Rice, In his lecture, Kronman exam- sored jointly with the Department described Kronman as a first-rate ined the idea of gratitude and the of Philosophy and the James scholar and writer, and he cited growing impossibility to express it A. Baker III Institute for Public two of his books, “Education’s in the modern West. “The expul- Policy. End: Why Our Colleges and sion of gratitude from modern

16 Nu s s e i b e h Ad d r e s s e s Fi n a l St a t u s Ar a b –Is r a e l i Is s u e s

In his Oct. 25 lecture on Jerusalem and the Palestinian refu- he believes should be followed “Negotiating Jerusalem” at the gees. The paper and a video brief- when negotiating the future of Baker Institute, Palestinian ing interview with Nusseibeh are Jerusalem. The first principle is that scholar Sari Nusseibeh discussed available on the institute’s Web site Jerusalem should be shared by the his suggestions for resolving the at: http://bakerinstitute.org. Israelis and the Palestinians, wheth- Israeli–Palestinian conflict, based Access to Jerusalem and the er as a single capital city shared by on his research paper, “Final Status: Palestinians’ right of return are but both groups, or two discrete capitals Jerusalem and Return.” two of five “final status” issues that in the same geographic space. Nusseibeh is the Diana Tamari were left unresolved in the Oslo The second principle calls for an Sabbagh Fellow in Middle Eastern Declaration of Principles; the other open Jerusalem, allowing anyone to Studies at the Baker Institute and three were water, security arrange- enter and to have access to different president of Al-Quds University in ments, borders and the Israeli settle- parts of the city. East Jerusalem. His memoir, “Once ments east of the 1947 armistice The third principle proposes a Upon a Country: A Palestinian line. Though Nusseibeh focused on concept of divine sovereignty of the Life,” was hailed by The New York Jerusalem, he emphasized that none “religious heartland,” an area in Times as “one of the best personal of these issues can be looked at sin- Jerusalem of about 1 square kilome- accounts of the Israeli–Palestinian gly, as they all affect one another in ter that includes the Temple Mount conflict ever written.” He wrote his the negotiation process. and the Wailing Wall, the Church of most recent publication to detail his Nusseibeh presented four prin- the Holy Sepulcher, and the Dome thoughts on Israeli and Palestinian ciples he referred to under the acro- of the Rock and Al-Aqsa Mosque. negotiations regarding the issues of nym of the SODA principles, which This area will belong to no politi- cal entity, but rather be under the dominion of God. The fourth principle examines the armistice line and how it could best divide the land in Jerusalem fairly between the Israelis and the Palestinians. “The hope,” said Nusseibeh, “is that once these prin- ciples are fulfilled, the conflict will end.” Nusseibeh’s SODA principles are not without critics. An audience member challenged the scholar’s proposal to make Jerusalem an open city, asking what would stop suicide bombers from using ter- rorism to drive the Jews out of the city. The premise of the question, according to Nusseibeh, was incor- rect; terrorism is not something Sari Nusseibeh, the Diana Sabbagh Fellow in Middle Eastern Studies and president of Al-Quds University in East Jerusalem, outlines the four principles he recommends should guide negotiations on the future of continued on page 27 Jerusalem.

17 St u d e n t Fo r u m : Wh a t Ma t t e r s t o Ou r Le a d e r s a n d Wh y ?

This fall, the International Leadership Competency Forum’s (ILCF) lecture series featured Bill White, mayor of Houston; David Leebron, president of Rice University; and Malcolm Gillis, University Professor and Ervin K. Zingler Professor of Economics. Titled “What Matters to Our Leaders and Why?” the series is intended to help students better understand the lives and inspira- tions of today’s leaders. Mayor White’s Sept. 19 lecture promoted underrated features of leadership. “Popular culture and history books often confuse leader- ship with celebrity, or wealth, or Houston Mayor Bill White (center) with students following his discussion on leadership qualities as part of where you stand in a hierarchy,” the International Leadership Competency Forum lecture series. White said. “What I’d like to talk about is the less commented-on On Oct. 17 President Leebron the poor state of public K–12 edu- brand of leadership … where spoke about his adoption of a cation in the United States; the people are pushed ahead by oth- sincere compassion for others erosion of civility and sensibility in ers and they’re not always pushing and his interest in international public discourse; and the impact themselves ahead.” issues. Leebron, whose “Vision of unsustainable growth on future In a society that highly values for the Second Century” lays the generations. There is no panacea academic success, aspiring leaders groundwork for Rice to maintain for these tough issues, he empha- might forget the character traits its status as an internationally com- sized. “We’ll have to resort to a that define a successful leader. petitive research institution, noted portfolio of policies to deal with White emphasized trustworthiness, the importance of change, recog- these issues,” he said. reliability, integrity and respect for nizing both its inevitability and The ILCF was launched others. He also emphasized the people’s natural resistance to it. November 2006 and is sponsored benefit of finding balance between He emphasized maintaining one’s jointly by the Rice International physical, emotional and spiritual integrity while promoting change, Student Association, the Baker needs, and of lifelong curiosity, not as well as respecting the people Institute, Leadership Rice, the only for academic or practical infor- involved through communication, Graduate Student Association, mation, but also for people, their courage during uncertainty, and and the Office of International desires and their needs. Community consistency throughout change. Students and Scholars. and public service tend to translate Gillis took a different approach well into an individual’s ability to to the topic on Nov. 12 when he relate to and lead different types of spoke about current issues that people, White said. mattered to him. He mentioned

