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Metals
High
Corn
Ritchie
Packet
District
Processes
School
rnunity 3
Metals Processes Week 5
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Units Therefore,
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91 of 92 Part 4—Measuringand LayingOut
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Fig. 11-3 A Fig. 11-2 A steel rule (actual size) with 1/32” rule marked in decimal fractions of graduations along the top edge and 1/64” an inch (actual size). The smallest division on the graduations along the bottom edge. upper scale is .100”, on the lower scale .010”.
Decimal fractions of an inch, however, are Table 11-1 gives the decimal equivalents normally written on technical drawings in the of all the common fractions of an inch, to following way: gether with their equivalent in millimeters.
1 one tenth inch = — = 0.100” How big is one-thousandth of an inch? To give you an idea of .001” (‘/iooo”), one hundredth inch = —i-- 0.010” this paper is about 3/iooo” thick, and thin tis sue paper is about Yiooo”thick. A hair on your head is about 3/iaoo”thick. one thousandth inch j-j = 0.001”
1 one ten-thousandth inch = 10 000 Measurement of common fractions with a steel rule frequently cannot provide the accu racy required. Therefore, precision measuring instruments, such as micrometers and ver SI Metric System niers, have been developed that measure ac The SI Metric system is a base ten, or dec curately to Yiooo”and even ‘/io,ooo”. (These are imal, system. Its units of measurement are re described in Unit 14.) Since these instruments lated to each other by powers of ten. Each of measure in decimal fractions, it is important the main units can be changed to a unit of to learn the decimal equivalents of the com more convenient size, when desired, by mul mon fractions. tiplying or dividing by powers of ten. Table Decimal equivalents. The decimal equiva 11-2 lists the names of several basic SI metric lent of a common fraction may be found by units, their symbols, and their relationship to dividing the numerator of the fraction by its each other. It is important to learn the metric denominator. symbols because they are used whenever met Example: Y2 = 1 - 2, or .500 ric measurements are written or printed. The 2)1.000 same symbol is used for singular and plural. Table 11-1
Fractional and Decimal Inch and Millimeter Equivalents To 4 To 3 To 2 Milli- To 4 To 3 To 2 Miii 4ths Sths l6ths 32nds 64ths places places places meters 4ths 8ths l6ths 32nds ó4ths places places places meters 0156 .016 33 64 .02 .397 .5156 .516 .52 13.097 .0312 .031 17 64 32 .03 .794 .5312 .531 .53 13.494 3 32 35 .0469 .047 .05 1.191 .5469 .547 64 9 64 .55 13.891 .0625 .062 .06 1.588 .5625 16 5 16 .562 .56 14.288 .0781 .078 .08 1.984 37 3 64 .5781 .578 58 14.684 .0938 .094 .09 2.381 19 64 32 7 .5938 .594 .59 15.081 .1094 32 39 .109 .11 2.778 .6094 .609 .61 64 5 64 15.478 .1250 .125 .12 3.175 .6250 8 9 8 .625 .62 15.875 1406 .141 .14 3.572 41 5 64 .6406 .641 .64 16.272 .1562 .156 16 3.969 21 64 32 11 .6562 .656 .66 16.669 .1719 .172 32 43 .17 4.366 .6719 .672 .67 3 64 11 64 17.066 .1875 .188 .19 4.762 .6875 16 13 16 .688 .69 17.462 .2031 .203 .20 5.159 45 7 64 .7031 .703 .70 17.859 2188 .219 .22 5.556 23 64 32 15 7188 .719 .72 18.256 • 2344 32 47 .234 .23 5.953 .7344 .734 64 3 .73 18.653 .2500 .250 25 6.350 64 4 17 4 .7500 .750 .75 19.050 .2656 .266 .27 6.747 49 9 64 .7656 .766 .77 19.447 .2812 25 64 .281 .28 7.144 .7812 .781 32 19 32 .78 19.844 .2969 .297 .30 7.541 51 5 64 .7969 .797 .80 20.241 .3125 .312 .31 7.938 13 64 16 21 16 .8125 .812 .81 20.638 .3281 .328 .33 8.334 53 11 64 .8281 .828 .83 21.034 .3438 .344 .34 8.731 27 64 32 23 .8438 .844 .84 21.431 .3594 32 55 .359 .36 9.128 .8594 .859 .86 3 64 7 64 21.828 .3750 .375 .38 9.525 .8750 8 25 8 .875 .88 22.225 3906 391 .39 9.922 57 13 64 .8906 .891 .89 22.622 .4062 .406 41 10.319 29 64 32 27 .9062 .906 .91 23.019 .4219 32 59 .422 .42 10.716 .9219 .922 .92 23.416 7 64 15 64 .4375 .438 .44 11.112 .93 75 16 29 16 .938 .94 23.8 12 .4531 .453 .45 11.509 61 15 64 .9531 .953 .95 24.209 4688 .469 .47 11.906 31 64 32 31 .9688 .969 .97 24.606 .4844 32 63 .484 .48 12.303 .9844 .984 .98 25.003 64 64 .5000 .500 .50 12.700 1.0000 1.000 1.00 25.400 Table 11-2
Metric Si Units
Property Unit name Symbol Relationship of units
Length millimeter mm 1 mm = 0.001 m
LINEAR centimeter cm 1 cm = 10 mm
MEASURE decimeter dm 1 dm = 10 cm or 100mm
meter m 1 m = 100 cm or 1000mm
kilometer km 1 km = 1,000 m
Area square centimeter cm’ 1 cm’ = 100 mm’ SQUARE square decimeter dm’ 1 dm’ = 100 cm’ MEASURE square meter m’ 1 m’ = 100 dm’
ale a I a = 100 m’
hectare ha 1 ha = 100 a
square kilometer km2 1 km’ = 100 ha milligram mg I mg = 0001 g
MASS gram g 1 g = 1,000 mg
kilogram kg 1 kg 1,000 g
metric ton 1 1 t = 1,000 kg
• U. ,..,,,,,,,W’ 7I••fl fl H H fl ,,fl,I Ia p ,,
Fig. 11-4 A One meter, the basic unit of 1 length in SI. Metrics, and B one yard, a II 1111111111111111111 linear unit in the U.S. Customary system. STHS ii 21 3! C The sizes of inches and millimeters are compared at right. 210 310 410 510 110 Il1iIIlHllHhIlIIIIll)I1I1IIIHIIIlIH(lI1LHh(1IIlIUIuh11iIllIllhII11.llhI[
We are mainly concerned here with the basic SI Metric units of linear measurement, The meter is the basic unit of length. It mea 39.37”, roughly equal to the yard (Fig. sures A full range of metric micrometers and is into decimeters 11-4). The meter divided vemiers are available for making measure (0.1 meter], centimeters 10.01meter], and mil ments finer than ‘/2 mm. Unit 14 explains [0.001 meter]. It has been agreed limeters how to read these instruments. worldwide that metric dimensions on techni cal drawings for metalwork will be given in millimeters. Most metric rulers and tapes are divided into millimeters, abbreviated “mm,” and are 114 Use of Conversion numbered at every 10 mm mark (Fig. 11-5). Tables 300 mm rules are used instead of the familiar 12”rules, and 150 mm steel rules replace the Conversion tables are included in this 6” pocket rule. Precision steel rules are avail book for convenience in convering dimen able with graduations as fine as 0.5 mm 1½ sions in inches to dimensions in millimeters. mm] (Fig. 11-6). Table 11-3 can be used for converting decimal
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Afl with ______ Inches 0 0.008 0,007 0.006 0.005 0.004 0003 0001 0.002 Decimal 009 rule 90 93) 11-5 system one-half millimeter measurement Millimeters 13)0 with 100 0.229 0 A 0.152 0.203 0102 0127 0025 0.076 0 051 178 on on steel 110 310 Parts 1 Cv;,’,: centimeter mm Conversion its its 120 150 tape Inches Unit lower 009 0.08 upper 007 006 004 003 005 002 001 and Table of ______130 130 I an I—Linear powers 0.5 Millimeters U.S. SI 140 140 2.286 2 system 0.762 0508 0254 1 1.524 1.270 1.016 11-3 Inch Metric 032 778 Table 5 Customary of to Measurement Inches pownL0 .