Ecography E4657 Griffiths, M

Home , Acacia brachyclada, Acacia congesta, Acacia dimidiata, Calodendrum, Calodendrum capense, Calpurnia aurea

Ecography E4657 Griffiths, M. E. and Lawes, M. J. 2006. Biogeographic, environmental, and phylogenetic influences on reproductive traits in subtropical forest trees, South Africa. – Ecography 29: 614–622.

1 om provincial (Pooley om provincial

ata on reproductive traits was compiled fr ata on reproductive

45678910111213141516

y sources listed in Germishuizen and Meyer (2003), and from nondestructive measurements of nondestructive measurements (2003), and from and Meyer listed in Germishuizen y sources

Hochst. ex A.DC. Hochst. S,C H FU T W I D G Z R C M M L M M

(Hochst.) Codd (Hochst.) C H FU A PI I F PB Z R R M M L L F

E.Mey. ex Nees E.Mey. S H FU A PU I D G E C C M M M M F

Strey A,S,C H FR T G I F PB Z R C S M S M S

Bernh. S,C D FR T W I F R Z R C S M L L S

(Sond.) Baill. (Sond.) A,S,C H FR T Y I F R Z R C S M S M F

Harv. A,S,C D FR A,T W I D BR W D R S M S S S

Hochst. C H FR A,T W I D BR Z R R M F L M M

DC. C D FR T W I D BR W D R S M S S S

Thunb. A H FR T Y I F PB Z R C S M S M S

(Bernh.) Engl. A,S,C D FR T Y I F PB Z C R S M M M S

L. A,S D FR A Y I D G Z R C M M L M M

Jacq. C D FR T W I F O Z C R S M M L S

Baker f. Baker A D FR T G I F R Z R R S M S M F

Thunb. A,C H FR T Y I F PB Z R D S M S M S

Harv. & Sond. Harv. A,S H FR A Y I D Y G R R S F L L F

Sond. C H FU T W I D PB Z C R S M L L S

Bernh. C D FR A,T Y I F R Z R D S M S M S

Harv. S H FU T PU I D BR E R R L M M M F

Sond. C H FU T W I F O Z C C S M M M S

(L.) Radlk. A D FR A W I F R Z R C S M S S F

achylaena discolor achylaena uniflora

ackaya bella

otorhus longifolia otorhus

arpephyllum caffrum

able S1. Reproductive traits of 195 tree species in afrotemperate, scarp, and coastal forests in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. D South in KwaZulu-Natal, and coastal forests species in afrotemperate, scarp, traits of 195 tree able S1. Reproductive

ussonia sphaerocephala ussonia spicata ussonia thyrsiflora

cokanthera oblongifolia cokanthera

ylotheca kraussiana

hoenix reclinata

abernaemontana ventricosa

amily and species 1 2 3

lex mitis

T 1993) and regional (van Wyk and van Wyk 1997, Coates Palgrave 2002) field guides, primar 1997, Coates Palgrave Wyk and van Wyk (van 1993) and regional specimens in the Univ. of KwaZulu-Natal Herbarium, Pietermaritzburg*. Herbarium, of KwaZulu-Natal specimens in the Univ.

