MINISTERUL CULTURII ŞI IDENTITĂŢII NAŢIONALE MUZEUL NAŢIONAL DE ISTORIE A TRANSILVANIEI ACTA MVSEI NAPOCENSIS 54 HISTORICA II 2017 CLUJ-NAPOCA 2018 EDITORIAL BOARD: STEPHEN FISCHER-GALAŢI (Colorado University, SUA), KONRAD GÜNDISCH (Institutul de Cultură şi Istorie a Germanilor din Europa de Est, Oldenburg, Germania), IOAN-AUREL POP (Academia Română, Universitatea Babeş-Bolyai), MARIUS PORUMB (Academia Română, Institutul de Arheologie şi Istoria Artei, Cluj-Napoca), VALENTIN ŞERDAN-ORGA(Biblioteca Centrală Universitară „Lucian Blaga”, Universitatea Babeş-Bolyai), NICOLAE SABĂU (Universitatea Babeş-Bolyai), TUDOR SĂLĂGEAN (Muzeul Etnografic al Transilvaniei, Cluj-Napoca), TORBAGY MELINDA (Muzeul Naţional Maghiar, Budapesta), RUDOLF DINU (Institutul Român de Cultură şi Cercetare Umanistică, Veneţia), IOAN DRĂGAN (Arhivele Naţionale din România) , IOAN BOLOVAN (Institutul de Istorie „George Bariţ”, Universitatea Babeş-Bolyai) EDITORIAL STAFF: HORAŢIU BODALE, CLAUDIA M. BONŢA, MELINDA MITU, OVIDIU MUNTEAN – editor in charge ENGLISH TRANSLATION: CARMEN BORBELY FOTO: SERGIU ODENIE, AUTORII COVER: TÖRÖK KÁROLYI ON THE COVER: Three-colored scarf carried by Professor Ioachim Crăciun at the National Assembly in Alba Iulia on December 1, 1918, as an official delegate of the Cristian-Sibiu area FOUNDER: CONSTANTIN DAICOVICIU MUZEUL NAŢIONAL DE ISTORIE A TRANSILVANIEI ISSN 1454-1521 ACTA MVSEI NAPOCENSIS ACTA MVSEI NAPOCENSIS Publicaţie a Muzeului Naţional de Istorie a Publication of the National History Museum Transilvaniei. Corespondenţa se va adresa: Muzeul of Transylvania. All correspondence will be sent to Naţional de Istorie a Transilvaniei, 400020, Cluj- the address: National History Museum of Napoca, str. C. Daicoviciu, nr. 2, Tel/fax: 004 0264 Transylvania, 400020 Cluj-Napoca, Constantin 591718; Tel: 004 0264 595677. Daicoviciu St. no. 2, Tel/fax: 004 0264 591718; Tel: email: [email protected] 004 0264 595677. email: [email protected] Editura Argonaut Cluj-Napoca Str. Ciucaş nr.5/15 www.editura-argonaut.ro ISBN 978-973-109-858-6 CONTENTS Studies ALEXANDRU MADGEARU Further considerations on Hierotheos’ mission to the Magyars………….…….…….…….…….…….…….…….…….……...................... 1 VICTOR V. VIZAUER Ethnic Nicknames (Sobriquets) in Transylvania during the 13th – 14th Centuries... 17 MIHAI-FLORIN HASAN About a Theft of Oxen from Solnoc County (1353) …………………………….. 40 PAULA VIRAG General Aspects regarding The Jews in Satu Mare County at the end of the 18th Century …….…….…….…….…….…….…….…….…………….…... 53 RÓBERT OLÁH GÁL Petru Pipoş (1859 - 1913), The First Romanian Mathematician, Doctor of Mathematical Sciences in Cluj ………….…….…….…….…….……........ 63 NICOLAE TEŞCULĂ The Order of Good Templars in Transylvania’s Saxon towns at the beginning of the 20th Century ……………………….....................................................................…. 68 HORAŢIU BODALE The Units of Transylvanian Romanian Volunteers in Italy (1917 - 1919)...........… 79 OVIDIU MUNTEAN Feminine Personalities in The Service of The Great Union. Sidonia Docan – The Secretary of The Romanian National Senate of Transylvania (4 nov. 1918 – 4 jan. 1919) .. ………….…….…….…….…….…….…….…….………….... 98 VERONICA TURCUŞ, ŞERBAN TURCUŞ The First Secret Contacts for The Establishment of Diplomatic Relations between The Holy See and The Kingdom of Romania in 1918 …………...........………… 136 LEVENTE BENKŐ The Supreme Protest: Self-Immolation. In Memory of the former Student from Cluj, Marton Moyses (1941-1970), a Victim of The Communist Dictatorship ……...... 148 MELINDA MITU Fin-de-siècle Ceramics from the Collections of the National Museum of Transylvanian History ……………………….................................................……162 CLAUDIA M. BONŢA A Selective Overview of The Activity of The History Department from The National Museum of Transylvanian History in Cluj-Napoca 2013-2016.............. 173 Reviews and Presentations MARIN IOSIF BALOG Vasile Dobrescu, Adrian Onofreiu, Din istoricul instituțiilor de credit din județul Bistrița-Năsăud [On the History of Loan Institutions in Bistrița-Năsăud County] (1873-1940), Cluj-Napoca, Edit. Argonaut, 2018, ISBN, 978-973-109-759-6, 304 pp………….…….…….…….…….…….…….…….…………….….................... 181 MARIN IOSIF BALOG Volker Wollmann, Un mileniu și jumătate de minerit aurifer la Roșia Montană [A Millennium and a Half of Gold Mining at Roșia Montană], București, DAR Development Publishing, 2017, ISBN 978-606-94409-0-2.…............................... 187 CONTRIBUTORS............................................................................................ 