___;, system ten 07 0.9 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.1 I. Millimeters Millimeters 25.40 2286 20.32 17.78 15.24 12.70 1016 2.54 508 7.62 / 95 an be of steel can hundred half-thou that Yjocoth inches? three one preclsron in it on measurement? nearest is of them, equivalent the found Say long to thousandths; thousandths; system v/s”. numbered? ¼4” How decimal usually and ‘s/is”, it. ½s”, miitmeters: metric sxteen to nearest Say system? the ¼6”, 19/61”, wenty-fire rnilitmeters: it. the inch to ½”, graduated is 13/32”, know in metric ,de.ci measurement Write ¼”, ten-thousandth. :.rch to ci’ the ttciucandths, V/hat an. /61”, 1/2”, one usually in rix of of bntk? oarts of metric .225”. seven of tapes this important is mcl length Out in of ano rule? d umt fcsc..ons r;.rnbers mare equivalents equivalents Laying unit paper steel problem rulers a a and the thousandths; smallest quarter-thousandth to basic fo1lowng t/hrng is foliawing decimal with decimal them. becoming metric t}e the the one it the the the 15 OU1ON is Say thick ae is answer s/s;. 4—Measuring /s 3/ .720 .019 45/ .315 Write inch. Write sandth; ntnety-thee Wnte The measured How Why What How What Chang.:.-’ rules? C. A Convert D, E A C. B. Part I 3. 2. 4- 7. 5. 6. 8. 9. 10. ii. VIW 96 Gateway Activity Introduction Abbreviations: Measuring Power Pnemonic Multiplier When Volume The yardsticks, that are inches, measurements Measurements System important units. Converting metric measurement. metric United 1000, Length Prefix Mass 1 1 usually of they metric foot yard and 10 measuring system system; States pounds, of are (ft) that (yd) so Units) system and written ZI metric Thousands = competing To on. is you 1.3E1 is = 1000 12 Most meters Technology King Kilo are at tape km kL kg the hours, 36 based values Follow length home inches measurements are with is seen inches only U.S. measures; the able are GTT cups, fractions on are in and these in Hundreds and major most (in.) Standard businesses Hecto J2 a used Henry powers the (in.) — to 100 hm written global at Unit meters, used convert widely customary steps: school. country = the to or 1 3 can — of measure every market feet mixed as common Lesson Deca dam Tens Died 101 ten. 10 grams, used have between be decimals Measurements that (ft) day. done The system, fractions. 3 that converted system Unexpectedly still — length. m Basic units liters, 1.3.1 You (gram) chart and (liter) UNIT (meter) by these. is 10° has or g L 1 based multiplying the — unit are have mixed of etc. Metric below a English measurement to limited common Make inches, can Standard Metric probably this on Drinking decimals. Tenths shows or Deci and 1 be dm the .1 SPLTN 0 sure system use SI or feet, seen Project Metric tools metric (International dividing or you of worked the Hundredths and Chocolate in this Customary in P3JEC Measuring due Lead are Centi units show the system. cm the yards. system copyright by L[DTHE..V. to rulers, with The form world. of the your 10, VVay, the The It Page fact of 100, Thousandths units of is 2010 The Inc. Milli mm Milk mL mg 1 1. Count the number of zeros in the number you are multiplying or dividing by. 2. Ifyou are multiplying move the decimal to the right that number of places. 3. Ifyou are dividing, move the decimal to the left that number of places. 4. Don’tforget to include units. Occasionally you may need to convert from English to Metric units or vice versa. The conversion chart for this is below. Convert from: To: Multiply by: mile kilometer 1.609347 km/mi inch millimeter 25.4 mm/in. inch centimeter 2.54 cm/in. foot meter .3048 rn/ft yard meter .9144 rn/yd kilometer mile .6214 mi/km millimeter inch .0394 in/mm centimeter inch .3937 in/cm meter foot 3.281 ft/rn meter yard 1.094 yd/m Equipment • GTT notebook Measuring devices (ruler, metric ruler, yard stick, meter stick, tape measure) Procedure In this activity you will have a chance to practice your Metric and English measuring skills. 