Personality Disorder of Amy Dunne in Gone Girl by Gillian Flynn

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PERSONALITY DISORDER OF AMY DUNNE IN GONE GIRL

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fullfilment of the Requirements For the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

By PATRICIA NADIA RAHMA PRATIWI Student Number: 144214075

DEPARTEMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2019 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

PERSONALITY DISORDER OF AMY DUNNE IN GONE GIRL

BY GILLIAN FLYNN

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fullfilment of the Requirements For the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

By PATRICIA NADIA RAHMA PRATIWI Student Number: 144214075

DEPARTEMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2019 ii

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

GOOD THINGS TAKE TIME

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This page is dedicated for:

MY FATHER IN HEAVEN, MY LOVELY MOTHER, AND MY BIG SISTER.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, I would like to express my gratitude towards Jesus Christ for

His grace and endless blessings so that I could finish my undergraduate thesis. For so many things that I have faced make me even stronger.

Second of all, I would like to say thank you to my thesis advisor, Dr. Ga- briel Fajar Sasmita Aji M.Hum., who patiently help me to finish this undergraduate thesis and also always give the positive vibes and the spirit. I would like to thank my co-advisor, Sri Mulyani, Ph,D. for the correction and suggestion.

I would also like to express my gratitude for my incredible parents, my sister and my big family who always pray for me and give me endless support.

I would also like to thank my best friends in school especially Yaya,

Hadya, Devi, Dewi, Floren, Dandi, Yuci, Cyntia, Lutfi, Adi, and Yayas who always encourage me to finish this undergraduate thesis. I am also grateful to my friends in University especially Sharon, Alex, Ranjang, Ega, Bella, Siska, Adong,

Noni, Jovan who always there through my ups-and-down. And also Michael who willingly lend me his laptop when my laptop is broken so suddenly.

I would like to thank my cheerleaders Vonny and Agnes who always ready to accompany me to do my thesis and always cheer me up when I am down and others who I cannot mention one by one. Thank you for the companion and endless support.

Patricia Nadia Rahma Pratiwi

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ...... ii APPROVAL PAGE ...... iii ACCEPTANCE PAGE ...... iv STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ...... v LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS ...... vi MOTTO PAGE ...... vii DEDICATED PAGE ...... viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... ix TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... x ABSTRACT ...... xii ABSTRAK ...... xiii

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ...... 1 A. Background of the Study ...... 1 B. Problem Formulation ...... 4 C. Objectives of the Study ...... 4 D. Definition of Terms ...... 4

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE ...... 6 A. Review of Related Studies ...... 6 B. Review of Related Theories ...... 8 1. Theory of Character and Characterization ...... 8 2. Theory of General Personality Disorder ...... 10 C. Theoretical Framework ...... 24

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ...... 25 A. Object of the Study ...... 25 B. Approach of the Study ...... 25 C. Method of the Study ...... 26

CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS ...... 30 x

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A. Characterization of Amy Dunne ...... 30 1. General Characteristics of Amy Dunne ...... 30 2. Amy Dunne‘s Characteristic Dealing with Personality Disorder ...... 31 B. The most prominent trigger of Amy‘s personality disorder ...... 39 1. Triggers of Amy‘s personality Disorder ...... 40 2. The Most Prominent Triggers of Amy‘s Personality Disorder...... 43

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ...... 45

REFERENCES ...... 48 APPENDIX ...... 50

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ABSTRACT

PRATIWI, PATRICIA NADIA RAHMA. (2018). Personality Disorder of Amy Dunne in Gone Girl by Gillian Flynn. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

Society or environment can influence how we behave and sometimes it can show people‘s personality. People‘s personality can be various, it can be good or bad. If someone starts to disturb others, we can start to be aware that it is not normal and refers to personality disorder. This study discusses the characteristics of the main character named Amy Dunne and the most prominent trigger of her personality disorder. There are two objectives of the study. The first objective is to observe the characteristics of Amy Dunne that show personality disorder. Then the second objective is to find the most prominent trigger of Amy Dunne‘s personality disorder. Library research is applied in order to find reliable theories in this study. There are two sources that are used to finish the study. The first is Gone Girl by Gillian Flynn and the second is theoretical books, articles, and journals. To analyze the characteristics and the most prominent trigger of Amy‘s personality disorder, this study employed psychological approach. From this study, it is found that Amy Dunne shows some symptoms that refer to personality disorder. Personality disorder itself has ten types, and Amy shows three types which are antisocial personality disorder, narcissistic personality disorder, and borderline personality disorder. Those three types belong to cluster B and have similar symptoms. Amy shows some symptoms which are she tends to be self-centered, tends to be impulsive, manipulate, violate the law, and attempt suicide. Personality disorder can be caused by some triggers, environment and genetics. In this case, Amy‘s environment has a big role to shape her personality. Amy‘s personality disorder is triggered by some causes. The first trigger is from her parents who write a children book Amazing Amy as the perfect child so it shaped her as a perfectionist and it triggers her narcissistic personality disorder. The second is her friend in high school, she is being rejected by a boy. The third is her best friend and Amy gets jealous with her best friend. The last is her husband, Amy finds that her husband is cheating on her and that is when Amy‘s personality disorder starts to reveal. She starts to arrange revenge to her husband. From there, her characteristics are shown. And from all of those triggers, the most prominent trigger of Amy‘s personality disorder is Amy‘s husband.

Keywords: personality disorder, characteristic, trigger

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ABSTRAK

PRATIWI, PATRICIA NADIA RAHMA. (2018). Personality Disorder of Amy Dunne in Gone Girl by Gillian Flynn. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

Masyarakat atau lingkungan dapat memengaruhi perilaku kita dan ka- dang dapat memperlihatkan kepribadian seseorang. Kepribadian orang dapat bervariasi; bisa baik atau buruk. Jika seseorang mulai menjadi keterlaluan, kita bisa mulai menyadari bahwa itu tidak normal dan merujuk pada gangguan kepribadian. Skripsi ini membahas karakteristik karakter utama bernama Amy Dunne dan pemicu gangguan kepribadiannya yang paling menonjol. Dalam skripsi ini terdapat dua tujuan. Tujuan pertama adalah mengamati karakteristik Amy Dunne yang menunjukkan gangguan kepribadian. Dan kemudi- an tujuan kedua adalah menemukan pemicu gangguan kepribadian Amy Dunne yang paling menonjol. Studi pustaka digunakan dalam mencari teori-teori terkait dalam skripsi ini. terdapat dua sumber yang digunakan dalam menyelesaikan skripsi ini. Yang pertama adalah novel berjudul Gone Girl karya Gillyan Flynn dan kedua adalah buku teori, artikel, dan jurnal. Untuk menganalisis karakteristik dan pemicu gangguan kepribadian Amy yang paling menonjol, penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan psikologis. Dari penelitian ini, ditemukan bahwa Amy Dunne menunjukan beberapa gejala yang merujuk pada gangguan kepribadian. Gangguan kepribadian itu sendiri terdapat sepuluh jenis, dan Amy menunjukkan tiga jenis diantaranya yaitu gangguan kepribadian antisosial, gangguan kepribadian narsis, dan gangguan kepribadian ambang batas. Ketiga jenis itu termasuk ke dalam kelompok B dan memiliki gejala yang sama.Amy menunjukkan beberapa gejala yaitu ia ingin menjadi pusat perhatian, cenderung menjadi impulsif, melanggar hukum, dan melakukan bunuh diri. Gangguan kepribadian Amy dipicu oleh beberapa penyebab yaitu lingkungan sekitar atau keturunan. Dalam masalah ini, lingkungan Amy mempunyai peran besar dalam membentuk karakternya. Gangguan kepribadian pada Amy dipicu oleh beberapa penyebab. Pemicunya adalah orang tuanya, teman lelakinya di sekolah menengah, sahabatnya dan suaminya. ada satu pemicu yang paling menonjol yaitu suami Amy. Amy menemukan bahwa suaminya berselingkuh dan itu adalah saat di mana gangguan kepribadiannya mulai terungkap.

Kata kunci :gangguang kepribadian, sifat, pemicu

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the study

Society or environment has an important role to shape people‘s personality and mind. It is because there are some conflicts that happen in the society or environment and can influence how we behave and sometimes it can show people‘s personality. People‘s personality can be various, it can be good or bad. If someone starts to disturb others, we can start to be aware that it is not normal and refer to personality disorder. American Psychiatric Association (2000: 630) defines personality disorder as a condition when personality traits are inflexible and maladaptive and cause significant functional impairment or subjective distress.

In recent decades people are more aware of personality disorder. It is a condition which causes serious disorder in a person's behavior or thinking. Gener- ally, it is because they get emotionally disturbed. In some points, researcher assumes that it was caused by interacting with society. That makes the crucial factors in the development of personality disorder come from family and society. The importance of studying about personality disorder and this research as the medium is to help the readers to be more aware about personality disorder and gain some new knowledge. Personality disorder can be so annoying for people surround or for the patient itself. It depends on how serious it is because even though every- body has tendency to have personality disorder, some people still can control themselves.