18 Ba k e r In s t i t u t e St u d e n t Fo r u m Fa l l Ev e n t s

During the fall semester, the Zansitis, University Professor War,” about revisiting the Vietnam Baker Institute Student Forum Richard Tapia, and the director War during the Kennedy and (BISF) held a number of outstand- of legal and public affairs for the Johnson administrations, featur- ing events as well as initiated a host Center for Individual Freedom, ing interviews with former Defense of new policy forums in an effort to Timothy Lee. In light of recent Secretary Robert McNamara. increase policy awareness among Supreme Court rulings regarding Simultaneously, BISF continues Rice students. Not only has BISF affirmative action and school bus- to expand its outreach to the Rice held its traditional events, includ- ing, the panel provided an in-depth student body, working to increase ing speeches and panel discussions look at Rice affirmative action his- policy awareness and allow stu- with policy experts and advocates, tory, its current policies, and how dents interested in a policy forum but it has also hosted a number of our policies are shaped by the state to express their views and work. documentary screenings, sponsored of our public school system. This semester, BISF began holding policy discussions among students In addition, BISF screened three biweekly policy discussions during during lunch, and has started a documentaries: “Fast Food Nation,” lunch, where students discussed student-run policy journal that will a film revealing how our society, such issues as tax breaks and phi- consist of original research from health, environment and the state lanthropy or the death penalty. undergraduate and graduate stu- of our democracy are intertwined Additionally, BISF is starting a stu- dents as well as reviews of current with the rise of fast food in the dent-run policy journal to publish articles and books. 1950s; “The Power of the Sun,” a student policy research in order to The semester began with a flurry documentary about the science, provide an outlet for students who of activity. An open house and policy economics and policy surrounding have produced truly extraordinary trivia night was held, where teams of the use of solar panels as an alterna- research. four to seven students competed to tive energy source; and “The Fog of answer difficult, but relevant ques- tions relating to policy, history and geography. The event drew a large number of both trivia junkies and students interested in the Baker Institute. In addition, BISF hosted an evening with famed Pakistani novelist and women’s rights advo- cate, Bapsi Sidhwa. This event filled the International Conference Facility to capacity and was our first event working closely with the Asia Society, which helped with outreach for the event. To celebrate the sign- ing of the U.S. Constitution on Constitution Day, Sept. 17, BISF held a panel discussion on affirma- tive action. The panel included the Rice University historian Melissa Kean, Rice general counsel Richard Pakistani–American novelist Bapsi Sidhwa gives her perspective on the politics and history of one of America’s most important allies at a fall Baker Institute Student Forum event.

19 En e r g y Se c u r i t y : U.S.–Ch i n a –Mi d e a s t Re l a t i o n s

The Baker Institute Energy Professor Yu Xintian, president Secretary Baker followed upon Forum convened a major energy of SIIS, opened the conference Yu’s remarks by adding that such conference on “International with observations on the Middle goals could only be achieved if Energy Security: U.S.–China– East, where terrorism has been China and the United States made Middle East Relations” in Beijing, aggravated by regional players’ a mutual effort to properly “man- China, on Sept. 14. Featuring "difficulties realizing their aspira- age our differences,” as both par- a keynote address by James A. tions" in combating unemployment ties have a stake in “combating Baker, III, the 61st Secretary of and social imbalances as well as by terrorism, resolving conflicts in State, the event was co-hosted the war in Iraq. These events, Yu the Middle East and elsewhere, by the Shanghai Institute for noted, challenge efforts to control protecting sea lanes, promoting International Studies (SIIS), a lead- international nuclear proliferation, arms control, and stemming the ing Chinese think tank, and speak- and she said world powers such as proliferation of weapons of mass ers emphasized the importance China and the United States need destruction.” of Sino–American collaboration a better approach to manage this Ambassador Edward P. efforts to stabilize the Middle East issue and should collaborate to sta- Djerejian, director of the Baker and the world. bilize the Middle East. continued on page 26

Jo i n t IEEJ St u d y o n Fu t u r e Gl o b a l En e r g y Ma r k e t s

The Baker Institute has com- Wallace S. Wilson Fellow in Energy menu of policy recommendations menced a major new energy Studies, and Mahmoud El-Gamal, to strengthen the stability and flex- study, “The Global Energy Market: professor of economics, Rice ibility of global energy and finan- Comprehensive Strategies to University, traveled to Tokyo for cial markets in order to withstand Meet Geopolitical and Financial the study’s inaugural meeting. possible shocks and geopolitical Risks – The G8, Energy Security, The research will examine a threats, including strategies related and Global Climate Issues.” variety of scenarios for the future to enhancing diversification, The one-year study will be final- of global energy markets, focus- alternative energy technologies, ized in time for the G8 meeting ing on factors that could trigger a multilateral energy trade accords, scheduled to take place in Japan regional or worldwide crisis. The emergency market procedures, during July 2008. Research for study seeks to assess the geopoliti- and economic reform and priva- the study is being undertaken in cal risks currently facing interna- tization in the Middle East and cooperation with the Institute of tional energy markets and the Russia. By analyzing these threats Energy Economics, Japan (IEEJ). global financial system. It also will in depth, the study aims to develop The study is part of the Baker investigate the consequences that a series of policy frameworks that Institute’s longstanding research such risks could pose to energy can be used to fortify the current collaboration with key Japanese security, pricing and supply as well market system and ensure that it think tanks and university scholars. as to the transparent and smooth can respond flexibly to the array of In September, a Baker Institute operation of the global market for threats that might be encountered delegation including Ambassador oil trade and investment. Finally, in the coming years. Edward Djerejian, Amy Myers Jaffe, researchers will develop a concrete