1. Complete the English and Metric measurement questions in this activity. 2. Complete the “Educated Guess” columns of the chart. 3. Obtain several measuring devices from your instructor and complete the actual measurement section of the chart. 4. Complete the conclusion questions and turn in to your instructor for grading. Project Lead The Way, Inc. copyright 2010 GTT— Unit 1— Lesson 3—1.3.1 — English and Metric Measuring — Page 2 A ---—------ - flTlTfJfJIITIJTrI 1’ • C 2 C 1 ——-—•- 11111 D 3 D E —————----—----- ! GTT 4 E I — 5 Unit 2 I 1 6’ — — ill Lesson 7’ w-. 3 I 13.1 — English A. 6. A. 7. 4. B. 5. 2. C. 3. E. D. B. 1. and from forget What to What tenth. forget to from What What What use? measure Does measurement use? measure English round Does inches? English Project each each Metric the the the the is units is units is to to answer point? point? units? the the units? the Measuring Show Lead end end include include in in ruler ruler would would Metric distance Metric distance equivalent Copyright of of The to C all on on Don’t Don’t the the units. in units. nearest Way, — work, you the you the or or Page ruler ruler 2010 left Inc left of 3 4 of Inc. to 2010 all Page metric each — in Way, Metric of C The Show answer equivalent Copyright your ruler, measurement Measurement Actual Lead tenth. the length Measuring tool: round is Show the Metric Project correct of measurement nearest millimeters? What work, and the English Why? D. C. E. 8. measuring following. guess use? English the Measurement Actual Record — to of proper m m m m cm cm 1.3.1 mm educated you the each 3 an Metric for to measure. - (in.) units. (yd) obtain Lesson desk tape easier — Educated entering Guess is 1 in. or inches yards Then include 6 by ft ft Unit ft in. in. in. yd to — 2 stick, a system English below GTT of - provided. forget meter math. chart units Don’t length Educated Guess stick, the and the the in measurement chart. yard b. a. the Board ruler, in Complete object Which Convert equations 9. 1. 2. Item Desk Notebook Door Pencil Cabinet Bulletin Conclusion Window () 0 4. 3. List that units. your Convert four d. c. b. a. d. c. you equations ______ ______ ______ ways used. the length that For and you GTT example, of math. a have — 4.5 Unit meter used 1 I yards feet decameters centimeters cenUmeters meters — drove Lesson measurement (ft) bulletin (yd) 7 (m) 3 miles — 1.3.1 (cm) (dam) (cm) board to — get English in to your to each school and life of Project Metric and the today following. identify Measuring Lead — Copyright English The the Show Way, — Page units 2010 Inc. 5 ______ Activity 1.3.4 Measurement Lab - Skimmer Page 1 of 4 çn GiLewa To T:r.noD:;v ? Activity 1.3.4 Measurement Lab — Skimmer Introduction Throughout history many systems of measurement have been devised and then thrown out as more precise and more logical systems have come along. While most of the world has adopted the metric system, the United States still clings to the Standard system, also called the customary system. Which system are you more comfortable with? Why do you think that is true? In this measurement lab, you will have a chance to perfect your precision measuring skills in the system that you are less comfortable with. STEM professionals, such as scientists, technologists, mathematicians, and engineers, must be able to measure accurately. It is very important that you pay attention to the units that you are using. Equipment • GTT notebook • Pencil • Metric or English ruler • 60# Cardstock,Tag board, file folder, or cereal box • Glue • Tape • Paper fastener (optional) • Lg. rubber band (optional) Procedure Inthis activity you will create a skimmer that willslide across the floor with ease ifyour measurements are accurate and your workmanship is exceptional. 