ACANTHACEAE Duvernoia adhatodoides M

ACHARIACEAE Kiggelaria africana Rawsonia lucida X

ANACARDIACEAE H Pr Rhus chirindensis Rhus natalensis

APOCYNACEAE A Rauvolfia caffra T

AQUIFOLIACEAE I

ARALIACEAE C C C Schefflera umbellifera Schefflera

ARECACEAE P

ASTERACEAE Br Br

BORAGINACEAE Cordia caffra Cordia

2 SMSMF

DBRGCC

(Thunb.) Loes. C H FR T G I F R Z R R S M L M S

Loes. A H FR A W I D R Z C C S M M M F

N.E.Br. A H FR A W I D R Z R C S M M M F

(Eckl. & Seyh.) Szyszyl. & Seyh.) (Eckl. C H FR A W I D BR Z R C S F S M F

(Sond.) Loes. (Sond.) A,S H FR A G I D Y Z C C S F M M F

M.Jordaan A H FR A W I D R Z R R S M M M F

(Thunb.) DC. (Thunb.) A,S H FR A W I F R Z R R S M S S S

(L.f.) Loes. (L.f.) C H FR A W I D O Z C C S M S M F

F.White C D FU A W I F PB Z R C S F M M F

(Engl.) Engl. (Engl.) S,C D FU A W I F R Z R R S M M M S

(L.f.) Loes. (L.f.) A,S H FR A W I D R Z R C S M M M F

(Oliv.) Gilg(Oliv.) S H FU C PI I D Y Z C R S F M M F

(Eckl. & Zeyh.) Kuntze (Eckl. S H FR A Y I D R W R C S M M M S

Hochst. A,S H FR A W I D R W R C S M L M S

Baker S M FR A G W F Y Z C R S S S M S

(Harv.) Brenan (Harv.) C D FU A W I F O Z C R S S S M S

(Hiern) F.White (Hiern) A D FU A W I F R Z C C S S M M F

Codd S H FR A Y I D BR Z R R S F L L F

Harv. ex Sim Harv. A,S D FR T W I F O Z R C M F L L F

Oliv. S M FR A G I

(Thunb.) Blakelock (Thunb.) S,C H FR A Y I D R Z R C S M S M F

A.DC. A,S,C D FU A W I F PB Z C R S M M M S

(Burm.f.) C.A.Sm. (Burm.f.) A,S H FR T W I F R Z R C S M S M F

(L.) Blume S,C M FR A G I F PB Z R C S M S M S

Murray C D FU A W I F PB Z R R S M S M F

Burm.f. A,S,C M FR A G W F Y Z C R S S S M S

tisia dentata

cinia gerrardii

aytenus acuminata aytenus peduncularis aytenus procumbens aytenus undata

ystroxylon aethiopicum

ema orientalis

ymnosporia arenicola ymnosporia harveyana ymnosporia nemorosa

achmannia woodii

uxus macowanii

laeodendron croceum

uclea natalensis uclea racemosa

terocelastrus echinatus

seudosalacia streyi

BRASSICACEAE B

BURSERACEAE Commiphora harveyi Commiphora

BUXACEAE B

CANNABACEAE Celtis africana Celtis gomphophylla Tr

CELASTRACEAE E G G G M M M M M P P

CLUSIACEAE Ga

COMBRETACEAE Combretum caffrum Combretum Combretum kraussii Combretum

CURTISIACEAE Cu

EBENACEAE Diospyros inhacaensis Diospyros Diospyros natalensis Diospyros Diospyros whyteana Diospyros E E

3 Thonn. C H FR A W I F R Z R R S F S M S

Hochst. C M FU T Y I D Y Z R R S M L M F

(Harv.) Schrire (Harv.) S H FU T PU I D BR E R C M M L L F

E.Mey. A,S,C H FU A W I F Y Z R C M M M M F

Stapf A,S,C H FU A W I F R Z R R S M M M S

Eckl. & Zeyh. Eckl. A H FU A,T G W D BR E R R S M S M S

E.Mey. ex Sond. E.Mey. S H FU A G I F R Z R R S F M L S

(Schumach.) W.Wight (Schumach.) S,C H FR A W I D BR Z R R M M L M M

Sond. A,S,C H FU A W I F G Z D R S M L L S

Hutch. C H FU T R B D PB Z C R L M L M M

(Hochst.) Esser (Hochst.) S M FU T Y I D BR Z R C S M M M F

(Baill.) Benth. ex Sim Benth. (Baill.) S,C D FR A G I D G Z R R S F S M S

(Hochst.) Kuntze (Hochst.) A H FR A W I F O Z R R S F M M S

(Baill.) Prain (Baill.) C D FR A W I D Y Z R R S M S M F

Engl. A,S,C H FU A W I F PB Z R R S M L L S

E.Mey. ex Arn. E.Mey. A,S,C H FU A,T W I F PB Z R C S M S M S

Thunb. S M FR A Y I D Y Z R R S M S S S

Burch. C M FR T Y I D Y Z R R S M M M F

E.Mey. A,S H FU A,T W I D Y W R R S M L L F

(Sond.) Kuntze (Sond.) C D FR A Y I D Y Z C R S S M M F

Benth. S D FR A Y W D BR Z R R S M S M S

(Hochst.) Baker (Hochst.) S,C H FU A W I D BR G R C S F L L F

Hochst. S,C M FR T Y I D O Z R R S M M M F

(Aiton) Benth. A,S H FU A,T Y I D BR G R C M M L M F

(E.Mey.) Skeels (E.Mey.) S,C H FU T PU I D BR E R C M M L L M

Thunb. C H FU T R B D PB G D R L M L M M

(Chiov.) Robyns & R.Wilczek Robyns (Chiov.) A D FU T Y I F PB Z R R S F M L S

(Cavaco) J.Léonard C D FR A Y I D PB Z R R S F L M F

(Burch.) Baill. (Burch.) A D FU A G I F PB Z R C S M M M S

Hayne C H FR T Y I D BR Z R R S M L M M

egada africana

yptocarya latifolia yptocarya myrtifolia yptocarya woodii

oton gratissimus oton sylvaticus

ythroxylum emarginatum ythroxylum pictum

ythrina caffra ythrina lysistemon

acaranga capensis acaranga

icrococca capensis icrococca

illettia grandis

albergia obovata

cotea bullata cotea kenyensis

calypha glabrata lchornea hirtella

cacia karroo lbizia adianthifolia

podytes dimidiata

aphia racemosa

hilenoptera sutherlandii hilenoptera

richocladus ellipticus

hirakiopsis elliptica hirakiopsis

ERYTHROXYLACEAE Er Er

EUPHORBIACEAE A A Cavacoa aurea Cavacoa Cr Cr M M Sclerocroton integerrimum Sclerocroton S Su