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Since the analysis focuses on the character‘s personality disorder, the writer uses psychological approach. It is the suitable approach because the writer focuses on the character‘s behavior to analyze her character. The understanding about psychology is needed when conducting a psychological study in literature.

The object in this study is a novel titled Gone Girl by Gillian Flynn. In

Gone Girl novel, the main character is the important element, because through the main character, the conflicts are exposed, and it can show the symptoms of personality disorder from the main character‘s characteristics.

Gone Girl is a novel written by Gillian Flynn. This novel tells about a psychopathic woman named Amy Elliott Dunne as the major character and her husband Nick Dunne. She was an icon from the time she was a child as her mother documented her life through the Amazing Amy series. Amazing Amy series are book that made by her mother. Amazing Amy is pictured as a perfect girl that has perfect life. One day, Nick and Amy Dunne have moved to Missouri, a small town in America, recently from New York to care for Nick's ailing mother. It's an unspoken defeat for them both, being back especially for Amy who has been raised a trust-funded Manhattan socialite, and is now slumming it in a small town.

Nick runs a bar with his twin sister Go (short for Margo), financed by the last of

Amy's trust fund money. On their fifth anniversary, Amy finds out that her husband has an affair with his former student, and then Amy decides to take a revenge for her husband with faking her own murder so Nick will be blamed for it. The revenge itself, Amy needs her blood to be on the floor so police will believe that she is being hurt and she takes her blood by herself. She also hit

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herself with a hammer. The thing is, she does whatever it takes to make it perfect, to make it Nick being guilty.

The reason why this novel is important to be discussed as the object of the study because it reveals the psychological aspects that refer to how symptoms and conditions can impact a person's mental and emotional state of health and how the mind can influence a person and that is represented by the main character. In this study, personality disorder appears in the main character and the writer is interested in finding out what is the prominent trigger of her personality disorder among several triggers. It is also important that people with personality disorder can learn how to manage behavioral symptoms as early as possible to maintain a healthy life. That is one of the reasons why the writer chooses this novel to be analyzed. Besides, Gillian Flynn can take us into the story so we can feel the intensity. This novel sometimes can control the people‘s mind. First you are on

Nick‘s side, and then Amy‘s side, then back to Nick‘s side.

The story of Gone Girl can be related with personality disorder because

Amy‘s behavior is not only disturbed people surround her, but also her thoughts is disturbed by some conflicts that happened in her society.

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B. Problem formulation

From the background of the study mentioned before, researcher draws some problem formulations into as it follows:

1. What are Amy Dunne‘s characteristics that show personality disorder in

Gillian Flynn‘s Gone Girl?

2. What is the most prominent trigger of Amy‘s personality disorder Gillian

Flynn‘s Gone Girl?

C. Objectives of the study

According to the problem formulations that have been stated in the above, this paper has two objectives to analyze. First, the researcher tries to identify Amy

Dunne‘s characteristics showing personality disorder. Second, the researcher tries to find out the prominent trigger that revealing Amy Dunne‘s personality disorder.

D. Definition of Term

There is one term commonly used by the researcher in conducting this study. In order to avoid the ambiguity or misunderstanding, the term can be defined as follow.

Personality disorder is a group of mental illnesses. They involve the behaviors that are unhealthy and inflexible. People with personality disorder have trouble dealing with everyday stresses and problems. They often have stormy relationships with other people.

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According to Psychology Glossary (2012), People with personality disorder have personalities that are outside social norms. Very often these people are not even aware that their maladaptive behaviors and personalities are so different than those of other members of their society. In addition, these behaviors are personalities are usually so ingrained that the person accepts them as completely normal and has no desire to change them. There are many different personality disorders, including, paranoid personality disorder, obsessive- compulsive personality disorder, schizophrenic personality disorder, and more.

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

In order to get more knowledge about Gone Girl and the approaches that the researcher will use in this thesis, this chapter consists of three parts. The first part is the review of related studies on Gone Girl by Gillian Flynn was taken from other three researchers. The second part is the review of related theories. The researcher used some theories as reference of this study. The researcher used the theories that consist of characterization theory to make better understanding, psychological theory in general and the type of personality disorders and the triggers of personality disorder. The last part of this chapter is theoretical framework that will point out the contribution of the theories in solving the problem formulation.

A. Review of Related Studies

Many researchers have analyzed Gone Girl by Gillian Flynn. From A

Psychoanalytical Study of The Psychopathic Character of Gillian Flynn’s Gone

Girl an undergraduate thesis by Dewi Candra Arum (2013), the researcher can see that the focus of that undergraduate thesis is that Amy Elliott Dunne‘s character has the psychopathic symptoms including lack of remorse, deceitful, manipulative, narcissistic, lack of empathy, impulsive, antisocial, and shallow emotion. In her thesis, she also uses the theory of psychosexual development.

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Psychosexual development is the theory about how personality is developed in childhood period. Freud believed that human pass through a sequence of psychosexual stages. At these stages the id focus on certain erogenous zone, areas of the body that can generate sexual pleasure (Kowalski and Westen

2005).

Both of the researchers are talking about the characteristics of Amy Dunne that has the symptoms such as lack of remorse, deceitful, manipulative, narcissistic, lack of empathy, impulsive, and antisocial. However, the researcher is not using psychoanalytic approach but psychological approach.

Next research is written in 2016 by Erie Putri Rachmadany‘s final project,

Dynamics of Personality in The Character of Amy Dunne in David Fincher’s

Movie Gone Girl. She analyzed the main character‘s personality through Amy‘s behavior by discussing intrinsic and extrinsic aspects in the movie. The focus of her final project is Amy Dunne‘s dynamics personality. In order to figure that out, she uses psychoanalysis approach by using Sigmund Freud‘s theory on the dynamics of personality. In analyzing the character of Amy Dunne in the film

Gone Girl, the final project employs the theories of the narrative and cinematic aspects to reveal psychological problems experienced by the character Amy

Dunne. The difference between the both of the researcher is object. This final project analyses a film, and the researcher uses novel as the object.

Next is Theodora Filli Atrida : The Contribution of Conflicts in Revealing

Nina Sayers’ Personality Disorder Seen in Mark Heyman’s Black Swan written in

2011. In her thesis, she talked about Black Swan who is a fictional story. It reveals

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a story about a young girl and talented ballerina called Nina Sayers who lives with her single parent mother. Being raised with excessive love and negativity parental behavior makes her have a particular introvert personality. This study tries to discuss about the personality disorder that reveal because there are conflicts between Nina Sayers or the black swan with the other characters.

The similarity of this thesis with the other studies is the focus on the same topic which is the personality disorder of the major character in a story. Even though the researchers use different object and different story, the focus of the research is the same which is personality disorder.

B. Review of Related Theories

1. Theory of Character and Characterization

In literary work, character is an important element. It is important because they drive the story as a whole. According to Abrams (1981) a character is ―a person who is presented in a dramatic narrative work. The person is interpreted by readers as being endowed with moral and dispositional qualities that are expressed in what they say – the dialogues – and by what the do- the actions‖. In a work of fiction, one character is typically the central focus of the story. The characters in the literary work are divided into two parts. The first is the major characters or the main characters. The second part is the minor characters or the secondary characters. The major character is the most important and the complex character in a novel, the main character occupies most parts in plot or events that are occurred in the story. Meanwhile the minor character does not have the significant

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role because its presence in the story is only to complete and support the main character. Author uses it to clarify characterization of main character by showing natures of the supporting character that contrast with the main character. Beside character there is characterization which is the process of how the author presents the character in order to make them seem real to the reader. These stories would be nothing without the created characters within them. There are so many ways to describe characters. A writer creates a convincing character by giving him a particular motivation or desire. It also can be physical descriptions or judgments made by the character him or herself, by other characters, by a narrator, or by the author. And sometimes we can describe them in some dialogues.

According to (Shmoop, 2012), there are some ways or methods to characterize a character: a. Physical description – which means the author describes the character's

physical appearance. For example, characters might be described as thin, fat,

tall, pretty, etc. Not only that, the author also can mention about the color of

hair or something about the clothing of the character. How the character

dresses might reveal something about the character. Does the character wear

old, dirty clothing, or stylish, expensive clothing? b. Action/attitude/behavior – the next method is the way the character acts, as

well as how the character behaves and his or her attitude. From there, we can

know whether the character is a good or a bad person, selfish, generous, etc.

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c. Inner thoughts - What the character thinks reveal things about the character.

We discover things about their personalities and feelings, which sometimes

helps us understand the character's actions. d. Reactions - Effect on others or what the other characters say and feel about

this character. We learn about the relationships among the characters. How

does the character make the other characters feel? Do they feel scared, happy,

or confused? This helps the reader have a better understanding of all the char-

acters. e. Dialogues – from the dialogues or a conversation between two or more char-

acters, can tell the reader a lot about characters' personalities. f. Character as Seen by Another – Instead of describing a character directly,

the author can describe him through the eyes and opinion of another.

