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United Arab Emira WILIANDER FRANÇA SALOMÃO The founder of the project to create the United Arab Emirates was Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, the Founding Father, who during his leader- From ancient times, tribes communities ARAB EMIRATES ARAB ship guided his people to a better life and future. He once mentioned: on the southern coast of the Arabian UNITED Discovering the Discovering Gulf lived according to their customs and traditions, at the same time, gre- We were like those who had climbed a mountain and reached Discovering the at empires of the time such as Persia, the top. When we looked down, we still wanted to go higher to Portugal, the United Kingdom and the realise our goals. Despite all the achievements (within the UAE Netherlands came to take control of Federation), we still have an ambition for more. That is my way of this region and its trade routes under looking at things. UNITED its direct influence. Over time, the United Kingdom beca- In this sense, the history of the United Arab Emirates, since the beggining, is me the only empire to exert such con- full of great moments, but also with many struggles and challenges like any trol over the Arabian Gulf primarily in other. It was a British Protectorate and the Emirati people lived modestly ARAB the nearby emirates, including Bahrain, and survived from fishing and pearl farming, and sought for a better living the Trucial States, Qatar and Oman. and working conditions in a contrasting landscapes by the desert, moun- The conflicts with the local tribes gave tains and the sea. Undoubtedly, this reality changed from the moment oil rise to a trucial system in a Protectorate EMIRATES over those Sheikhdoms. was discovered in Abu Dhabi and, immediately, from the desert land, was built cities, highways, hospitals, universities, skyscrapers, and a progress ne- The history of a country that has become one In this context, in the 20th century, whi- WILIANDER ver seen before. of the most powerful and prosperous in the world le most countries of the world were ex- periencing moments of progress, the FRANÇA SALOMÃO The UAE celebrated the Sheikh Zayed´s 100th birth anniversary in 2018, as Emirati people had precarious infras- well as the 47th anniversary of the announcement of the Union resulting tructure and poverty. PhD and Master in International Law by in a country that has become one of the most powerful in the world and But all this perspective was changed the Pontifical Catholic University of Mi- has embraced the principles of peaceful coexistence, mutual respect, co- when the oil was discovered in the emi- nas Gerais (PUC-MINAS). Graduated in operation, friendship, the defense of rights and the solution of conflicts by rate of Abu Dhabi in the 1950’s. From then Law from the University of Itaúna, Brazil. peaceful means. on, a continuous process of transforma- He is Professor of International Law and In this sense, the Government of the United Arab Emirates has a message tions began, from the arid landscape Human Rights. Attended the prestigious SALOMÃO FRANÇA of peace and multiculturalism, having a population with more than 200 immediately was built cities, highways, Summer Course of the Hague Academy nationalities living and working in harmony. It is a new country with wealth hospitals, universities, skyscrapers, and of International Law of the United Na- and prosperity in a modern and sophisticated society, as well as being one a progress never seen before. tions International Court of Justice in of the largest donors of humanitarian aid. The United Arab Emirates became a The Hague, The Netherlands, july 2016; WILIANDER nation with the initiatives by the fou- attended the United Nations Module This fascinating history is told throughout this book, with the intention of nding fathers, under the leadership for North Africa and the Middle East in discovering the United Arab Emirates, in every extraordinary achievements. of the late Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan, Tunisia, july 2017; attended the Interna- who believed in the union of the seven tional Security Course at the Clingen- emirates, having many achievements dael Institute of International Relations through a long and arduous journey. of the Netherlands. He is the author of four books on the conflicts between Pa- lestinians and Israelis, published in Por- tuguese and English versions. ISBN 978-65-80444-23-6 Speak with the author: [email protected] WILIANDER FRANÇA SALOMÃO Discovering the UNITED ARAB EMIRATES The history of a country that has become one of the most powerful and prosperous in the world Copyright © 2019, D’Plácido Editora. Editora D’Plácido Copyright © 2019, Wiliander França Salomão. Av. Brasil, 1843, Savassi Chief Editor Belo Horizonte – MG Plácido Arraes Tel.: 31 3261 2801 CEP 30140-007 Editor Tales Leon de Marco WWW.EDITORADPLACIDO.COM.BR Editorial Coordinator Bárbara Rodrigues All rights reserved. Book Cover No part of this publication may be Nathalia Torres reproduced by any means without the (Cover photo by the author) prior authorization of D’Plácido Group. Design Letícia Robini (Pattern from FreePik) Catalogação na Publicação (CIP) Cataloguing SALOMÃO, Wiliander França. Discovering the United Arab Emirates: the history of a country that has become one of the most powerful and prosperous in the world -- Belo Horizonte, Brazil: Editora D’Plácido, 2019. 