FABACEAE A A B Calpurnia aurea D Er Er M P

HAMAMELIDACEAE T

ICACINACEAE A Cassinopsis ilicifolia

LAMIACEAE Clerodendrum glabrum

LAURACEAE Cr Cr Cr O O

4 CS F L LM

RZRRMFMSM

YI FYZR

CHFRTWIFPBZRCLMMMS

Poir. C H FU A

(L.) Mez A,S H FU C G I F PB Z D C S F S M S

Gilg. S H FU A W I F Y Z R C S M M M S

arb. ex Mildbr. & Burret ex Mildbr. arb. A,S H O A Y I F R Z C C M F M S M

Markgr. S H FR A W I F PB Z R R S F M M F

Gilg. S,C H FU A Y I F O Z C C S M L M S

Hochst. ex C.Krauss. Hochst.

(Harv.) Baill (Harv.) A,S D FR A Y I F R Z C R S M M M S

L. A,S,C H FR A PI I F PB Z R R M F L L F

Hochst. S,C H FU A W B D BR Z R C L F L M M

ahl C M FU A G B D G Z R R M M L M F

(Pappe) Gilg (Pappe) A,C H FU A W I F O Z R C S M M M F

N.E.Br. C H FU A Y I F Y Z R C S F L L M

Sparrm. A,C D FR A W I F R Z R R S M L M F

Sond. S,C M FU A W I D BR Z R R M M L M F

Dummer A D FU A W I F R Z R R S S M L S

Sond. A,S D FU A W I F PB Z C R S M M L S

(Endl.) Planch. (Endl.) A H FR A W I D BR G C R L F S M S

Lam. C H FU T W I F Y Z R C S M L M M

E.Phillips A H FR A,T W I D BR Z R C S M L M F

(Eckl. & Zeyh.) Sond. (Eckl. A,C D FU A W I F PB Z C D S M M M F

arb. S,C H O C G I F

Hochst. S,C H O A G I F R Z R R M F M S M

(Hochst.) Szyszyl. (Hochst.) C H FR A,T Y I D G Z R C S M L M F

Oliv. S,C M FR A Y I D O Z R R S S L L F

S.Moore S H FU A W I F Y Z R D S M M M F

Hutch. & Burtt Davy & Burtt Hutch. S H O C G I F G Z R R L F L S M

Forssk. S,C H O C R I F R Z R R L M L S M

chnos decussata chnos gerrardii chnos henningsii chnos madagascariensis chnos mitis chnos spinosa chnos usambarensis

ewia occidentalis

emecylon natalense

ombeya tiliacea

ry ry ry ry ry ry ry

ersama lucens ersama swinnyi

ymalos monospora

kebergia capensis

ugenia capensis ugenia natalitia ugenia zuluensis

richilia dregeana richilia emetica urraea floribunda urraea

icus bizanae icus craterostoma icus natalensis icus petersii icus sur

yzygium cordatum

LOGANIACEAE St St St St St St St

MALVACEAE Cola natalensis D Gr

MELASTOMATACEAE M

MELIACEAE E T T T

MELIANTHACEAE B B

MONIMIACEAE X

MORACEAE F F F F F

MYRSINACEAE Rapanea melanophloeos

MYRTACEAE E E E S

5 SMS

RZ R R S M

(Hutch.) Stearn (Hutch.) C H FR A W I F PB Z R C S M L M S

Sims A,S,C H FU T Y I D BR Z R R M M M M F

illd. C H FR A Y I F R Z R C S M L M F

(E.Mey.) Stearn (E.Mey.) A,S H FR A W I F PB Z R C S M L M S

(Baill.) G.L.Webster (Baill.) S D FR A Y I D G Z R R S F M M F

E.Phillips S H FU T W I D BR W R C S M M M S

(C.H.Wright) Stearn (C.H.Wright) A,S H FR A W I F PB Z R R S M M M S

(Thunb.) R.Br. ex Mirb. R.Br. (Thunb.) A,S M O A PI W F R Z D R M S M L F

E.Mey. ex Tul. ex E.Mey. C D FR A R I F PB Z R R S M S M S

Stapf ex Dallim. & Jacks. Stapf A M O T G W F G Z R R L S L L S

(Willd.) DC. A,S H FR A,T W I F PB Z R C M M M M S

(Thunb.) R.Br. ex Mirb. R.Br. (Thunb.) A M O T Y W F Y Z R C M S M L S

Pax C D FR A Y I F B

(Hochst.) Baill. (Hochst.) C M FR A Y I F PB Z R R S M S M S

(Harv.) Hutch. (Harv.) S,C D FR C Y I F O Z R R S M L L S

(Harv. ex Hook.f.) Burtt Davy Burtt ex Hook.f.) (Harv. A,S H FR A,T W I F PB Z R C S M L M S