2. Theory of General Personality Disorder

For the theory of general personality disorder explanation, it will be divided into three parts which are definition of general personality disorder, the types of personality disorder, and the triggers of personality disorder. a. Definition

The first part is the definition of personality disorder in general.

Personality is the pattern of thoughts, feelings and behavior that makes each of us the individuals that we are. These affect the way we think, feel and behave towards ourselves and others. People mostly tend to behave in fairly predictable ways. Personality disorders are a type of mental health problem where your

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attitudes, beliefs and behaviors cause you longstanding problems in your life.

American Psychiatric Association (970: 645) defines a personality disorder is an enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates markedly from the expectations of the individual's culture, is pervasive and inflexible, has an onset in adolescence or early adulthood, is stable over time, and leads to distress or impairment. It is a way of thinking, feeling and behaving that deviates from the expectations of the culture. People may often experience difficulties in how you think about yourself and others. You may find it difficult to change these unwanted patterns. b. Types of Personality Disorder

The second part is the types of personality disorder. According to

According to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder, Fifth edition

(2013, p.650) there are several types of personality disorder and psychologists tend to use a system of diagnosis which identifies 10 types of personality disorder.

They are grouped into three categories called ―cluster‖, based on similar characteristics and symptoms. There are cluster A, cluster B, and cluster C. For cluster A there are paranoid personality disorder, schizoid personality disorder, and schizotypal personality disorder. Then for cluster B there are antisocial personality disorder, borderline personality disorder, histrionic personality disorder, and narcissistic personality disorder. And the last for cluster C there are avoidant personality disorder, dependent personality disorder, and obsessive- compulsive personality disorder. Each type of personality disorder has its own symptoms. These are the more explanation:

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i. Cluster A

Cluster A includes paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders. Individuals with a cluster A personality disorder tends to have difficulty relating to others and these disorders often appear odd or eccentric. (Sambuchino,

2013):

1) Paranoid Personality Disorder

It is a pattern of distrust and suspiciousness where others‘ motives are seen as mean or spiteful. People with paranoid personality disorder often assume people will harm or deceive them and are reluctant to confide in others or become close to them. These are the symptoms:

a) A person with this disorder presumes that other people will exploit, harm, or

deceive them, even if no evidence exists to support this expectation. They

suspect on the basis of little or no evidence that others are plotting against

them. They are preoccupied with unjustified doubts about the loyalty or

trustworthiness of friends or associates.

b) Reluctant to confide in others because of unwarranted fear that the infor-

mation will be used maliciously against them. If they get into trouble, they

expect that friends and associates will either attack or ignore them.

c) Reads hidden demeaning or threatening meanings into benign remarks or

events. An individual with this disorder may misinterpret a compliment.

They may view an offer of help as a criticism that they are not doing well

enough on their own.

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d) Persistently bears grudges and are unwilling to forgive the insults, injuries, or

slights that they think they have received.

2) Schizoid Personality Disorder

It is a pattern of detachment from social relationships and a limited range of emotional expression. A person with schizoid personality disorder typically does not seek close relationships, lack a desire for intimacy, chooses solitary activities and appears indifferent to praise or criticism from others, and do not seem to derive much satisfaction from being part of a family or other social group. These are the symptoms: a) Neither desires nor enjoys close relationships, including being part of a fami-

ly. They may prefer being alone or may also experience loneliness as a result. b) They take pleasure in few, if any, activities. They difficult to work in posi-

tions that require a lot of social interaction or people skills, and individuals

with schizoid personality disorder may do better in jobs that involve working

in solitude. c) Lacks close friends or confidants. They have a Little or no desire to form

close relationships with others and gain no enjoyment from them. d) Shows emotional coldness, detachment, or flattened affectivity. Their face

won‘t express emotion, even when it is felt, and can make the person seem as

though they care about nothing and no one.

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3) Schizotypal Personality Disorder

It is a pattern of acute discomfort in close relationships, distortions in thinking or perception, and eccentric behavior. A person with schizotypal personality disorder may have odd beliefs or magical thinking, odd or peculiar behavior or speech, or may incorrectly attribute meanings to events. These are the symptoms: a) Individuals with this personality disorder often have ideas of reference for

example incorrect interpretations of casual incidents and external events as

having a particular and unusual meaning specifically for the person. b) Odd beliefs or magical thinking that influences behavior and is inconsistent

with subcultural norms (e.g., superstitious, belief in clairvoyance, telepathy, or

―sixth sense‖: in children and adolescents, bizarre fantasies or preoccupations). c) Odd thinking and speech (e.g., vague, circumstantial, metaphorical, or

stereotyped). d) They are usually not able to negotiate the full range of affects and interpersonal

cuing required for successful relationships and thus often appear to interact

with others in an inappropriate, stiff, or constricted fashion. e) Lack of close friends or confidants other than first-degree relatives. Individuals

with schizotypal personality disorder experience interpersonal relatedness as

problematic and are uncomfortable relating to other people.

ii. Cluster B

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Cluster B includes antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic personality disorders. Individuals with this disorder are known as dramatic, emotional, or erratic.

1) Antisocial Personality Disorder

Antisocial personality disorder is a pervasive pattern of disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others that begins in childhood or early adolescence and continues into adulthood. Antisocial personality disorder is a particularly challenging type of personality disorder characterized by impulsive, irresponsible and often criminal behavior. They will typically be deceitful and reckless, and won't care for other people's feelings. These are the symptoms:

a) Failure to conform to social norms with respect to lawful behaviors, as indi-

cated by repeatedly performing acts that are grounds for arrest. Antisocial

personality disorder is on a spectrum, which means it can range in severity

from occasional bad behavior to repeatedly breaking the law and committing

serious crimes.

b) Deceitfulness, they are indicated by repeated lying, use of aliases, or manipu-

lative in order to gain for personal profit or pleasure. The pattern of impul-

sivity may be manifested by a failure to plan ahead.

c) Individuals with antisocial personality disorder tend to be irritable and ag-

gressive, as indicated by repeated physical fights or assaults.

d) Consistent irresponsibility, as indicated by repeated failure to sustain con-

sistent work behavior or honor financial obligations.

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e) Lack of remorse, as indicated by being indifferent to or rationalizing having

hurt, mistreated, or stolen from another.

f) The individual is at least age 18 years.

2) Borderline Personality Disorder

It is a pattern of instability in personal relationships, emotional response, self-image and impulsivity. A person with borderline personality disorder may go to great lengths to avoid abandonment (real or perceived), have recurrent suicidal behavior, display inappropriate intense anger or have chronic feelings of emptiness. These are the symptoms:

a) Frantic efforts to avoid real or imagined abandonment. The perception of im-

pending separation or rejection, or the loss of external structure, can lead to

profound changes in self-image, affect, cognition, and behavior. These indi-

viduals are very sensitive to environmental circumstances.

b) A pattern of unstable and intense interpersonal relationships characterized by

alternating between extremes of idealization and devaluation. They may ide-

alize potential caregivers or lovers at the first or second meeting, demand to

spend a lot of time together, and share the most intimate details early in a re-

lationship.

c) Identity disturbance: markedly and persistently unstable self-image or sense

of self. There are sudden and dramatic shifts in self-image, characterized by

shifting goals, values, and vocational aspirations.

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d) Recurrent suicidal behavior, gestures, or threats, or self-mutilating behavior.

Completed suicide occurs in 8%-10% of such individuals, and self-mutilative

acts (e.g., cutting or burning) and suicide threats and attempts are very com-

mon.

e) Inappropriate, intense anger or difficulty controlling anger (e.g., frequent dis-

plays of temper, constant anger, recurrent physical fights). Individuals with

this disorder frequently express inappropriate, intense anger or have difficulty

controlling their anger. They may display extreme sarcasm, enduring bitter-

ness, or verbal outbursts. The anger is often elicited when a caregiver or lover

is seen as neglectful, withholding, uncaring, or abandoning.

3) Histrionic Personality Disorder

It is a pattern of excessive emotion and attention seeking. A person with histrionic personality disorder may be uncomfortable when he/she is not the center of attention, consistently use physical appearance to draw attention or show rapidly shifting or exaggerated emotions. These are the symptoms:

a) Is uncomfortable in situations in which he or she is not the center of attention.