554 p. ISBN: 978-65-80444-23-6 1. International Law. 2. United Arab Emirates. I. Title. III. History. ARAB CDD341 CDU341 This book is dedicated to the people of the United Arab Emir- ates and to the memory of the Founding Father Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan for his history, his legacy and his teachings. Acknowledgement Writing about another country, having an idea and turning it into a book is harder than I thought but it is far more rewarding than I could imagine. This experience, even challenging, is very important for bringing information and knowledge to the public. None of this would have been possible without the help of some special people. First, I have to start by thanking my brothers from the United Arab Emirates: Adil and Khamis. Brother Adil, thank you for your valuable contributions to this project, for our many talks about the history of the UAE, the progress made in recent years, and the relevant informations you gave to me showing enthusiasm and a great support for the success of this work, thank you for your care and generosity. Brother Khamis, for encouraging me for writing this book and great support for this to become a reality. I am forever grateful to you both, for our brotherhood, for our adventures and for all the support you have always given to me. Likewise, my special thanks go to the Consulate of the United Arab Emirates in Brazil, especially to His Excellency the General Consul, Mr. Ibrahim Salem Al Alawi, for his generosity and support by giving me an opportunity to release a book about this country. I am also grateful for the valuable attention and care of Miss Raquel Moss about this book. I also thank the friends I made in the United Arab Emirates: Talal, Mohammed Abdullah, Jasim, Ali, Mayed, Jalal, Khalid, Mohamad Hammadi and Abdullah Aljasmi. Thank you very much to my family and friends for being constant sources of support in my life. Finally, I thank God that he always allows me to advance in my studies, bringing knowledge to everyone. Acronyms ADIA Abu Dhabi Investment Authority ADNOC Abu Dhabi National Oil Company ENEC Emirates Nuclear Energy Corporation ENOC Emirates National Oil Company. GCC Gulf Cooperation Council NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization OPEC Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries RAK Ras Al Khaimah UAE United Arab Emirates UAQ Umm Al Quwain UN United Nations UNGA United Nations General Assembly USA United States of America Contents Author’s note 23 Preface 1 25 Preface 2 29 Introduction 33 Arab Gulf: history of the 1 european conquest 39 1 Characteristics of the ancient trade in the Gulf 42 2 The conversion of the Arab coast to Islam 45 3 The origin of the name “Persian Gulf” 46 4 The european dispute over the domination of the Gulf trade route 48 4.1 The Portuguese 49 4.2 English, French and Dutch: rivalry and conflict 51 5 The British Trucial System: the establishment of the Protectorates over the Arab Sheikhdoms 53 6 The decision of the United Kingdon to withdraw from the Gulf: the beginning of a new era 59 6.1 Historical background 59 7 The end of the Trucial System 60 The Spirit of the Union: the creation 2 of the United Arab Emirates 65 1 Defining the bases of the Union 67 1.1 The Al-Sameeh-Argoub Agreement between Abu Dhabi and Dubai 67 1.2 The Dubai Agreement 69 2 The establishment of the United Arab Emirates 73 2.1 Developing a nation: initial stages of the new country 76 3 First challenges 80 4 The political system: the bases of the Federation 81 4.1 The Constitution of the UAE 81 5 The Federal Political System 84 5.1 The Federal Supreme Council 88 5.2 The Presidency of the state 92 5.3 The Cabinet 95 5.4 Federal National Council (FNC) 100 5.5 The Judicial System: general aspects of the local and federal courts 106 5.6 The making process of laws and treaties 116 6 Security of the state: general aspects 120 6.1 National Defense Forces during the British rule over the Gulf 120 6.2 Military organization in the United Arab Emirates after the formation of the Union 127 6.3 Mandatory military service 131 Foreign policy of the United Arab 3 Emirates: bilateral and multilateral relations with the countries 135 1 The foreign policy: the role of the UAE in the world 137 2 The Ministry
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