Sim S DFRAGIDBRECRSMMMF

Hutch. A,S D FR A Y I F O Z R R S S M M S

(Meisn.) Walp. (Meisn.) S,C H FR T Y I F PB Z R R M M M L S

(Müll.Arg.) Hutch. S,C D FR A Y I F O Z R R S S L M F

Knobl. A,S,C H FU A,T W I F PB Z R R S M S M S

(Hochst.) Welw. (Hochst.) S H FU T W I D BR W R C M M L L F

Burch. ex DC. Burch. A,S H FR T Y I F PB Z R R S M M L S

Hofmeyr. & Phillips Hofmeyr. A H FU A W I F PB Z R R S M L L S

(L.) Cufod. A H FU A PI I F R Z C C S M S M S

Engl. A,S H FR A Y I F PB Z R R M M S M S

L. A,S H FU A,T W I F PB Z R C S M M L S

eywoodia lucens

chna arborea chna holstii chna natalitia

lea capensis lea woodiana

linia radiata linia ventosa

iziphus mucronata

ntidesma venosum

ridelia micrantha

ittosporum viridiflorum

odocarpus falcatus odocarpus henkelii odocarpus latifolius

aurea macnaughtonii aurea

yzygium gerrardii yzygium guineense

S S

OCHNACEAE O O O

OLEACEAE Chionanthus battiscombei Chionanthus foveolatus Chionanthus pegler O O Schrebera alata Schrebera

OLINIACEAE O O

PHYLLANTHACEAE A B H Margaritaria discoidea

PITTOSPORACEAE P

PODOCARPACEAE P P P

PROTEACEAE F

PUTRANJIVACEAE Drypetes arguta Drypetes gerrardii Drypetes natalensis Drypetes reticulata

RHAMNACEAE Z

6 SMSMF

FPBZRC

AHFUAGIFPBZRRSMMMF

ul. A,S,C H FR A W I D G Z R C S M S M F

Cham. & Schltdl.