20 BP St a t i s t i c a l Re v i e w An a l y z e s 2006 Wo r l d En e r g y Ma r k e t s

The Baker Institute hosted British Petroleum’s (BP) 56th annual “Statistical Review of World Energy” June 27. During his pre- sentation of the review, Mark Finley, BP’s head of economic analysis, focused on energy mar- ket developments in 2006 after reviewing 15 years of data. He pointed out that while a stronger world economy is one major factor accounting for the acceleration in energy consumption growth over the last decade or so, the higher amount of energy being used to produce the same amount of eco- nomic output in the developing world explains the massive growth. Mark Finley, BP’s head of economic analysis, presents the company’s 56th annual “Statistical Review of “Part of the acceleration in the World Energy” and explains that the traditional relationship between energy consumption and economic growth has changed, with growth now concentrated outside the more developed OECD economies. world’s energy consumption can be explained by stronger economic growth,” noted Finley. “But not consumption and economic growth tion growth was weak as the more all of it. The world is becoming has changed, with growth now developed oil-importing countries, relatively more intensive in the way concentrated outside the more which have heavy taxes on energy, it uses energy relative to previous developed OECD economies and reported below-average consump- periods.” occurring in fuels that have had tion growth while oil-exporting During the past five years, the minimal price increases, primar- countries with growing emerging price of crude oil has more than ily coal. Globally, energy trade has economies had above-average doubled; the price of natural gas been growing twice as fast as the consumption growth. Natural gas has risen approximately 75 per- growth in consumption or produc- consumption continued to grow cent, and the price of coal has tion, which reflects the growing at a slightly above-average rate, risen by almost 50 percent, accord- mismatch between where energy especially among exporters. Coal ing to BP. Energy consumption has is consumed and where it is pro- was the fastest-growing fuel in the also accelerated, but this develop- duced. world last year, with almost every ment has occurred solely outside In 2006, the world economy region of the world witnessing a the economies of the Organisation grew by a strong factor of 5.3 per- rise in coal consumption. for Economic Co-operation and cent, with most growth taking place Development (OECD). Average outside OECD countries. Despite economic growth was roughly this global economic acceleration, 4.5 percent annually during this overall world energy consumption period. Finley noted that the tradi- decelerated, especially in OECD tional relationship between energy countries. Last year, oil consump-

21 Nevada: “Iran’s active pursuit of that has not signed the Nuclear Nu c l e a r technology that could lead to Proliferation Treaty (NPT), the continued from page 1 nuclear weapons threatens to put a United States must be sensitive to effective nonproliferation policies region already known for instability the tradition of consensus and coali- are quite different from those that and violence under the shadow of tion. There is a fear that the United were facing the world in 1982. The a nuclear holocaust. Iran’s actions States is signaling that international post-9/11 focus on nonstate ter- threaten the security of nations rules like the NPT are standards rorists was present in 1982, but it everywhere,” he said. “We will con- that can be waived in some cases, was not the major issue that it has front this danger before it is too while they are vigorously applied in become today. Terrorism and its late.” others. It is essential that all possible link to nuclear proliferation is now It is important to note that the avenues for resolution be pursued a subject of primary policy and U.S. administration has chosen to with Iran, including face-to-face operational concern. The growing address nonproliferation concerns negotiations, before considering reality of environmental and eco- very differently in the cases of India the possibility of taking any military nomic considerations is leading to and Iran. The U.S. agreement with actions. The recently published the expansion of the use of nuclear intelligence assessment by the U.S. power and nuclear technology, intelligence agencies, which states again posing the same risks seen that Iran halted its nuclear program in earlier years of expansion. In “The recently published in 2003 and, to date, has not started particular, its expansion in regions intelligence assessment by it up again, makes clear that there is of existing tension, and in problem time, and it is in the interest of the countries, is presenting a chal- the U.S. intelligence agencies world community, for thoughtful lenge to both nonproliferation and ... makes clear that there is negotiations. regional stability. Its expansion in If the United States is going to problem countries is also viewed as time, and it is in the interest be successful in meeting its commit- a direct threat to U.S. security. The ment to minimize the number of United States’ action in Iraq has of the world community, for nuclear weapons and weapon-capa- also led to a growing world concern thoughtful negotiations.” ble states, while also ensuring that about the willingness of the United the benefits of nuclear power are States to use force to resolve these spread as widely as possible, it must proliferation concerns and security – George Abbey and Neal Lane rely on international cooperation threats. and consensus. U.S.–Russian coop- Following Russian President eration provides the foundation for Vladimir Putin's recent visit to India provides India access to valu- that consensus and for the interna- Tehran, President George W. Bush able nuclear technology and fuel tional coalition. Linkages between remarked that he had told world sources that will provide nuclear nuclear arms control and nuclear leaders Iran must be prevented energy to help satisfy its future proliferation, a continuing source from achieving nuclear capability energy needs. Since so much of of controversy among American "if you're interested in avoiding nonproliferation policy depends policymakers, emphasize the point Word War III.” Meanwhile Iranian upon consistency and creating as that any major nonproliferation ini- President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad broad a diplomatic coalition as tiative has to be very dependent on has maintained that Iran will not possible, it would not be wise for U.S. and Russian cooperation. retreat "one iota" from its nuclear the United States to break with As Rose Gottemoeller, the direc- program. President Bush laid out this long-standing tradition. As the tor of the Carnegie Endowment his concerns about Iran in his administration forms agreements for International Peace’s Moscow speech on Aug. 28, 2007, in Reno, with nations such as India, a nation continued on page 27