Often lively and dramatic, they tend to draw attention to themselves and may

initially charm new acquaintances by their enthusiasm, apparent openness, or

flirtatiousness.

b) Consistently uses physical appearance to draw attention to self. They are

overly concerned with impressing others by their appearance and expend an

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excessive amount of time, energy, and money on clothes and grooming. They

may "fish for compliments" regarding appearance and may be easily.

c) Has a style of speech that is excessively impressionistic and lacking in de-

tails. Strong opinions are expressed with dramatic flair, but underlying rea-

sons are usually vague and diffuse, without supporting facts and details.

d) Shows self-dramatization, theatricality, and exaggerated expression of emo-

tion. They may embarrass friends and acquaintances by an excessive public

display of emotions. However, their emotions often seem to be turned on and

off too quickly to be deeply felt, which may lead others to accuse the individ-

ual of faking these feelings.

4) Narcissistic Personality Disorder

It is a pattern of need for admiration and lack of empathy for others. A person with narcissistic personality disorder may have a grandiose sense of self- importance, a sense of entitlement, take advantage of others or lack empathy.

They have trouble handling criticism and can feel hurt easily. They may not be able to admit they have done anything wrong, and can get very angry if their or- ders or directions are not followed by others. These are the symptoms:

a) Has a grandiose sense of self-importance (e.g., exaggerates achievements and

talents, expects to be recognized as superior without commensurate achieve-

ments). Grandiosity is the defining characteristic of narcissism. Narcissists

believe they are unique or ―special‖ and can only be understood by other spe-

cial people. What‘s more, they are too good for anything average or ordinary.

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b) Is preoccupied with fantasies of unlimited success, power, brilliance, beauty,

or ideal love. These fantasies protect them from feelings of inner emptiness

and shame, so facts and opinions that contradict them are ignored or rational-

ized away. Anything that threatens to burst the fantasy bubble is met with ex-

treme defensiveness and even rage, so those around the narcissist learn to

tread carefully around their denial of reality.

c) Requires excessive admiration. Because they consider themselves special,

narcissists expect favorable treatment as their due. They truly believe that

whatever they want, they should get.

d) Has a sense of entitlement (i.e., unreasonable expectations of especially fa-

vourable treatment or automatic compliance with his or her expectations).

e) Lacks empathy: is unwilling to recognize or identify with the feelings and

needs of others.

f) Is often envious of others or believes that others are envious of him or her.

They may begrudge others their successes or possessions, feeling that they

better deserve those achievements, admiration, or privileges. iii. Cluster C

Cluster C includes avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders. Individuals with these with these disorders are known as anxious or fearful behavior.

1) Avoidant Personality Disorder

It is a pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy and extreme

sensitivity to criticism. A person with avoidant personality disorder may be

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unwilling to get involved with people unless he/she is certain of being liked, be

preoccupied with being criticized or rejected, or may view himself/herself as

being inferior or socially inept. These are the symptoms:

a) Avoids occupational activities that involve significant interpersonal contact

because of fears of criticism, disapproval, or rejection. These individuals

avoid making new friends unless they are certain they will be liked and ac-

cepted without criticism.

b) Is unwilling to get involved with people unless certain of being liked. Indi-

viduals with this disorder will not join in group activities unless there are re-

peated and generous offers of support and nurturance. Interpersonal intimacy

is often difficult for these individuals, although they are able to establish in-

timate relationships when there is assurance of uncritical acceptance.

2) Dependent Personality Disorder

It is a pattern of needing to be taken care of and submissive and clingy behavior. A person with dependent personality disorder may have difficulty making daily decisions without reassurance from others or may feel uncomfortable or helpless when alone because of fear of inability to take care of himself or herself. These are the symptoms:

a) Has difficulty making everyday decisions without an excessive amount of

advice and reassurance from others. These individuals tend to be passive and

to allow other people (often a single other person) to take the initiative

b) Needs others to assume responsibility for most major areas of his or her life.

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c) Has difficulty expressing disagreement with others because of fear of loss of

support or approval. They also have difficulty initiating projects or doing

things on his or her own.

d) Feels uncomfortable or helpless when alone because of exaggerated fears of

being unable to care for himself or herself. They will "tag along" with

important others just to avoid being alone, even if they are not interested or

involved in what is happening.

e) Is unrealistically preoccupied with fears of being left to take care of himself

or herself. They see themselves as so totally dependent on the advice and help

of an important other person that they worry about being abandoned

3) Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder

It is a pattern of preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism and control.

A person with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder may be preoccupied with details or schedules, may work excessively to the exclusion of leisure or friendships, or may be inflexible in morality and values. These are the symptoms:

a) Is preoccupied with details, rules, lists, order, organization, or schedules to

the extent that the major point of the activity is lost.

b) Is excessively devoted to work and productivity to the exclusion of leisure ac-

tivities and friendships. They often feel that they do not have time to take an

evening or a weekend day off to go on an outing or to just relax.

c) Is unable to discard worn-out or worthless objects even when they have no

sentimental value. They regard discarding objects as wasteful because "you

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never know when you might need something" and will become upset if

someone tries to get rid of the things they have saved.

d) Is reluctant to delegate tasks or to work with others unless they submit to ex-

actly his or her way of doing things. They stubbornly and unreasonably insist

that everything be done their way and that people conform to their way of do-

ing things. They often give very detailed instructions about how things should

be done.

e) Shows rigidity and stubbornness. Individuals with this disorder are so con-

cerned about having things done the one "correct" way that they have trouble

going along with anyone else's ideas. These individuals plan ahead in meticu-

lous detail and are unwilling to consider changes.

Feeling this way may lead to unhealthy thought patterns and extreme

reactions to interpersonal stress. They may react with intense anger or sadness

to minor things other people say or do that would not be considered distress-

ing to most people.

c. Triggers of Personality Disorder

Personality is the combination of thoughts, emotions and behaviors that makes you unique. It's the way you view, understand and relate to the outside world, as well as how you see yourself. Personality forms during childhood, shaped through an interaction of:

i. Genetics: Certain personality traits may be passed on to you by your parents

through inherited genes. These traits are sometimes called your temperament

or character.

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ii. Environment: This involves the surroundings you grew up in, events that

occurred, and relationships with family members and others.

Personality disorders are thought to be caused by a combination of these genetic and environmental influences. Your genes may make you vulnerable to developing a personality disorder, and a life situation may trigger the actual development. Although the precise cause of personality disorders is not known, certain factors seem to increase the risk of developing or triggering personality disorders, including:

iii. Abusive: unstable or chaotic family life during childhood. Every person has

past. Memories or past event had a great role in characters development of

children.

iv. Variations in brain chemistry and structure: can be one of the causes of

personality disorder because is the central of human mind. So, the brain

chemistry also important to be checked if there are some symptoms of per-

sonality disorder.

C. Theoretical Framework

In this study, the researcher aims to analyze the character of Amy Dunne in Gone Girl and tries to see through her behavior, thoughts, and her dialog from the film. All the theories are used to gain a good and deeper understanding of the film itself. This research employs the theory of psychoanalysis and other information are used to indicate that Amy Dunne has personality disorder that

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reflected in the film through his behavior and what is the conflict that trigger her personality disorder to reveal.

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CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

A. Object of the Study

This thesis is a research taken from a novel titled Gone Girl. It is a novel written by Gillian Flynn, in full Gillian Schieber Flynn. She is an American writer and she was born on February 24, 1971, Kansas City, Missouri, US. Flynn‘s third novel, Gone Girl, was an international sensation and a runaway hit that spent more than one hundred weeks on the New York Times bestseller lists. Gone Girl was named one of the best books of the year by People Magazine. Nominated for both the Edgar Award and the Anthony Award for Best Novel. This movie tells about a psychopathic woman named Amy Elliott Dunne as the major character and her husband Nick Dunne. They have been married for five years. One day,

Amy found out that her husband is having an affair with his former student then

Amy decides to take a revenge for her husband. Amy disappears and a bloody crime scene is left behind. She is faking her own murder so Nick will be blamed for it. She does whatever it takes, she makes it like there was a real fight.

B. Approach of the Study

In studying the novel Gone Girl, the writer will use psychological

approach. It is because the approach is the most suitable and appropriate

approach to be related with the topic of this thesis and to answer the problem

formulations. The psychological approach is used to identify the personality

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disorder of the major character in relation through her behavior and thoughts,

which the character experienced, and to find what factors that reveal her

personality disorder.

C. Method of the Study

In this research, the researcher used method of library research with psychological approach to analyze the novel. Library research is a research using some materials as the source of information in order to study a literary work. The researcher used many data to have the research understandable. To answer the questions, the writer used two sources data. They are primary data and secondary data. The primary data is the Gone Girl novel that is written by Gillian Flynn.

Secondary data belongs to other researchers, data on criticism, theory of psychology, theory of personality disorder, book Diagnostic and Statistical

Manual of Mental Disorders 5 (DSM-5) and some relevant books on psychology approach. In the other hand, the researcher is also surfed the internet to find the review and collect the data and journals.

The following are the steps of the researcher in analyzing the novel. First is the researcher read the novel to gain a good understanding of the content of the story and to find some interesting points. After reading the novel for several times and understand the content of the story, the researcher gave an attention to the main character: Amy Dunne. Through the dialogues between the characters, the researcher finds the character Amy Dunne is described.