(Hochst.) Gonç. (Hochst.) C H FU T W I F BR Z R R M F L M M

(Thunb.) Radlk. (Thunb.) A,S,C D FR A W I D BR W R R S M M M F

(Bak.) Alston (Bak.) A,S,C H FR A W I D O Z R R S F S M F

(L.f.) Thunb. (L.f.) A H FR T PI I D BR Z C R M M L M M

Thunb. A,S H FU T PI I F G Z R C L S L M M

(Thunb.) Harv. (Thunb.) C D FR T W I D R Z R C S M S M S

Mast. A H FR A G I D O Z C R S M M M M

Hiern C H FU A W I F PB Z R C M F S M M

Harv. C H FU A W I

(Hochst.) Keay (Hochst.) A,S,C H FU A,T PI I F BR Z R C L F L M M

(K.Schum.) Robyns C H FU A W I F R Z R C S M M M F

(Sond.) Burtt Davy Burtt (Sond.) A,S H FU A W I F PB Z C R S M S M M

(L.f.) Sims (L.f.) A,C H FU T R B F R Z R R M F S S M

DC. A,S H FU A W I F Y Z R C L M L M M

(Harv.) Sim (Harv.) S,C H FU A,T W I F PB Z R C S M S M M

(I.Verd.) P.G.Waterman (I.Verd.) A,S D FR T Y I D BR Z R R S M S M S

(Klozsch) Kuntze A,S H FU A Y I F PB Z R R S F M M F

(Engl.) I.Verd. (Engl.) S M FR A,T W I F O Z C R S M M M S

Burch. C H FU A W B F BR Z R R S M L L F

(Sond.) Bullock (Sond.) C H FU A Y I F G Z R R M M L M F

(Eckl.) Vatke (Eckl.) A H FU T Y I F PB Z R C S M S M S

Bremek. A H FU T W I F PB Z R R S M S M F

(L.f.) Kuntze (L.f.) A,S,C H FU A Y I F BR Z R R S M M L F

Eckl. A H FU T W I F PB Z R C S M S M F

Sond. S H FU A W I F PB Z R C L M S M F

S.Moore S H FU A Y I F Y Z R C S F L L F

(Willd.) Hook.f. ex Benth. (Willd.) Hook.f. A,C H FR A Y I F PB Z C R S M S M F

(Lam.) G.Don. A,S,C D FR T G I F PB Z R R S M S S F

(Sond.) Engl. (Sond.) C D FR A,T G I F R Z R R S M S M S

(Hook.f.) Kalkman (Hook.f.) A H FR A W I F PB Z R R S M S M S

Hochst. C H FU A,T W I F PB Z R C M M M M F

(Eckl. & Zeyh.) Bridson (Eckl. A,S,C H FU A G I F PB Z R C M M S F

Lour. C H FU A W I F PB Z R R M F M M S

I. Verd. I. C D FR A G I F O Z R C S M M L S

ax obovata

chellia bubalina

enna pavettoides

chotria capensis

vetta inandensis vetta lanceolata vetta natalensis vetta revoluta

unus africana

ricia bachmannii

anthoxylum capense anthoxylum davyi

othmannia capensis othmannia globosa

lectroniella armata lectroniella

taeroxylon obliquum

angueria infausta angueria randii

ricalysia lanceolata ricalysia sonderiana

epris lanceolata

eclea gerrardii eclea natalensis

RHIZOPHORACEAE Cassipourea gummiflua Cassipourea Cassipourea malosana Cassipourea

ROSACEAE Pr

RUBIACEAE Bu Canthium ciliatum Canthium inerme Canthium mundianum Catunaregam obovata Catunaregam Coffea racemosa Kraussia floribunda Kraussia Lagynias lasiantha Oxyanthus speciosus Pa Pa Pa Pa P Ps Psydr R R Ta T T V V

RUTACEAE Calodendrum capense Clausena anisata O P T T V Z Z

SALICACEAE Casearia gladiiformis

7 , E =

umber

ee, FU = petals fused, O = figs

ispersal mode: G = gravity

lower size: S = small, M = medium, size: lower

ck. 9) D

eed size: S = small, M = medium, L = large. 16) N eed size:

oditic. 3) Flower type: FR = petals fr oditic. 3) Flower

, D = dry, C = continuous. 12) F , D = dry,

uiting season: R = rainy

ous. 5) Flower colour: PI = pink, R = red, Y = yellow, G = green, PU = purple, W = white. 6) Pollination syndrome: W syndrome: W = white. 6) Pollination PU = purple, G = green, Y = yellow, = pink, R = red, colour: PI ous. 5) Flower

M = many. 14) Fruit size: S = small, M = medium, L = large. 15) S size: 14) Fruit M = many.

, D = dry, C = continuous. 11) F , D = dry,

T = terminal, C = cauliflor

, C = coastal. 2) Breeding system: D = dioecious, M = monoecious, H = hermaphr , C = coastal. 2) Breeding

M = many.

J.M.Wood & Franks J.M.Wood S,C H FU A W I F Y Z R C S M L L F

d. 7) Fruit type: D = dry, F = fleshy. 8) Fruit colour: R = red, O = orange, Y = yellow, G = green, BR = brown, PB = purple/bla BR = brown, G = green, Y = yellow, O = orange, colour: R = red, 8) Fruit F = fleshy. type: D = dry, d. 7) Fruit

(L.f.) Radlk. (L.f.) A,C H FR A W I F PB Z C R S M M M S

(Sond.) T.D.Penn (Sond.) A,S,C H FU A W B F R Z R C S F M L S

(E.Mey. ex Arn.) Radlk. (E.Mey. C D FR T W I F Y Z R C S M M M S

E.Mey. ex Benth. E.Mey. S H FU A Y I D BR W R C S M S S M

(Harv.) Warb. (Harv.) S H FR A W I D BR G R C S F S M S

(Burch. ex DC.) Burch. & Harv. ex DC.) Burch. (Burch. A,C D FR A G I F R Z D R S F M M F