22 Secretary of Commerce Robert A. Mosbacher Global Issues Series: the Je b Bu s h Mosbacher, Sr., to honor his contri- Honorable Hushang Ansary and continued from page 12 butions to politics and public ser- Mrs. Ansary; the Honorable George to lessen the barriers between cul- vice. Through this endowment, the L. Argyros and Mrs. Argyros; the tures. institute fosters constructive public Honorable James A. Baker, III, and Bush said that these reforms policy dialogue and academic Mrs. Baker; Mr. and Mrs. Robert would be beneficial to all parties exchanges on the role of interna- A. Day; Ms. Jeanie Kilroy; Ms. Meg involved. “Independently, we might tional trade and commerce as a fun- Goodman and Mr. Mike Bonini; the make nominal gains,” he said, “but damental factor for economic and Honorable Robert A. Mosbacher, together we can be an economic social development in emerging Sr., and Mrs. Mosbacher; Mr. Peter powerhouse.” countries. G. Peterson; and The University The Global Issues Series was The Baker Institute is grateful of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer established in the name of former to the following supporters of the Center.

Security,” co-sponsored by the Mexicanos (PEMEX) focus its Me x i c o Baker Institute Energy Forum and resources on natural gas as well continued from page 7 the Center for Energy Economics as oil exploration. “Of course gas sumption and its need to reform at The University of Texas at Austin is not as profitable as oil and so its energy sector. His lecture also (please see related article on page PEMEX has devoted most of its served as a keynote address at the 24). Salazar stated that one of the resources to oil,” Salazar said. “It Nov. 16 conference, “Natural Gas goals of the Mexican Government’s hasn’t responded to the high prices in North America: Markets and 1995 reforms was to help Petróleos of natural gas, so it has not been able to respond to the demand growth.” Left: Miguel Székely, Mexico’s undersecretary of higher education, addresses poverty alleviation pro- Jorge Bustamante, the United grams and economic development in Mexico as part of the “Mexicans Look at Mexico” lecture series. Nations' special rapporteur on the human rights of migrants and an expert on immigration issues, called for a different perspective on the flow of immigrants into the United States. Immigration is defined as a domestic issue inside the United States, Bustamante said, leading to unilateral efforts to address it. But the phenomenon is by definition international, he said, and "factors that shape immigra- tion are on both sides of the bor- der." The lecture series was spon- sored by the Baker Institute’s Latin American Initiative and the Humanities Research Center of Right: Jorge A. Bustamante, U.N. special rappor- Rice University. teur on the human rights of migrants, discusses trafficking and the vulnerability of migrants as part of the series.

23 Na t u r a l Ga s i n No r t h Am e r i c a Co n f e r e n c e

The Baker Institute Energy Forum and the Center for Energy Economics at The University of Texas at Austin hosted a confer- ence on Nov. 16, 2007, at the institute on “Natural Gas in North America: Markets and Security.” The participants looked at the future of natural gas in North America, including resource poten- tial, pricing, and security of future supply both domestically and from abroad. The Baker Institute Energy Forum released a two-year study on natural gas in North America

at the conference. The study was Afternoon panel participants discuss North American natural gas demand and competition of fuels. From supported by the members of the left: David Burns, director, business development, Praxair; Bradley Williams, president, Spitfire Advisors; Glen Sweetnam, director, international, economic greenhouse gases division, Energy Information Adminis- Baker Institute Energy Forum, tration; and Michelle Michot Foss, head, Center for Energy Economics, The University of Texas at Austin. the Independent Petroleum Association of America (IPAA) and come to rely increasingly on for- a cartel can exert on a global gas McKinsey & Company. eign imported liquefied natural market, especially in the immediate The conference brought togeth- gas (LNG). “As time passes, our term.” er energy industry professionals, high-cost domestic production Conference keynote addresses researchers, and academics from will increasingly have to compete featured speakers from the United the United States, Canada and against a swath of more competi- States, Canada and Mexico. Mexico. tively priced imports,” Medlock Katharine Ann Fredricksen, the In his opening remarks at the said. He noted that the Baker principal deputy assistant secretary conference, Baker Institute direc- Institute study found that removing for policy and international affairs tor Edward P. Djerejian said that access restrictions to U.S. domes- at the U.S. Department of Energy, energy and climate loom large tic drilling would not significantly noted that the Bush administration among the major challenges of the alter the United States’ growing had made “significant progress” 21st century. He added, “Natural dependence on foreign imports, in diversifying sources of energy gas will play a key role, not only but longer term it would lower the supply, including 2 billion gallons because it is considered more United States’ and its allies’ vul- of new ethanol production and secure than oil, but also because it nerability to the increased market the addition of seven new LNG is an environmentally cleaner fuel power of large natural gas suppliers receiving terminals or terminal than coal and oil.” Natural gas is such as Russia and the Middle East. expansions approved by Federal already an important fuel in the Longer term, “there’s a strategic Energy Regulatory Commission. United States, representing 22 per- benefit to broadening access to the The United States has been work- cent of total primary energy supply. resource base,” Medlock said. “The ing to promote increasing LNG Baker Institute fellow in energy idea here is that you increase the supplies from Nigeria, Trinidad studies Kenneth Medlock told the elasticity of alternative supplies and and Tobago and Peru, according audience that U.S. consumers will therefore minimize the effect that continued on page 27