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Second, the researcher chose some problem formulation to be analyzed.

She collected some data from the novel by quoting some reliable dialogues the supporting points and references related to the topic to get the best answer of the problem formulation.

Third, the researcher analyzed the condition of Amy Dunne‘s behavior and factors, which urged on personality disorder through Amy Dunne‘s character using psychological approach. At the end, the researcher will draw the conclusion of the analysis.

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CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS

This chapter analyses the two problems that have been formulated in the first chapter. This chapter is divided into two parts. In the first part, the writer discusses what characteristics of Amy Dunne showing personality disorder. Second part, the writer discusses the most prominent trigger of Amy‘s personality disorder.

In this first part of the analysis, the writer tries to identify the answer of the first problem formulation by describing the characteristics of the main character,

Amy Dunne.

A. Characteristics of Amy Dunne

The way to know characteristics from a character is with characterizing him/her. Characterization itself is the process by which the writer reveals the personality of a character. It can be described with some methods. It could be with physical description, inner thought, action/attitude/behavior, reactions, dialogues, or character as seen by another. The writer describes Amy Dunne with physical description and her attitude as a general characteristic.

1. General Characteristics of Amy Dunne

She is an American girl who was born and raised in New York and she is the only child in her family. She has a blonde hair, tall, and a perfect body every girl dreamed about. She is a nice, cool, intelligent, charming girl who is an ideal wife,

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ideal daughter and a sweet innocent girl, bogged down by her celebrity status.

She is her parents‘ inspiration for ―Amazing Amy‖; a series of children‘s books about this perfect girl who overcomes all obstacles. Somehow, grew up as ―Amaz- ing Amy,‖ make her living under the shadow of her perfect, fictionalized alter ego.

In New York she is a magazine quiz writer but then Amy loses her job.

Then she and her husband move from New York City to Missouri. She becomes an unhappy stay-at-home housewife because she used to be a hard worker and she does not like for doing nothing. Amy is immensely unhappy when the couple move away from their glamorous New York life and she also has to take care of her ill mother-in-law.

Those are the characteristics of Amy Dunne that people can see from outside. Amy may look as a cool and charming girl, but people do not really know what is in the inside. People cannot be judged just from their appearance or their background, because it is not always what they are. To look closer and know more about someone‘s personality, people could interact with them more often.

2. Amy Dunne’s Characteristics Dealing with Personality Disorder

To analyze a character, beside the background of the character the writer also observes the characteristics from many perspectives. The other perspective can be seen from dialogues between the characters. In this part, the writer analyz- es the dialogues to the characteristics of Amy Dunne that belong to personality disorder.

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a. Antisocial Personality Disorder

It is a mental condition when a person shows no regard for right and wrong and ignores the rights and feelings of others. Individuals with antisocial personality disorder tend to manipulate or treat others harshly. The characteristics of antisocial personality disorder is a failure to conform social norms, deceitfulness, impulsivity, irritability and aggressiveness, reckless disregard for safety of self and others, consistent irresponsibility, and lack of remorse. Individuals with antisocial personality disorder often violate the law, becoming criminals. These are some symptoms or characteristics of antisocial personality disorder shown by

Amy: i. Tend to violate the Law

Individuals with antisocial personality disorder tend to violate the law and fail to conform social norms. The range of severity can be from occasional bad behavior to repeatedly breaking the law and committing serious crime. And it can be seen in Amy‘s characteristic.

―… I collected cash forwards from credit cards I took out in Nick‘s name – the cards that would make him like a greedy little cheat – and I siphoned off another $4,400 from our bank accounts over the months: withdrawals of $200 or $300, nothing to attract attention. I stole from Nick, from his pockets, a $20 here, a $10 there, a slow deliberate stockpile – it‘s like that budgeting plan where you put the money you‘d spend on your morning Starbucks into a jar, and at the end of the year you have $1,500. And I‘d always steal from the tip jar when I went to The Bar‖. (p.276)

From the dialogue, it can be seen that Amy does not mind to steal money from Nick and from the tip jar in The Bar so she can save some money which can

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be used during her run. Stealing money is a crime according to the law and inappropriate according to social norms.

ii. Tend to be manipulative

Other characteristic of antisocial personality disorder is manipulative. Ac- cording to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Illnesses, 5th edition (DSM-5), manipulative is influence over a person or situation to gain for personal profit or pleasure. These are the evidence of Amy Dunne being manipulative:

―I ended up cutting into the inside of my upper arm, gnawing on a rag so I wouldn‘t scream. One long, deep good one. I sat cross-legged on my kitchen floor for ten minutes, letting the blood drizzle steadily until I‘d made a nice thick puddle. Then I cleaned it up as poorly as Nick would have done after he bashed my head in. I want the house to tell a story conflict between true and false. The living room looks staged, yet the blood has been cleaned up: It can’t be Amy!” (p. 248)

Amy tries to make her disappearance in the beginning of the story is as- sumed by people and the police that she has been murdered by her husband. She takes her blood by herself and then put it on the floor and then she cleans it. When police check the kitchen and there is some blood which is already cleaned, they will think that there was a fight before and makes it natural. The suspect can be everyone, maybe stranger, or some people from Amy‘s past who still have business with Amy. In this case, Amy wants her husband to go to prison. Amy also manipulates her pregnancy because some people know that Nick does not want a baby. That is one of the reasons that people will think that Nick murdered his wife. Apparently, Amy has a neighbor called Noelle who is pregnant.

―… someone who would become easy to manipulate, who wouldn‘t think too hard about anything I said because she felt privileged to hear it. Noelle

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was the obvious choice, and when she told me she was pregnant again – triplets weren‘t enough, apparently – I realized I could to be pregnant too.‖ (p. 291)

Then she takes it as an opportunity. She invites Noelle for lemonade, lots of lemonade. It makes Noelle pee in Amy‘s drain, but the toilet cannot be flushed because Amy already searched online ―how to drain your toilet for repair‖. Then she takes the pee into the glass jar then brings it to the doctor and does the urine test. And there is a pregnancy on her medical record. She even refuses to do the blood test and convinces the nurse and the doctor that she has phobia with blood.

Being manipulative is to control or influence others. Individuals with this personality disorder tend to deceive and manipulate other people as long as they get benefit from it.

―I wrote her very carefully, Diary Amy. She is designed to appeal to the cops, to appeal to the public should portions be released. They have to read this diary like it‘s some sort of Gothic tragedy. A wonderful, good-hearted woman – whole life ahead of her, everything going for her, whatever else they say about women who die – chooses the wrong mate and pays the ul- timate price. They have to like me. Her.‖ (p. 267)

It is clear that Amy tries to deceive the cops and the publics by writing fake diary entries. She wants the cops to see the diary as an evident so they will arrest her husband. This kind of deceitfulness shows that Amy has the characteristic of people with antisocial personality disorder.

iii. Tend to be Aggressive

Beside manipulation, irritability and aggressiveness are another characteristic of antisocial personality disorder. People who suffer antisocial personality

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disorder are easily irritated and aggressive. They can get angry easily because of simple reason. Amy‘s irritability and aggressiveness is shown below.

―While driving, Amy‘s car is flipped by a trucker. It is not harmful but Amy is so angry and calls the company of the trucker to get the driver fired. Even in two months after the incident, Amy still tries to call the company. She even makes up the story of the incident. It is a vivid proof how Amy is easily irritated because of small cause.‖ (p.285)

iv. Tend to be impulsive

Next is about impulsivity which is a tendency to act without thinking about the consequences of your actions. These actions usually occur in reaction to some event that has caused you to have an emotional response. A person who has impulsive personality disorder is charming and good at being the center of attention. In fact, this kind of person thrives on receiving attention.

Amy has planned her actions several months, but she needs to change several plans because the situation is not like what she imagined. The plan is that she is going to live in hostel for several weeks because she has not decided yet. But in the second week, she is being robbed by Greta and Jeff. They also live in the hostel and know that Amy has some cash. But that is all that she has. She was beaten by them and she does not have money left. Then she goes to casino place and finally she meets Desi, her ex in senior high school. Desi really obsesses with Amy, so he takes Amy to his lake house instead giving her some cash. She lives in the lake house for several weeks. She makes plan how to get out of there without getting caught by Desi and the police that she is lying about her disappearance. She knows Desi well, she studies about his behavior and one day she sets him up.