(Sond.) De Winter De (Sond.) A,S,C H FR A W I F R Z R C S M M M S

(Sond.) De Winter De (Sond.) C H FR A Y I F R Z R D S M S M S

Planch. S,C M FR A G W F Y Z R C S S L L S

(Hochst.) Warb. (Hochst.) A,C D FR A W I D R G R R S M S S F

(Thouars) Baill. A,S H FU A W I D BR G R R L F M M F

P.Beauv. A,C H FR A Y I F R Z R R S M S M S

(Sond.) Radlk. (Sond.) A H FR A W I F R Z R C S M S M S

(Harv.) Gerstner (Harv.) C H FR A W I F O Z C R S F M M F

(Harv.) Warb. (Harv.) C D FR A W I F R Z C R S F M M F

L. C H FR A W I F PB Z C C S M M M S

(Sond.) J.H.Hemsl. (Sond.) S H FR A W I F Y Z C R S F M M F

Sond. A,S,C H FR A W I F O Z R R M F L L S

R.A.Dyer S H FR T W I D BR W R R S M L M S

Benth. A,S H FU A,T W I D BR G C C S M S S M

Harv. A,S H FU T G I F PB Z R C M M S M S

E.Mey. ex A.DC. E.Mey. C H FR A W I F R Z C C M F M L S

(Eckl. & Zeyh.) Warb. & Zeyh.) (Eckl. A H FR A W I F O Z D R S M M F

(Nees) Harv. (Nees) A,C H FR A W I F R Z C C S M M M M

L. A H FU C R B F PB Z C C M F M S M

R.Br. ex Fresen. R.Br. A H FU T W I D BR G D C S F S S M

vyalis longispina vyalis rhamnoides

anilkara concolor anilkara anilkara discolor anilkara

imusops caffra imusops obovata

ippobromus pauciflorusippobromus

omalium dentatum

einbollia oblongifolia

alleria lucida

uxia congesta uxia floribunda

talaya natalensis

llophylus africanus llophylus decipiens llophylus dregeanus llophylus natalensis

nastrabe integerrima nastrabe

nglerophytum natalense nglerophytum

rimeria grandifolia

eddiea africana

ideroxylon inerme

Do Do H Scolopia mundii Scolopia zeyheri T

SAPINDACEAE A A A A A D H

SAPOTACEAE Chrysophyllum viridifolium E M M M M S

STILBACEAE A H N N

THYMELAEACEAE P

ULMACEAE Chaetachme aristata

VIOLACEAE Rinorea angustifolia Rinorea

*1) Forest type: A = afrotemperate, S = scarp type: A = afrotemperate, *1) Forest or cones. 4) Inflorescence position: A = axillar or cones. 4) Inflorescence = wind, I = insect, B = bir explosive, W = wind, Z = zoochorous. 10) Flowering season: R = rainy 10) Flowering W = wind, Z = zoochorous. explosive, L = large. 13) Number of flowers per inflorescence: S = single, F = fe per inflorescence: of flowers L = large. 13) Number of seeds per fruit: S = single, F = fe

8 Fig. S1. Continued next page.

9 Fig. S1. Hypothesis of the phylogenetic relationships between tree species in forests in KwaZulu-Natal. The order and family arrangement was based on the Soltis et al. (2000) strict consensus tree. This served as a backbone to which family trees were attached. Intra-familial relationships were constructed using published phylogenies (Achariaceae: Chase et al. 2002; Anacardiaceae: Pell 2004; Apocynaceae: Potgieter and Albert 2001; Cannabaceae: Wiegrefe et al. 1988, Sytsma et al. 2002; Celastraceae: Simmons et al. 2001a, b, Simmons pers. comm.; Euphorbiaceae: Webster 1994; Fabaceae: Clarke et al. 2000, Hu et al. 2000, Bruneau et al. 2001, Kajita et al. 2001, Pennington et al. 2001; Icacinaceae: Kårehed 2001; Lauraceae: Chanderbali et al. 2001; Malvaceae: Alverson et al. 1999; Meliaceae: Muellner et al. 2003; Myrtaceae: Wilson et al. 2001, van der Merwe et al. 2005; Oleaceae: Wallander and Albert 2000; Phyllanthaceae: Levin 1986, Chase et al. 2002, Wurdack et al. 2004; Rubiaceae: Andreasen and Bremer 1996, 2000, Andersson and Rova 1999, Lantz et al. 2002; Rutaceae: Chase et al. 1999; Salicaceae: Chase et al. 2002; Sapindaceae: Harrington et al. 2005; Sapotaceae: Anderberg and Swenson 2003, Swenson and Anderberg 2005, Smedmark pers. comm.; Stilbaceae: Kornhall 2004).

Table S2. Relationships between reproductive traits assessed using methods considering each species as an independent observation (TIPs) and then reanalysed in Discrete using analyses that controlled for phylogeny (PICs). LR is a likelihood ratio statistic that is calculated from the difference between an independent model (in which traits are treated as evolving independently) and a dependent model (in which traits are treated as evolving in a correlated fashion). For traits that had significant correlations independent of phylogeny, we note whether the relationship between the traits was negative (–) or positive (+).

TIPs PICs χ2 pLRp–/+ breeding system and flower type monoecy – cone and fig flowers 7.96 0.005 2.32 0.298 hermaphroditism – flowers with free petals 12.24 < 0.001 6.14 0.023 – hermaphroditism – flowers with fused petals 13.39 < 0.001 5.42 0.022 + dioecy – flowers with free petals 11.61 < 0.001 5.35 0.023 + dioecy – flowers with fused petals 7.86 0.005 4.29 0.064 breeding system and pollination syndrome monoecy – wind pollination 43.07 < 0.001 6.13 0.017 + monoecy – insect pollination 24.79 < 0.001 6.01 0.007 – hermaphroditism – wind pollination 11.62 < 0.001 3.04 0.200 dioecy – wind pollination 0.53 0.412 1.38 0.649 breeding system and # flowers per inflorescence monoecy – solitary inflorescences 29.92 < 0.001 5.69 0.014 – hermaphroditism – solitary inflorescences 25.29 < 0.001 12.15 < 0.001 – dioecy – solitary inflorescences 3.32 0.068 3.77 0.120 breeding system and flower size dioecy – small flowers 13.79 <0.001 7.96 0.001 + breeding system and fruit type dioecy – fleshy fruit 0.36 0.338 2.71 0.311 breeding system and dispersal mode dioecy – zoochorous dispersal 0.37 0.371 4.07 0.076 flower type and inflorescence position cone and fig flowers – cauliflory 27.72 < 0.001 5.02 0.022 + flower type and pollination syndrome flowers with free petals – bird pollination 9.53 0.002 6.04 0.006 – flowers with fused petals – bird pollination 11.26 < 0.001 6.35 0.007 + cone and fig flowers – wind pollination 23.65 < 0.001 3.85 0.097 cone and fig flowers – insect pollination 9.51 0.002 3.19 0.094 flower type and flower size flowers with free petals – small flowers 20.18 < 0.001 5.50 0.024 + flowers with free petals – medium flowers 9.20 0.002 3.71 0.103 flowers with free petals – large flowers 9.24 0.002 4.58 0.032 – cone and fig flowers – small flowers 24.19 < 0.001 8.45 0.004 –