24 math and sciences. Its summer Greatness of Texas,” by Richard TAMEST institutes, which have been oper- Tapia, University Professor at Rice; continued from page 3 ating for 13 years, trained more and a panel discussion led by Rod our citizens understand the natu- than 2,300 teachers from 300 Paige, former Secretary of the ral world around them.” school districts in the past year Department of Education, titled According to the National alone. “Assuring Equity and Excellence Academies report, one of the cru- The conference included a in STEM Education for Texas.” cial elements of improvement in variety of presentations including Support for this program was science, technology, engineering speeches on “The Populations generously provided by The Dow and mathematics (STEM) educa- of Texas: Historical Patterns Chemical Company Foundation tion is more advanced placement and Future Trends Affecting and the Greater Texas Foundation. and international baccalaureate Education,” by Steve Murdock, programs and teacher training. Rice University professor of sociol- Rice University has had a major ogy; “Math and Science Education role in improving programs in for All: A Challenge to the

Speakers at the conference, “Improving Science and Math Education: Texas Confronts the Gathering Storm: top left, dinner keynote speaker Leon Lederman, director emeri- tus, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory and Nobel Laureate in Physics, 1988, with Neal Lane, senior fellow in science and technology policy, Baker Institute; top right, Richard Tapia, Maxfield-Oshman Professor in Engineering, Rice University, who delivered a conference keynote address; and bottom right, Dixie Ross, AP Calculus teacher, Pflugerville High School, Pflugerville, Texas, who also delivered a keynote address.

25 Am e r i c a s continued from page 6

ronmental and health benefits that proper garbage disposal brought to the community, other benefits achieved were job creation, citizen accountability, and the empower- ment of marginal populations that have been often ignored by the governments that represent them. For a state’s economy to function at its optimal level of efficiency there A panel discussion, “Assessing the Americas,” provides perspectives from Marta Lagos, director, Latino- must be a balance between the barómetro (left); Abert Ramdin, assistant secretary general, Organization of American States (center); and duties of the state, the private sec- Eric Farnsworth, vice president, Council of the Americas (right). tor and civil society. No country can solve these prob- does democracy prevail now and communities through building lems alone. As Assistant Secretary not before? We believe it is mostly trust and understanding of their Ramdin pointed out, strategic part- because of interconnectivity of neighbors. nership and the power of multilat- the world.” The Americas Project eralism are crucial for the region’s encourages interconnectivity as a betterment. Marta Lagos, director productive exchange of ideas for of Latinobarometro, added, “Why younger leaders to advance their

initiative to broaden access to its oil companies. The audience Ch i n a research outside North America. included executives from Western continued from page 20 Other international energy con- and Chinese oil companies, gov- Institute, further expanded upon ferences organized by the Energy ernment officials, financial and Baker’s goals for the conference Forum have been held in Dubai, business leaders, and Chinese and as a meeting for “conflict resolu- Tokyo and Moscow. American academics. Following tion and international cooperation Led by Ambassador Djerejian, the Beijing conclave, some mem- [which] will be key to confront- the Baker Institute delega- bers of the Baker Institute delega- ing the strategic challenges of our tion included Amy Myers Jaffe, tion traveled to Shanghai for meet- future energy needs.” Djerejian Wallace S. Wilson Fellow in ings with the Shanghai Academy emphasized that “it is in the vital Energy Studies; Steven Lewis, fel- of Social Sciences concerning the interest of importing and export- low in Asian Studies; Matthew Baker Institute’s participation in ing countries alike that our energy Chen, energy research associate, the multidisciplinary Coastal Cities future be based on partnership, Mahmoud El-Gamal, professor project. not conflict. We cannot allow the of economics, Rice University; Middle East, already home to trag- and Ronald Soligo, professor of ic violence, to become the scene economics, Rice University. The of great power confrontation over conference examined topics such energy.” as U.S.–China energy interests in The conference was the third the Middle East, financial markets in an annual series held in China and oil shocks, and oil investments and is part of the Energy Forum’s of national and international