193 LEVENTE BENKŐ1 THE SUPREME PROTEST: SELF-IMMOLATION. IN MEMORY OF THE FORMER STUDENT FROM CLUJ MARTON MOYSES (1941 – 1970), A VICTIM OF THE COMMUNIST DICTATORSHIP Abstract: This study presents the ordeal and the ultimate sacrifice by self- immolation committed by a former student from Cluj-Napoca, Márton Moyses. He was a native of Aita Mare (Covasna County), who in the autumn of 1956, along with millions of Romanian citizens (Romanians, Hungarians, Swabians, Saxons etc.), followed with bated breath the events of the Hungarian Revolution and who, as a high school student, together with three other colleagues, tried to illicitly cross the border between Romania and Hungary, in order to join the Hungarian revolutionaries. This study briefly presents some aspects of the course events took in Central and Eastern Europe after the Twentieth Congress of the Communist Party in the Soviet Union; Márton Moyses’s arrest and trial, as well as his path from liberation to self-immolation. Keywords: 1956, Hungarian Revolution, Márton Moyses, Transylvania, Military Court of Cluj. * On February 13, 1970, in Brașov, a young man aged only 29, a native of the commune Aita Mare (Covasna County) poured gasoline on his body and set himself on fire, in front of the headquarters of the county organisation of the Romanian Communist Party, in protest against the communist dictatorship in Romania. After having been watched for many years by the Security, the young man died after three months, on 15 May, on his suffering bed from the City Hospital in Baraolt (Covasna County). This young man was a former student of Cluj-Napoca, Márton Moyses, who, through his supreme gesture, emulated the Pole Ryszard Siwiec,2 the Czech Jan Palach,3 the 1 MA student at Babes-Bolyai University Cluj-Napoca, Editor of the cultural journal “Művelődés”, Cluj-Napoca,; [email protected] 2 Siwiec, Ryszard (1909, Debica–1968, Warsaw) Polish accountant. He was the first man from the former countries of Central and Eastern Europe, dominated by the communists, who expressed thus his protest against the intervention of Soviet troops and, implicitly, of the Warsaw Pact, to suppress the Prague Spring. Ryszard Siwiec set himself on fire on September 8, 1968 in front of 100,000 spectators, including party and state leaders in Poland, who had The Supreme Protest: Self-Immolation 149 Hungarian Sándor Bauer4 and preceded the Romanian Liviu Cornel Babeș5. The ultimate sacrifice of Márton Moyses shocked people in the surroundings of Brașov, but the news of his self-immolation and death was silenced by the authorities and was not broadly disseminated like the shattering news of the gesture committed by his three predecessors. The roots and motivations underlying the tragedy of Márton Moyses are found in the second, decisive intervention of the Soviet troops, on 4 November 1956, when they were sent by the communist power in Moscow to suppress the Hungarian Revolution, whose forces had been victorious only a few days before. The tragedy of Márton Moyses turned out to be closely connected with that of his predecessors, not only in terms of its content, but also from the perspective of its causality. For example, Ryszard Siwiec set himself on fire in the autumn of 1968, as a protest against Soviet interference in the suppression of the Prague Spring, as well as against Soviet tyranny in the whole of the East-European area, which was under Soviet military occupation and political domination. The same motivation drove the Prague-based student, Jan Palach, who set himself on fire a few months later, protesting thus against the Soviets, who had been stifling the aspirations towards reform and freedom of the Czech people. It was also against the communist dictatorship that a young man of just 17 years, Sándor Bauer, protested in Budapest, on 20 January 1969, when he set himself on fire on the steps of the National Museum in Budapest. Márton Moyses came from a mixed Saxon-Hungarian family. His father, Friedrich (Frigyes) was a descendant of the families Moyses and Gusbeth, Evangelical-Lutherans from Brașov, and his mother was descended from the unitarian Péterffy family, from the village of Aita Mare (Covasna County). Four children were born from the marriage of the two: Frigyes gathered in a stadium in Warsaw, for celebrating the harvest. He died from the burns he incurred on September 12, 1968. 3 Palach, Jan (1948, Prague–1969, Prague) was a Czech student. He was the first Czech who on 16 January 1969 immolated himself in Wenceslas Square in the Czech capital, in protest against the intervention of the Soviet and Warsaw Pact troops – not so much in Romania – for quelling the Prague spring. Jan Palach died from the burns he suffered on 19 January, his cortege being accompanied by hundreds of thousands of compatriots. After him, in the period January–April 1969, other young Czechs showed their protest by self-immolation: for example, Jan Zajíc, Josef Hlavaty, Evzen Plocek,