10 cone and fig flowers – medium flowers 10.75 0.001 3.33 0.111 cone and fig flowers – large flowers 11.51 < 0.001 2.62 0.191 inflorescence position and flower colour cauliflory – pink flowers 13.87 < 0.001 4.56 0.023 + cauliflory – red flowers 15.82 < 0.001 4.06 0.028 + flower colour and pollination syndrome pink flowers – insect pollination 15.15 < 0.001 4.03 0.025 – pink flowers – bird pollination 22.95 < 0.001 5.29 0.006 + green flowers – wind pollination 7.59 0.006 5.79 0.007 + red flowers – insect pollination 28.09 < 0.001 7.41 < 0.001 – red flowers – bird pollination 61.59 < 0.001 9.29 < 0.001 + flower colour and flower size pink flowers – small flowers 22.16 < 0.001 8.54 < 0.001 – pink flowers – large flowers 18.43 < 0.001 6.57 0.005 + red flowers – small flowers 10.81 0.001 5.13 0.013 – red flowers – large flowers 17.03 < 0.001 4.86 0.017 + purple flowers – small flowers 11.84 < 0.001 4.13 0.042 – pollination syndrome and # flowers per inflorescence wind pollination – solitary inflorescences 57.58 < 0.001 8.92 0.001 + insect pollination – solitary inflorescences 24.05 < 0.001 6.03 0.001 – insect pollination – many flowers per inflorescence 8.24 0.004 3.56 0.113 fruit type and fruit colour dry fruits – brown fruits 56.13 < 0.001 27.23 < 0.001 + dry fruits – purple/black fruits 26.60 < 0.001 11.51 < 0.001 – fleshy fruits – brown fruits 56.13 < 0.001 27.21 < 0.001 – fleshy fruits – purple/black fruits 26.60 < 0.001 11.73 0.001 + fruit type and dispersal mode dry fruits – gravity dispersal 21.77 < 0.001 11.30 < 0.001 + dry fruits – explosive dispersal 11.56 < 0.001 5.57 0.018 + dry fruits – wind dispersal 19.69 < 0.001 15.58 < 0.001 + dry fruits – zoochorous dispersal 58.53 < 0.001 31.58 < 0.001 – fleshy fruits – gravity dispersal 21.77 < 0.001 11.37 < 0.001 – fleshy fruits – explosive dispersal 11.56 < 0.001 5.36 0.016 – fleshy fruits – wind dispersal 19.69 < 0.001 15.59 < 0.001 – fleshy fruits – zoochorous dispersal 58.53 < 0.001 31.58 < 0.001 + fruit type and number of seeds per fruit dry fruits – a single seed per fruit 18.81 < 0.001 7.47 0.005 – dry fruits – some seeds per fruit 12.29 < 0.001 4.84 0.050 + fleshy fruits – a single seed per fruit 18.81 < 0.001 7.47 0.004 + fleshy fruits – some seeds per fruit 12.29 < 0.001 4.84 0.058 fruit colour and dispersal mode brown fruits – gravity dispersal 21.06 < 0.001 7.27 0.004 + brown fruits – explosive dispersal 16.08 < 0.001 6.59 0.004 + brown fruits – wind dispersal 17.14 < 0.001 8.05 0.001 + brown fruits – zoochorous dispersal 59.52 < 0.001 22.99 < 0.001 – purple/black fruits – zoochorous dispersal 9.58 0.002 5.79 0.018 + fruit colour and fruit size green fruits – large fruits 10.03 0.002 4.99 0.021 +

11 Table S3. Mean percent ± 1 SD of different reproductive traits in three forest types found in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. The p-values are for Kruskal-Wallis tests run on each individual trait state. Asterisk denotes significant values with appropriate Bonferroni corrections.