26 ber asked whether Israeli and delineated plan for resolving Nu s s e i b e h Palestinian citizens would sup- the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, continued from page 17 port such a plan. “I think that [a Nusseibeh remained hopeful. “If we that can be controlled by force. compromise on Jerusalem] can be reduce the big issue of sovereignty “The premise I start with is if you [acceptable] if the leaders on both and capital to workable, practical have peace, then you can minimize sides … are prepared to support it,” details,” he said, “I think we can things of terrorism,” he said. “You said Nusseibeh. “My sense is that come up with a solution that will can maybe not eliminate it totally, there is sufficient public opinion in serve both the interests and the but that’s the starting point for con- support of a tangible solution if it is needs of the Palestinians as well as taining it.” presented to the people.” the Jews.” Another audience mem- Despite the lack of a clearly

work together on the International still need to change the game of the Nu c l e a r Space Station sharing the com- U.S.–Russian relationship from the continued from page 22 mand responsibility and relying on Cold War model. Center observed, despite the 15 a Russian-built rescue craft to return Furthering nonproliferation and years that have elapsed since the to Earth. In space policy, at least, so satisfying the energy needs of the end of the Soviet Union, the United much trust and confidence exists underdeveloped world and other States has not succeeded in “chang- between the United States and nations has become a daunting ing the game” of the U.S.–Russian Russia that our manned programs challenge. But the goal is critical to relationship, and the relationship are essentially intertwined. The the future stability of the world. The has become increasingly more road to reaching that point has not Baker Institute workshop served strained in recent years. The default been easy, but it has been covered. to bring some clarity to the issues position for both Washington and As President Putin said during his and will be the subject of a separate Moscow has been to assume the visit to Rice University in 2002, our report. The report will also look worst and not depend on the other relationship in working together in back on the successes and failures party. There have been exceptions, space could well be the model for of the last 25 years since the Tulane most notably in space policy. U.S. working together in other areas. In conference. astronauts and Russian cosmonauts most cases, in these other areas, we

which will require the expansion of that is influenced by price competi- Na t u r a l Ga s Mexico’s pipeline grid and reforms tion between residual fuel oil and continued from page 24 to its pipeline tariff structure, as natural gas prices in certain mar- to Fredricksen. Roland George, a well as increased reliance on LNG kets such as the power generation member of the National Energy (please see related article on page market. Board of Canada, warned that 7). Full-text versions of all the pub- natural gas exports from Canada to Part of the Baker Institute lications released during the con- the United States could decline in study investigated the relationship ference are available on the Energy the long term as Canadian produc- between crude oil and natural gas Forum Web site at http://www.rice. tion peaks, and the country retains pricing. This work was undertaken edu/energy. more of its resources for domestic with collaboration and support use. Francisco Salazar, president of from McKinsey & Company and the Energy Regulatory Commission concluded that there is a stable, (CRE) of Mexico, said Mexico will long run relationship between increasingly rely on natural gas, crude oil and natural gas prices

27 Ba k e r In s t i t u t e i n t h e Ne w s

Compiled using Dateline Rice, these • July 3, 2007: Quoted in the als featured in The Washington are highlighted interviews given by the Chicago Tribune in an article Post about the reconstruction Baker Institute fellows between June 13, about grassroots diplomatic ini- efforts in New Orleans. 2007, and December 10, 2007. tiatives. • August 23, 2007: Quoted in the • June 15, 2007: Quoted in The Houston Chronicle on President Edward P. Djerejian Guardian (Nigeria) in a story Bush’s recent remarks compar- • Dec. 5, 2007: Quoted in the about the Nigerian National ing the Iraq War to past U.S. Kuwait Times the Bush adminis- Petroleum Corporation. wars. tration’s push toward peace in • June 15, 2007: Commented on • August 20, 2007: Quoted in the the Middle East. Mahmoud Abbas’ decision to Los Angeles Times on the late • Nov. 28, 2007: Interviewed dissolve the Palestinian unity Michael Deaver. by NPR about Syria’s involve- government in an Al-Jazeera ment in the Annapolis Mideast TV telecast. Christopher Bronk, Ph.D. Summit. • August 20, 2007: Wrote an edi- • Nov. 26, 2007: Quoted by Allen Matusow, Ph.D. torial examining the effective- Reuters on the motivations • August 24, 2007: Quoted in ness of “smart fences” along behind the Bush administra- Technology Commerce Society Daily the U.S.-Mexico border in the tion’s recent encouragement in an article on the subprime Houston Chronicle. for an Israeli–Palestinian mortgage collapse. peace. Vivian Ho, Ph.D. • Nov. 2, 2007: Interviewed Douglas Brinkley, Ph.D. • Oct. 9, 2007: Published a study by CNN International for • Nov. 13, 2007: Quoted by on MedicalExchange.com on commentary on recent U.S. Pensions & Investments on poor Certificate of Need, a state Foreign Service issues. investment interest in post- government regulation that • Oct. 30, 2007: Noted in the Katrina New Orleans. minimizes mortality rates and Muslim World News for meet- • Oct. 2, 2007: Authored a health care costs. ing with Iraqi delegates from review in The New York Times of • September 4, 2007: Quoted Anbar province in Houston. Michael Korda’s book, “Ike: An in the Houston Chronicle on • Sept. 21, 2007: Quoted in The American Hero.” the growing trend of “Medical Washington Post on the recent • Sept. 19, 2007: Noted in the Tourism.” Israeli bombing of Syria. Houston Chronicle for speech • July 9, 2007: Quoted in the • Sept. 18, 2007: Commented about the reconstruction of FRBSF Economic Letter detail- on Fox News regarding Israel’s New Orleans. ing the events of a symposium recent attacks on Syria. • August 31, 2007: Quoted in the sponsored by the Center for • August 6, 2007: Quoted in the Houston Chronicle on the 50th the Study of Innovation and Houston Chronicle about the sta- anniversary of Jack Kerouac’s Productivity. bility of the Middle East. “On the Road.” • July 6, 2007: Mentioned in • August 30, 2007: Interviewed Amy Myers Jaffe Frontpagemag.com in an opinion on “FOX News Live” about • Dec. 10, 2007: Commented column about the contrast the two-year anniversary of in The New York Times on the between conservative and lib- Hurricane Katrina and New rising energy demand in oil- eral strategies for negotiating Orleans’ reconstruction efforts. exporting countries. with Islamic groups. • August 27, 2007: Wrote editori-