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―whenever Desi wasn‘t around. I‘d tie the pieces as tight as I could around my wrists and ankles so they‘d leave these grooves.‘ ―She showed me the lurid lines on her wrists, like bracelets. ‗I took a wine bottle, and I abused myself with it every day, so the inside of my vagina looked . . . right. Right for a rape victim. Then today I let him have sex with me so I had his semen, and then I slipped some sleeping pills into his martini. ‖ (p. 435) And then she kills Desi. She saw Nick in the television and he wants Amy to go back, he said that he will make it up to Amy for the rest of his life. Amy believes it and she wants to go home. The only way that she can go home is killing

Desi. She changes the plan and she will tell the police that she was kidnapped by

Desi and she is being raped. She will not be blamed of murdering Desi because it was how she defensed herself. She truly has no remorse for her actions and will go to whatever lengths required to accomplish the "perfect murder."

b. Narcissistic Personality Disorder

Narcissistic Personality Disorder has symptoms such as grandiosity, a lack of empathy for other people, and a need for admiration. It is a characteristic that like to be the center of attention. People with this condition are frequently described as arrogant, self-centered, manipulative, and demanding. This is the evidence that Amy has narcissistic personality disorder: Tend to be powerful.

Grandiosity is one of the characteristics of narcissistic personality disorder. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Illnesses, 5th edition (DSM-5), grandiosity is feeling of entitlement, self-centeredness, and they belief that one is better than others. And attention seeking is attempts to attract and be the focus of the attention of attention. These traits are shown in Amy‘s

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character. Individuals with this personality believe that they are amazing, perfect, and powerful. In the sentence explain that Amy wants everyone believe that she was the perfect one.

―I feel like Amy wanted people to believe she really was perfect. And as we got to be friends, I got to know her. And she wasn‘t perfect. You know? She was brilliant and charming and all that, but she was also controlling and OCD and drama Queen and a bit of a liar. Which was fine by me. It just wasn‘t by her. She got rid of me because I knew she wasn‘t perfect...‖ (p. 326)

―Amy has had a horrible accident – twisted ankle, fractured arm, cracked ribs. Amy has fallen down this long set of stairs, and she says it was “me” who pushed her.‖ (p.325)

As the writer said before, people with narcissistic personality disorder need for admiration. Amy wants to be noticed by everyone but one day Hilary

Handy who was her best friend is more liked by their friends than Amy. People around Amy actually feel scared and intimidated by her. She is not easy to be around. When Amy finds out, she tries to manipulate incident and frame her friend, Hilary Handy. She throws herself down a flight of stairs and says that it is

Hilary who pushes her. And not only that, she tries to make Hilary look like a stalker and creepy student that Amy parents really hate. Because of that, Amy‘s parents then get a restraining order on Hilary. In the end, Hilary chooses to leave the school.

―instead, she starts getting me to do things. I don‘t realize it at the time, but she starts setting me up…‖ (p.325)

Amy asks Hilary if she can dye her hair the same blond as Amy. And Amy starts to complain about her parents because they love her as an idea and not really who she is. She wants to mess with her parents. Amy asks Hilary start a prank-

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calling her house and tells Amy‘s parents that Hilary is the new Amazing Amy.

On time, Amy asks Hilary to tell Amy‘s mom that Hilary is going to get rid of

Amy and be her new Amy. She does everything because she does not want Hilary get the attention from the boys in their school, it must be her who get attention.

―So I began to think of a different story, a better story, that would destroy Nick for doing this to me. A story that would restore my perfection. It would make me the hero, flawless and adored. Because everyone loves the Dead Girl‖ (p.263)

Amy could do everything she wants to be the center of attention, even when she has to be dead.

c. Borderline Personality Disorder

According to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder, Fifth edition, it is a pattern of instability in personal relationships, emotional response, self-image and impulsivity. It is a characteristic when people cannot handle their emotion. Individuals with this personality have recurrent suicidal behavior, and display inappropriate intense anger. These are the characteristics of borderline personality disorder:

i. Tend to attempt Suicide

―I‘d like to wait around and see him dead, but given the state of our justice system, that may take years, I have neither the money nor the stamina. I‘m ready to join Hopes.‖ (p. 277)

Hopes are her unborn sisters and there are 7 Hopes. In that dialogue Amy wants to end her life so that she can join her sisters. She has the suicidal thoughts

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to take revenge. The characteristic of borderline personality disorder also include self-mutilative acts. The evidence is already mentioned before that she cut herself.

ii. Tend to have Short-lived Relationship

Individuals that have borderline personality disorder have instability relationship. In the novel, Amy does not have a long friendship. Especially when she moves to Missouri, she thinks that her neighbor is different from her.

―I don‘t know why Noelle would say that; I don‘t think she and Amy ever exchanged more than five words.‖

That is the dialogue from Nick Dunne. He knows that Amy is hard to get along with the new neighborhood and she always stay at home instead of hanging out with Noelle their neighbor. Like in New York before, she does not have a real friend. All of her friends in New York is not pure or fake. So Nick assumes that

Amy will never have friendship.

Those are several characteristics that show in Amy‘s characteristics. From ten types of personality disorder, there are three personality disorder which are antisocial personality disorder, narcissistic personality disorder, and borderline personality disorder. Those three types of personality disorder are including cluster B which characterized by dramatic, overly emotional or unpredictable thinking or behavior and interactions with others.

B. The most prominent trigger of Amy’s personality disorder

In every event or conflict there must be something that triggered the conflicts. And in this novel, there are several reasons that trigger Amy Dunne to become manipulative, impulsive, self-centered, and violate the law. In this part, the

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writer discusses some causes or triggers that reveal Amy‘s personality disorder and then find which trigger that become the most prominent trigger. Personality disorder can be caused by some factors, which are genetics, childhood trauma, verbal abuse, and peers or environment. In Amy‘s case, her personality disorder is caused by her peers or environment, who is her parents, high school friends, and her husband.

1. Triggers of Amy’s personality Disorder

a. Amy‘s Parents

Her parents write a book and name the main character as Amy. Whenever the real Amy screws everything in real life, the Amy in the book will do her best.

There are some the pressures from her parents placed on her to actually be Amazing Amy, not just herself.

―My parents are worried, of course, but how can I feel sorry for them, since they made me this way and then deserted me? They never, ever fully appreciated the fact that they were earning money from existence, that I should have been getting royalties‖ ―My parents have always worried that I‘d take Amy too personally – they always tell me not to read too much into her. And yet I can‘t fail to notice that whenever I screw something up, Amy does it right: When I finally quit violin at age twelve, Amy was revealed as a prodigy in the next book. (‗Sheesh, violin can be hard work, but hard work is the only way to get better!‘) When I blew off the junior tennis championship at age sixteen to do a beach weekend with friends, Amy recommitted to the game. (‗Sheesh, I know it‘s fun to spend time with friends, but I‘d be letting myself and everyone else down if I didn‘t show up for the tournament.‘)‖ (p.30)

Because of the comparison, Amy strives for perfection. She wants to show people that she is as perfect as Amy in the book. Therefore, she does anything so she can appear perfect in front of other people.

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Not only because of Amy‘s parents write Amazing Amy, but also their perfect marriage shapes Amy‘s personality. Children always see and learn things from their parents. In this case, Amy wants her marriage can be long last like her parents. The ambition that Amy has is also from her parents. Amy‘s parents tried to have kids 7 times but the children could not make it and Amy is the eight one that could survive. Beside environment, genetics also take part that someone has personality disorder and Amy‘s parents‘ blood flow in her body.

b. Amy‘s Husband

Besides her parents, Amy‘s husband also takes part in making Amy‘s personality disorder gotten worse. At first, Amy and Nick were a writer back then when they lived in New York. As time goes by, the technology become sophisti- cated and everything is in digital. There were not many people who read newspa- per or book anymore, so both Amy and Nick lost their job as a writer. At the same time, Nick gets a call from Margo, his twin, that their mom is getting sick. Nick thinks that this is the perfect time go back home to Missouri since they already lost their job and he wants Amy to know more about his childhood.

―Amy didn‘t care to know my family, didn‘t want to know my birthplace, and yet for some reason, I thought moving home would be a good idea.‖

Nick thinks that it would be a good idea, but turns out it is where it all started. In Missouri, because Nick is not a writer anymore then he starts a business with her twin, they open a bar called The Bar. But Nick opens The Bar with bor- rowing Amy‘s money that she got from her parents. And that is all that Amy has.

Basically, they are broke.

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Amy used to love her husband but then she hates him because she cannot to be what she wants to be loved by Nick. When Nick becomes the cool guy, Amy becomes the cool girl, something that she is not. Therefore, when Amy becomes real Amy, Nick becomes real disinterested.

―committing to Nick, feeling safe with Nick, being happy with Nick, made me realize that there was a Real Amy in there, and she was so much better, more interesting and complicated and challenging, than Cool Amy. Nick wanted Cool Amy anyway. Can you imagine, finally showing your true self to your spouse, your soulmate, and having him not like you? So that‘s how the hating first begin. I‘ve thought about this a lot, and that‘s where it started, I think‖ (p. 254)

Nick cannot accept who Amy is so she has to pretend to be the Cool Girl.

Amy has to change her personality. But Amy does not want to be a cool girl, she wants to be herself. When Amy shows her real personality, Nick does not like it.