Afrotemperate Scarp Coastal p breeding system monoecious 10.85 ± 4.15 12.99 ± 6.38 12.00 ± 5.49 0.789 hermaphroditic 59.94 ± 6.54 68.06 ± 6.87 59.00 ± 4.46 0.021 dioecious 29.21 ± 4.92 18.96 ± 3.88 29.00 ± 5.89 0.001 flower type petals free 53.52 ± 5.69 51.39 ± 6.71 58.00 ± 6.13 0.049 petals fused 37.15 ± 7.94 42.43 ± 6.01 40.33 ± 5.54 0.110 other 9.33 ± 4.32 6.18 ± 4.34 1.67 ± 1.76 0.001 inflorescence position axillary 59.94 ± 5.62 60.97 ± 8.11 64.00 ± 9.40 0.312 cauliflorous 4.36 ± 2.34 3.82 ± 2.00 2.33 ± 1.61 0.081 terminal 26.18 ± 4.71 22.92 ± 6.77 24.67 ± 9.71 0.662 other 9.51 ± 4.36 12.29 ± 3.67 9.00 ± 3.87 0.195 flower colour pink 8.97 ± 1.92 5.49 ± 1.47 3.00 ± 1.89 < 0.001* green 20.91 ± 7.76 13.68 ± 4.98 14.67 ± 5.26 0.032 purple 0.00 ± 0.00 4.24 ± 2.85 0.33 ± 1.05 < 0.001* red 1.88 ± 1.81 0.42 ± 1.19 3.33 ± 4.16 0.139 white 45.39 ± 6.47 48.26 ± 8.84 54.67 ± 5.71 0.022 yellow 22.85 ± 7.80 27.92 ± 5.33 24.00 ± 8.80 0.156 pollination syndrome bird 2.18 ± 2.29 2.99 ± 2.03 4.00 ± 4.92 0.736 insect 85.76 ± 3.97 92.15 ± 3.78 90.67 ± 4.92 0.011 wind 12.06 ± 4.48 4.86 ± 3.02 5.33 ± 1.72 0.001 fruit type fleshy 73.03 ± 6.74 60.07 ± 5.35 76.33 ± 7.77 < 0.001* dry 26.97 ± 6.74 39.93 ± 5.35 23.67 ± 7.77 < 0.001* fruit colour purple/black 33.27 ± 5.54 21.81 ± 6.64 29.33 ± 9.00 0.005 brown 15.94 ± 5.21 24.65 ± 5.36 17.33 ± 5.62 0.013 green 11.09 ± 3.68 6.18 ± 4.69 3.67 ± 3.31 0.002 orange 4.55 ± 3.08 13.82 ± 4.09 14.00 ± 9.79 < 0.001* red 27.45 ± 5.47 18.68 ± 6.48 20.67 ± 6.63 0.018 yellow 7.70 ± 3.00 14.86 ± 6.23 15.00 ± 5.50 0.004 dispersal mode explosive 1.21 ± 1.68 4.65 ± 2.94 0.33 ± 1.05 0.003 gravity 6.79 ± 4.49 6.39 ± 4.31 1.67 ± 1.76 0.013 wind 4.24 ± 2.62 7.43 ± 5.43 2.67 ± 1.41 0.043 zoochorous 87.76 ± 5.71 81.53 ± 5.60 95.33 ± 2.81 <0.001* flower size small 73.70 ± 8.15 74.67 ± 6.32 69.10 ± 8.04 0.263 medium 18.91 ± 8.34 21.00 ± 4.73 21.60 ± 6.41 0.783 large 7.39 ± 2.50 4.33 ± 4.73 9.31 ± 3.02 0.028

# flowers or fruits/inflorescence solitary 17.33 ± 4.27 8.67 ± 4.77 9.72 ± 4.89 0.001 some 12.61 ± 6.29 22.67 ± 7.34 24.65 ± 10.09 0.003 many 70.06 ± 6.08 68.67 ± 10.45 65.63 ± 8.01 0.496

12 fruit size small 34.79 ± 6.01 33.00 ± 5.97 26.04 ± 6.54 0.020 medium 40.30 ± 6.74 36.33 ± 5.54 41.53 ± 6.95 0.202 large 24.91 ± 5.23 30.67 ± 7.83 32.43 ± 8.71 0.120 seed size small 12.06 ± 4.22 5.33 ± 4.50 9.31 ± 4.67 0.012 medium 64.30 ± 5.59 69.33 ± 6.25 64.24 ± 9.44 0.274 large 21.21 ± 4.02 23.33 ± 5.88 25.83 ± 6.61 0.175

# seeds/fruit single 52.79 ± 6.91 48.67 ± 7.57 45.28 ± 9.00 0.097 some 30.18 ± 8.64 35.67 ± 10.66 40.28 ± 5.78 0.040 many 17.03 ± 3.90 15.67 ± 6.68 14.44 ± 5.38 0.618

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