28 • Nov. 27, 2007: Discussed The Wall Street Journal on for- Houston Chronicle in an article in NewsMax.com pending eign energy investments and on Bexar County’s planned legislation rendering the the comparative stability of the needle exchange program. Organization of Petroleum Middle East. • July 2, 2007: Quoted in the Exporting Countries illegal. • August 13, 2007: Mentioned in Tampa Tribune in a story on • Nov. 19, 2007: Wrote an edi- the International Herald Tribune revenue received by churches torial in Newsweek about the on Iran’s attempts to attract and other types of nonprofit obstacles facing major oil com- energy investors. organizations. panies. • June 20, 2007: Interviewed • June 15, 2007: Quoted in The • Nov. 13, 2007: Remarked in the by the Financial Times about Washington Post in remem- Houston Chronicle on a recent energy policy and the 2008 brance of Ruth Graham, wife Baker Institute study on major presidential election. of preacher Billy Graham. oil companies’ financial invest- ments. Neal Lane, Ph.D. Kenneth B. Medlock III, Ph.D. • Nov. 12, 2007: Featured in the • Nov. 19, 2007: Interviewed in • Oct. 18, 2007: Quoted in The Financial Times for a study of NPR’s “Talk of the Nation” Wall Street Journal on the conse- oil industry spending trends. about presidential science quences of rising oil prices. • Nov. 5, 2007: Noted in The New advisers’ responsibilities in con- • Oct. 17, 2007: Noted in the York Times on the rise of nation- tributing to policy decisions. Dallas Morning News for obser- al oil companies in. • June 25, 2007: Co-authored vations on the economic effects • Oct. 31, 2007: Suggested in the an editorial in the Houston of the rising price of oil. Los Angeles Times how an inter- Chronicle on the need for a • Oct. 3, 2007: Remarked on est-rate cut would impact ener- “National Earth-Information NPR on the increasing price of gy prices and the economy. Initiative.” gasoline. • Oct. 31, 2007: Remarked in Time magazine on the mass William Martin, Ph.D. Joan Neuhaus Schaan departure of U.S. oil compa- • Dec. 7, 2007: Remarked in the • Sept. 10, 2007: Featured in the nies to Dubai. Chicago Tribune on presiden- Houston Chronicle in a Memorial • Oct. 29, 2007: Quoted in the tial candidate Mitt Romney’s West Republican Women meet- Financial Times about Alberta’s recent speech distinguishing ing for speech on the security recent raising of oil royalties. himself from Mormonism. of the region. • Sept. 26, 2007: Mentioned on • Nov. 12, 2007: Commented Middle East Online in an article in the St. Louis Post-Dispatch about the Iraq War. on the reluctance of the U.S. • Sept. 5, 2007: Observed on Congress to investigate the Bloomberg.com the progress in financial misdeeds of churches the Russian oil market. • Oct. 22, 2007: Commented • August 23, 2007: Quoted in the in USA Today on Lakewood Financial Times on technology Church’s Joel Osteen. investments of big private oil • August 31, 2007: Quoted in companies. the Houston Chronicle on a bill • August 20, 2007: Quoted in The pending in the Senate that Boston Globe on the difficulty of would add sexual orientations switching to ecofriendly power and gender identity to the cri- sources. teria for federal hate crimes. • August 14, 2007: Quoted in • July 30, 2007: Quoted in the