At the right time, he meets Andie. She is his student, and they have a relationship for a year. One day Amy knows about it.

Nick changes and he does not love Amy anymore. He loves cool Amy and she knows it. Amy thinks that the only way to start over a family with Nick is to have a baby. But Nick refuses because of their financial is bad right now. When

Amy shows her real personality to Nick, Nick cannot accept her. Instead of accepting her, Nick cheats on her and makes her mad and do all of the framing.

―Instead of accepting her, Nick cheats on her. It makes her mad and do all of the framing. It can be clearly seen below. I got there just in time to see him leaving with her. I was in the goddamn parking lot, twenty feet behind him, and he didn‘t even register me, I was a ghost. He didn‘t have his hands on her, not yet, but I knew. I could tell because he was so aware of her. I followed them, and suddenly, e pressed her up against a tree – in the middle of town – and kissed her. Nick is cheating.‖ (p.262)

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c. Amy‘s High School Boyfriend

Besides parents and husband, her high school boyfriend also makes her personality disorder stronger. It happens because he shows rejection when Amy shows her true personality.

―So, I start making excuses not to hang out so much. I don‘t call it off, because I‘m an idiot, and she‘s gorgeous. I‘m hoping it might turn around. But you know, I‘m making excuses fairly regularly: I‘m stuck at work, I‘m on deadline, I have a friend in town, my monkey is sick, whatever. And I started seeing this other girl, kinda sorta seeing her, very casual, no big deal. Or so I think. But Amy finds out – how, I still don‘t know, for all I know, she was staking out my apartment. But …shit …‖(p.311)

The experience that she has with her high school boyfriend is become one of the trigger of Amy‘s personality disorder. Amy who is self-centered does not accept the rejection. When she knows the truth she becomes mad.

d. Amy‘s High School Friend

Amy‘s friend also contributes as the trigger of Amy‘s personality disorder.

Hillary Handy, Amy‘s friend in high school, gets punished by Amy because she becomes more popular than her while she knows that Amy is actually not that perfect. Amy worries about it so she tries to get rid of her. The evidence of that is on the dialogue below:

― feel like Amy wanted people to believe she really was perfect. And as we got to be friends, I got to know her. And she wasn‘t perfect. You know? She was brilliant and charming and all that, but she was also controlling and OCD and a drama queen and a bit of a liar.Which was fine by me. It just wasn‘t fine by her.She got rid of me because I knew she wasn‘t perfect. It made me wonder about you.‖ (p.326)

This case is almost the same with the previous trigger. Amy who wants admiration and attention does not accept that her friend is become popular more than her.

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When she is not the one who is being the spotlight then she will do whatever to get rid of anybody who blocks her way.

2. The Most Prominent Trigger of Amy’s Personality Disorder

From the analysis in the above, the triggers of Amy‘s personality disorder are from peers or environment. Amy‘s peers are her parents, her husband, her high school boyfriend, and her best friend in high school. All of them are the triggers, but there is prominent trigger of Amy‘s personality disorder. That is the situation that push Amy to reveal what she really is. The most prominent trigger of Amy‘s personality disorder is when Nick is cheating on her.

―I followed them, and suddenly, he pressed her up against a tree – in the middle of town – and kissed her. Nick is cheating, I thought dumbly and before I could make myself say anything, they were going up to her apartment.‖

At the fifth anniversary Amy and Nick Dunne, Amy tries to fix their marriage and finally she wants a baby. Even though Nick refuses to have one because they have financial problem and afraid could not raise their baby properly. Amy tries to persuade Nick and one day she wants to go to Nick‘s bar before it closes and go home together with Nick. Instead of meeting her husband, she finds that

Nick with another girl. She follows them, and it leads to the girl‘s apartment. Amy wanted to fix her marriage with her husband but it turned out she saw her husband cheating. From that moment she really wants to take revenge.

The reason why Amy‘s husband is the prominent trigger is that before the affair everything was fine. The main conflict or the climax in the story is when

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Amy disappears. The manipulation, the crime scenes that Amy tries to trap her husband, the suicide attempt of Amy Dunne, and even Amy has to kill Desi. This is all starts when she sees her husband cheat on her. After what she has done to save her marriage, she is mad because she cannot be like the Amazing Amy, or like her parents. Actually those trigger that already mentioned before can reveal

Amy‘s personality disorder. Especially, people with borderline personality disorder have fear of separation or rejection, the loss of external structure, can lead to profound changes in self-image, affect, cognition, and behavior. These individuals are very sensitive to environmental circumstances. Moreover Amy is identified that she has Borderline Personality Disorder. Therefore, after several years those events occur Amy still can handle and hold it until her husband cheats on her.

Many people with personality experience intense fear and anger, impulsive behavior, self-harm, and even attempt suicide in the wake of relationship events that make them feel either rejected, criticized, or abandoned. This is a phenomenon called abandonment or rejection sensitivity.

She is mad when she realizes that she is being rejected or being left by her husband. As a person who is described in Amazing Amy book that was written by her parents, this is not life that she imagines. The Amazing Amy has a perfect life who can always overcome the obstacles. The reality is different, Amy cannot defeat her problem, instead she is broken, jobless, and her husband does not love her anymore.

The other triggers that happened in the past were like minor trigger or she still could keep it into herself without Amy even realize. Then one day all of those ex-

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plode because she cannot hold it anymore. With the spiraling thoughts come spiraling symptoms, such as intense emotions, anger, and urges to self-harm.

Sometimes people may be triggered by internal events, such as thoughts that can seemingly come out of the blue. This is particularly true for people who have personality disorder especially Borderline Personality Disorder related to traumatic events like child abuse. For example, a memory or image of a past experience, like a traumatic event or a loss, can trigger intense emotions and other personality disorder symptoms. In this case, Amy does not have the experience like such as child abuse. The memory does not necessarily need to be a distressing one to trigger symptoms. Some people are triggered by memories of good times from the past, which can sometimes be a reminder that things are not as good now.

Amy wants to bring their old good time memories but it all gone flashy when she sees her husband with another girl. It is like what she wants to fix for the past several years is destroyed.

The things that make the most prominent trigger with the other trigger is different that in this novel the climax of the story is when Amy disappears and makes various party such as media, police, detective, and lawyer to take part in this situation. The other three triggers actually also make Amy to take something unusual actions that show her personality disorder and make it get worse.

According to Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research

(MFMER), a narcissistic personality disorder causes problems in many areas of life, such as relationships, work, school or financial affairs. People with narcissistic personality disorder may be generally unhappy and disappointed when they're

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not given the special favors or admiration they believe they deserve. They may feel that their relationships unfulfilling, and others may not enjoy being around them. In this case, Amy feels that Nick does not love her anymore when she is become herself, not the ―cool‖ girl like her husband wants. Same thing happens to

Nick Dunne when Amy is not being her like the first time they met. He feels that she changes, does not like what he wants. When their household is in danger, at the same time Andie comes and Nick Dunne feels comfortable near her.

Researchers believe that genetics plays some role, as having a parent with personality disorder puts one more at risk. Research on adopted children of parents with personality disorder indicates that environment may also be a factor, such as when children receive poor discipline, have negative role models, or are not taught to respect the rights of others. Actually, her role model is her parents who are have perfect marriage at least people see and it long last until they are getting old. It is not negative actually, but her ambition to be like them is getting out of control and when she knows she cannot achieve it she is upset. People with high expectation will get hurt so easily. When the reality hits Amy so hard, she remembers about her 7 unborn siblings and she thinks it supposed to be them who feel hurt, not her. She thinks she is not supposed to be born in this world, sometimes she hates her parents for always keep trying to have a child. Until the eight times, Amy survives.

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION

In this chapter, the writer concludes the result of the analysis from the previous chapter about the characterization of Amy Dunne showing her personality disorder and then the most prominent trigger of Amy Dunne‘s personality disorder. The data used in the analysis is taken from Gone Girl novel which is written by Gillian Flynn. These are the several findings in this analysis.

The answer to the first research question is about the characteristics of

Amy Dunne that show her personality disorder. As explained in the former part,

Amy is described as a cool, intelligent, charming girl who is an ideal wife, ideal daughter and a sweet innocent girl. For a while, she does a pretty good job of sus- taining the act—good enough to progress her relationship with Nick to the living together level—but living with Nick winds up showing her who she really is.

Growing up, Amy was unsociable from living in Amazing Amy's shadow, but

Nick's charming personality shows her what happiness really looks like. At the same time, though, playing Cool Girl to Nick's Cool Guy also shows Amy what a lie her personality is. Because she is the only child in her family, she is being a spoiled child, she does not just want people to give her whatever she wants, she wants total control over their will in doing so, and if she even suspects you of wronging her, the Law of Amy Land states that you must pay in blood. The most dangerous thing about Amy is that she will do absolutely anything, including

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lying, blackmailing, and even committing murder, to get people to submit to her.