29 Ne w Pu b l i c a t i o n s

To download the complete text of these “Gas FAQ Video Briefing “Final Status: Jerusalem and publications and others, please visit our Transcript: U.S. Gasoline Return” Web site at http://bakerinstitute.org Markets and U.S. Oil Research Paper and look under Publications. Dependence” October 2007 Opinion Piece Sari Nusseibeh, Ph.D. (Baker “Hot Topic: Navigating the Fact August 2007 Institute) and Fiction of Climate Change” Kenneth Medlock III, Ph.D., and Opinion Piece Amy Myers Jaffe (Baker “Nuclear Nonproliferation: Policy July 2007 Institute/Rice University) Implications” Neal Lane, Ph.D. (Baker Institute) Opinion Piece “Managing the U.S.-Mexico Border November 2007 “The Price of Gasoline: How High Problem” George Abbey and Neal Lane, for How Long?” Opinion Piece Ph.D. (Baker Institute) Opinion Piece August 2007 July 2007 Christopher Bronk, Ph.D. (Baker “The International Oil Companies” Kenneth Medlock III, Ph.D. (Baker Institute) Research Paper Institute/Rice University) November 2007 “Estimating Cost Savings from Amy Myers Jaffe and Ronald “Does Certificate of Need Affect Regionalizing Cardiac Soligo, Ph.D. (Baker Institute/ Cardiac Outcomes and Costs?” Procedures Using Hospital Rice University) Research Paper Discharge Data” July 2007 Research Paper “Testimony Before the Texas Vivian Ho, Ph.D. (Baker Institute) September 2007 Senate Committee on Vivian Ho, Ph.D. (Baker Institute) Transportation and Homeland “Gas FAQ: U.S. Gasoline Markets Security” and U.S. Oil Dependence” “A Proposal for Immigration Testimony Opinion Piece Reform” November 2007 July 2007 Research Paper Joan Neuhaus Schaan (Baker Kenneth Medlock III, Ph.D., and October 2007 Institute) Amy Myers Jaffe (Baker Dagobert Brito, Ph.D. (Baker Institute/Rice University) Institute/Rice University), “Hot Topic: Stem Cell Controversy: and Hector Olea, Ph.D. (Gauss Are Human Skin Cells Really the “What Holds Back the Second Energia) Breakthrough?” Generation? The Opinion Piece Intergenerational “U.S. Stem Cell Policy - December 2007 Transmission of Unintended Consequences” Kirstin Matthews, Ph.D., and Neal Language Human Capital Opinion Piece Lane, Ph.D. (Baker Institute) Among Immigrants” October 2007 Research Paper Kirstin Matthews, Ph.D., and Neal “Nusseibeh Video Briefing August 2007 Lane, Ph.D. (Baker Institute) Transcript - Final Status: Hoyt Bleakley, Ph.D. (University of Jerusalem and Refugees” Chicago), and Aimee Chin, “Hot Topic: Innovation and Opinion Piece Ph.D. (University of Houston) Economic Competitiveness December 2007 through Science and Sari Nusseibeh, Ph.D. (Baker “Avenues for Advancement: Technology” Institute) Conference Summary” Opinion Piece Research Paper October 2007 August 2007 Neal Lane, Ph.D., and Kirstin Kirstin Matthews, Ph.D. (Baker Matthews, Ph.D. (Baker Institute) Institute)

30 Ba k e r In s t i t u t e Fe l l o w s , Sc h o l a r s , a n d Pr o g r a m Pe r s o n n e l Edward P. Djerejian Amy Myers Jaffe Founding Director Wallace S. Wilson Fellow in Ba k e r In s t i t u t e Br i e f s Janice and Robert McNair Energy Studies Chair in Public Policy Editors - Hillary Durgin Harmon, Derrick Huang and Edward A. and Hermena Neal Lane, Ph.D. Janet G. Benton Hancock Kelly University Senior Fellow in Science and Chair for Senior Scholars Technology Policy Graphic Design - Sonja D. Fulbright Allen Matusow, Ph.D. Steven W. Lewis, Ph.D. Associate Director for Fellow in Asian Studies Photographers - Katy Anderson, Academic Programs Jesse Jones Leadership Center Mike Duhon, Jeff Fitlow, Taylor Johnson, Deian Summer Intern Program Tabakov, and George Wong George Abbey Coordinator Baker Botts Senior Fellow in ©2008 by the Baker Institute for Space Policy David R. Mares, Ph.D. Public Policy of Rice University. Baker Institute Scholar for This material may be quoted Joe Barnes Energy Studies or reproduced without prior Bonner Means Baker Fellow permission, provided appropri- William Martin, Ph.D. ate credit is given. For further Douglas Brinkley, Ph.D. Harry and Hazel Chavanne information about the Baker Fellow in History Senior Fellow in Religion and Institute, please visit our website at http://bakerinstitute.org. Public Policy Christopher Bronk, Ph.D. For further inquiries and Fellow in Technology, Society, Kirstin Matthews, Ph.D. address changes, we may be and Public Policy Program Manager, Science and reached by phone, 713-348-4683; Technology Policy Program fax, 713-348-5993; or Erika de la Garza e-mail, [email protected]. Program Director, Latin Kenneth B. Medlock III, Ph.D. American Initiative Fellow in Energy Studies The Baker Institute Report is printed on recycled John W. Diamond, Ph.D. Sayaka Nakamura, Ph.D. paper with funds pro- Edward A. and Hermena Sid Richardson Scholar in vided by The Cullen Foundation Hancock Kelly Fellow in Tax Health Economics Publication Endowment. Policy Sari Nusseibeh, Ph.D. To enquire about program support at the Baker Institute, Yair Hirschfeld, Ph.D. Diana Tamari Sabbagh Fellow please contact Meredith Isaac and Mildred Brochstein in Middle Eastern Studies Montgomery, assistant direc- Fellow in Middle East Peace tor of development, at and Security in Honor of José Antonio Ocampo, Ph.D. 713-348-2136. Yitzhak Rabin Will Clayton Fellow in International Economics To enquire about Roundtable Vivian Ho, Ph.D. membership at the Baker James A. Baker III Institute Joan Neuhaus Schaan Institute, please contact Lilia Chair in Health Economics Fellow in Homeland Security Fabry, development coordinator, and Terrorism at 713-348-4200.

31 No n -Pr o f i t Or g . U.S. Po s t a g e PAID Ho u s t o n , Te x a s Pe r m i t No. 7549 Ja m e s A. Ba k e r III In s t i t u t e f o r Pu b l i c Po l i c y –MS40 Ri c e Un i v e r s i t y P.O. Bo x 1892 Ho u s t o n , Te x a s 77251-1892

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