She wants to see Nick on death row for cheating on her, tries to control her neighbors at the cabin complex when she runs away. The characterization of Amy

Dunne shows that she has the characteristic of personality disorder which are antisocial personality disorder, narcissistic personality disorder and borderline personality disorder. Amy has the symptoms from the personality disorder that already mentioned. Those symptoms are impulsive, deceitful, manipulative, aggressive, reckless, and lack of remorse, tend to break the law, attention seeker, etc.

Those symptoms are similar so that they are grouped as cluster b. The cause of

Amy‘s personality disorder is her peers or environment, who is her parents, husband, and her ex high school boyfriend. Perfection is one of the things that Amy fights for because she was raised by parents who compare her with a character of storybook. In order to appear perfect in front of other people, she dares to do anything without thinking about the consequences. Besides, her husband and boyfriend make it worse by cheating on her and showing rejection to Amy‘s real personality. Her parents, husband, boyfriend, and friend cause her personality to de- viate from culture‘s expectation. Therefore, she suffers personality disorder because she has 3 types out of 10 personality disorder.

In the second problem, the writer finds out that there are several triggers.

The first trigger is from Amy‘s parents which were from her memories childhood that she was pictured as Amazing Amy. The second one is her ex in high school that triggered Amy‘s personality disorder because he rejected Amy. The third trigger is her high school friend. Amy‘s friend is more popular more than her so

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Amy is triggered to do anything to get rid of her friend. The last trigger is her husband. There are some events that triggered Amy because of her husband. Amy has to move from New York into Missouri which was stressed Amy out because she needs to adapt from the glorious town into small town. And then Amy and

Nick are broke. When Amy tries to become who she is, not ―the cool Amy‖, Nick does not like it. The climax is when her husband is cheating on her at their fifth anniversary. Amy becomes so mad because at their fifth anniversary she wants to fix her marriage and try to start over. She already plans to surprise her husband but the plan is not going well. When she knows her husband is cheating, she starts to plan the revenge and frame her husband as a murderer. That is the most prominent trigger of Amy‘s personality disorder.

From analysis in the above, the writer concludes that Amy Dunne‘s personality disorder can reveal is because of her peers or the environment. Because of there are some conflicts that happen around her, it leads her into a stressful situation.

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REFERENCES

Abrams, M.H, Geoffrey Galt Harpham. (2009). A Glossary of Literary Terms: Ninth Edition. Boston: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.

Aesop. (1867). The Fox and the Grapes. Aesop’s Fables (Lit2Go Edition). Re- trieved from https://etc.usf.edu/lit2go/35/aesop-fables/395/-the-fox-andthe- grapes/ (on 30 March 2018).

Aiken, Jr. Lewis R. (1969). General Psychology: A Survey. San Francisco: Chan- dler Publishing Company.

Arum, Dewi Candra. (2013). A Psychoanalytical Study of The Psychopathic Character of Gillian Flynn’s Gone Girl. Universitas Muhammadiyah, Sura- karta.

Astrida, Theodora Filli (2011). The Contribution of Conflicts in Revealing Nina Sayers’ Personality Disorder Seen in Mark Heyman’s Black Swan. Universi- tas Sanata Dharma, Yogyakarta.

Association, American Psychiatric. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition. United States.

Barry, Peter. (2009). Beginning Theory: An Introduction to Literary and Cultural Theory. (3rd ed). New York: Manchester University Press.

Clinic, Mayo (2019). Borderline Personality Disorder. Retrieved for https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/borderline-personality- disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20370237

Emir, Badegul Can. (2016). Literature and Psychology in the Context of the In- teraction of Social Sciences. Khazar Journal of Humanities and Social Sci- ences 19(4). 49 – 55. Retrieved from http://jhss-khazar.org/wp content/uploads/2016/11/son.4._tURKEY_12.12.2016_1.pdf

Erie, Putri Rachmadany. (2016) Dynamics of Personality in The Character of Amy Dunne in David Fincher. Diponegoro University, Semarang.

Gillian, Schieber Flynn. (2012). Gone Girl. London: Orion Books.

Guerin, Wilfred. (1999). A Handbook of Critical Approaches to Literature. New York: Oxford University Press.

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Husband, Richard Wellington. (1940). General Psychology. New York: Rinehart & Company, Inc.

Murphy, M.J. (1972). Understanding Unseens: An Introduction to English Poetry and the English Novel for Overseas Students. London: George Allen & Un- win Limited

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APPENDIX

Appendix : Summary of Gillian Flynn’s Gone Girl

The story tells about a couple named Amy Dunne as the wife and Nick

Dunne as the husband. On the morning of their fifth anniversary Amy disappears.

A few years before, they moved there from New York to take care of Nick's mother, who was dying of cancer. Their marriage seems about to get worse.

By the end of the day, cops and news crews have invaded Nick's house, detectives have grilled Nick into exhaustion, and Amy's parents come all the way to Missouri from New York. As the days pass and there is no sign of Amy, the case's widespread media attention as if she is already popular because she is the

Amazing Amy.

People want to believe Nick didn't do it. In spite of this, the mounting evidence against him, especially his ongoing affair with a much younger woman and the details he withholds about the morning Amy disappeared, cannot be ignored.

The one reasonable doubt comes from the treasure hunt, a trail of clues that lead Nick to important places in their relationship before finally arriving at his anniversary present. In spite of their ongoing marital problems, Nick finds himself falling in love with Amy as he reads the love notes she leaves at each lo- cation, feeling wooed back to her although it seems too late.

While they were once magazine writers in New York, both lost their jobs before the allegedly temporary move to Missouri. In spite of Amy's objections, they seem to be stuck there permanently, even after his mother's death. Nick has

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opened a bar with his twin sister, gotten a job at the community college, and is growing distant, possessive, and violent. Amy's diary reveals a woman who is never sure where she stands with her husband and is scared enough to try to buy a gun.

Back in the present day, the evidence against Nick continues to pile. The cops find traces of massive blood loss on the kitchen floor, stacks of maxed out credit card bills, and discrepancies that make the scene in the living room look staged. As the investigation turns against him, Nick continues to deny that he had any involvement with Amy's disappearance, while simultaneously trying to keep the secret of his affair from getting out.

Nick realizes he's in big trouble, though, when the treasure hunt leads to the woodshed behind his sister's house—which is packed to the hilt with the golf clubs and electronics from the credit card bills. Oops.

Hold the phone a minute, though. Amy's got a big surprise for us: She's still alive, hiding out at a cabin in the Ozarks after framing Nick for murder—oh, and she's totally psycho. The whole scene back in North Carthage is of her own invention, including the credit card purchases, the blood on the kitchen floor

(don't even ask), and even a gullible neighbor who's broken the news to the cops that Amy's pregnant.

She plans to hide out until she runs out of money, then drown herself and let her body wash to the Gulf of Mexico to be discovered. This plan is foiled, though, when some neighbors at the cabin complex rob her, leaving her penniless.

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Meanwhile, back at the Dunne Ranch, Nick's hired a high-powered New

York celebrity attorney and is trying to cover his butt, though it's not going well.

The media and the cops have turned against him, and even Amy's parents have declared him persona non grata. Nick attempts a few public relations events, even taping an interview for a prime time network news show, but nothing seems to be working, especially after news of the woodshed's contents leaks; the discovery of

Amy's (fake) pregnancy doesn't help either. Eventually Nick is arrested for murder.

Having been robbed of all the money she has in the world, Amy only has one option left: get help from her old high school boyfriend, Desi, who happens to be obsessed with her. After a covert meeting at a casino, Desi takes her home, where he basically holds her hostage for a few weeks. It's only when Amy sees one of Nick's high-profile interviews on television and hears him beg her to come home that she decides it's time to give up the ruse.

So she has sex with Desi, kills him, beats herself up, and returns home with a bizarre story about being abused, raped, and held captive in his house.

Looks like Nick's off the hook and Desi's name is officially dirt.

Now that Amy's back home, the charges against Nick are dropped, but instead of doing something crazy like, say, getting a divorce, instead Nick and

Amy—who totally hate each other's guts—transform their home into a mini, mod- ern day Cold War.

If Nick doesn't cooperate with her kidnapping story, Amy will tell the press that he tried to poison her with antifreeze (something she went so far as to

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do to herself, so she has vomit saved in the freezer to prove her claim if need be).

In spite of this, Amy kind of killed a dude and Nick doesn't like living with that.

So, as frustrated writers, they do the only thing they know how to do: they write dueling memoirs.

Amy, though, has yet another surprise for Nick once he finishes his tell- all, Amy insanity book: she's pregnant (for real this time), and demands that he play by her rules if he wants to see his child. Having grown up with an abusive father, Nick knows the horror the kid will be subjected to having Amy as the sole provider, so feels he has no choice but to delete his book and resign himself to being the husband he knows he should have been all along.

Adopted from:Gillian, Flynn. (2012). Gone Girl. London: Orion Books.