1. Neatly and accurately use the plan sheet and measuring tool to draw your skimmer main body, air scoop, and two (2) fins onto the material that you willuse to make your skimmer. 2. Carefully cut out your skimmer parts. Cut only on the solid lines. The dotted lines are where you will score and fold. 3. Use your ruler to draw the dotted lines on your cardboard air scoop and main body, and then fold on these lines to create a 9Q0 angle. 4. Glue the fins to the 1/2 in. flap on the main body. Make sure that the angled edge faces the front of your skimmer. Glue or tape the main body back to the fins at an angle as shown in the orthographic drawing. 5. Glue the flaps of the air scoop to the inside edges of the main body with the narrow end flush with the front of the main body as shown in the orthographic drawing. 6. After all glue has dried, throw your skimmer along the floor and see how smoothly it glides. 7. You may want to put a paper fastener behind the air scoop and use a rubber band to propel your skimmer across the floor. Conclusion T \; muRrimm r’,r mrTTr) i.- oiri- 4 -7 i of help 2 tn lines folder, skimmer a/il with file Page a before dotted your the racer make air comfortable uo tagboard, lines; will flO/7fl(7 ‘s on less your (i,’) cutting are classmates. are skimmer you T(’T-TT? your Decorate 7 measurements lines your than 7fl1 system out shape. solid its lay precise DM millimeters) The to and in hold successful measuring sheet scale. and less work MPiHBQllYPHEL the TW\CTT to or this not easily using is Quality from more fold Skimmer was lines. - travel? below measurements floor. skimmer should Lab (all — the folding use 75 skimmer smooth drawing skimmer measurements skills? a and __ you Plans The your the your your that completing did across — Use box. why Measurement scoring 1 did far Sh improve 1.3.4 easily Skimmer material cereal to How How Explain a 75mm 1 2. 3. Directions: represent or The assembling. slide Cut Activity Metric C en ci) tcO ci cL C: C’) Cc) cm a) (C) 0 4, -o U) C) ‘1’ -c (0 C.) C C U) C C— C) U) B U) Cc C) cm 2 C) Cu U) Cc C Cu 7)3 0 a) I... C) ci) E a) (C’ E -cc- Co C) C) C 3, ‘I, (-‘3 :3 ID C H ‘E. 0-, ID C) D /A\ CD ‘3) / CD ID —[ I 1 fl CD ID C CD H H :3 rTl I p.) U) CD i ID i -4 rn D -I IF H rn H C-) H C rn ‘I, D -- m (Th ‘C C) H C :3 C C, In (1) 3 D 3 I “3 ______ Part 4 Measurement and Layout Name Score UNIT11 Linear Measurement 1-5. Short Answer. On the 6-inch rule shown, five points are marked for reading. Write the correct length for each numbered point in the space provided. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 2 3 4 5 / / III III II I i 111111 IlijIlill 1’ I h’J I I liii 1’ I’ lIjil liii ‘II II’ 1111111‘I ‘I 111111II’ hull 111111111111111111111I’ll 11111111 I’!’II liii 12 20 28 12 20 28 4 2 20 28 12 20 28 4 12 20 28 4 2 20 28 8 24 8 24 24 8 24 24 8 24 16 6 2 16 6 16 5 32 11 32 32 32 32 32 16 6 48 16 48 16 48 16 48 16 8 24 40 56 I 8 24 40 56 8 24 40 56 8 24 40 56 8 24 40 56 8 24 40 56 Ill! iIiIiIIIiIIhiIiIiIiiiIIhIhiIII!IIIuIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIhIIIIIIuII!uIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII!IIIIIIIIIIII1IIIIIIIIIIIIIIuIIIIIIIlIIlIIIIIIIIIlIIIIIIIIIIIIlIIIIII!IuIIIhIIIIIIlIIII!hIIIiiIIIiIi’iIiLIIIIi!iIiI:iIiIIIlIIiIIIIIjii;IIIIIIIIiIi 6-10. Short Answer. On the 150-mm rule shown, five points are marked for reading. Write the correct length for each numbered point in the space provided. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 10mm 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 20 130 140 (Continued on next page) 29 ______ 11-24. Short Answer. Write the decimal equivalent, to the nearest thousandth of an inch, of each of the following fractions. 11. ‘/“ 18. /i6” 12. V,” 19. 1/4” 13. /“ 20. ‘16” 14. /16” 21. ½” 15. ‘/2” 22. V16 16. /16” 23. ‘/32’ 17. W’ 24. ‘/64” 25-32. Short Answer. Write each of the following dimensions in decimal form. 25. One and three-quarter inches 26. Six hundred twenty-five thousandths of an inch 27. Sixty-two thousandths of an inch 28. One half-thousandth of an inch 29. One ten-thousandth of an inch 30. Twenty-five and four-tenths millimeters 31. Six and thirty-five hundredths millimeters 32. Two thousandths of a millimeter 33-44. Short Answer. Using the conversion tables in Unit 11, change the following to the nearest hundredth of a millimeter. 33. 1” 39. 2’/4” 34. .3/4” 40. 8/g” 35. /1” 41. 0.130” 36. /,6” 42. 0.375” 37. 7//’ 43. 0.0625” 38. ‘%4” 44. 1.475” 30 ______ RULER MEASUREMENTS AND PROBLEM SOLVTNG JNCH E 1) 4) 2) 5) 3) 6) 1) You have a board 3 ft.& 1 3/16 inches long. You need to shorten it by 1 ft & 1 1/8 inches. What is the board Length? 2) A board was 10 5/16” wide. It was cut to be 7 3/8” wide. How many inches were cut off? 3) A board was cut 3 1/16 inches to equal 2 feet 5 5/16 inches. What was the original board length? = = = inches ¼= inches 1/8 V2 - 5 3/16= inches. 8inches= 7 - - - + - into ft ft 1-1/8 ,4-1/8 5/16 2-5/8—1 7/8 8 6ft 3 2= ASSESSMENT 2= 6) 7) 8) 9) + 10) 14) 15) 16) 4.25= ÷ answers 5 - - 3 all 3 + + 11.75 20 = INTERVIEW - 10 convert + - 3 2 = x ÷ inches 11 please = x 5/8 ÷2 3.5 inches 5 1 7 - ¼ 1/8= = 11-16 - + 7 6 + ¼inch ¼ -F 3/16= 5 PRELIMINARY ft x - + 2 + + x 3,4 ft + 1/8+/4= ¼ 5/16 3,4 5/8+3/8= 5 6 2ft 10 9 7.25 questions 1) 3) 2) 5) 4) 11) 12) On 13) 17) 18) 19) Metals Processes Week 6 __ Gateway ToTechnology iijj Activity 14.4 Orthographic Projection Introduction Did you know that when an invention is sent to the patent office, the patent office must verifythat your invention is truly new and unique from other products? In order to do this, the patent office requires explanatory drawings with your application. A simple invention may only require one drawing. More complicated objects or products require orthographic drawings (commonly referred to as multi-view drawings) so that every feature of the invention listed is shown. This is to enable anyone with the appropriate skills to be able to build your invention and test it. Whether you plan to invent something or whether you are just interested in learning how to make something, a drawing helps you figure out the different parts and how those parts go together. Orthographic drawings enable the reader of the drawings to understand how each part fits and how the final product should look from all views. Orthographic projection is used to show an object in true size or scale on a flat piece of paper. When we look at an object, we see three dimensions- heightrwidth-depth) all at once. In an orthographic drawing, you willbe looking at the object from three different planes. When you look at the front, only two dimensions — height and width — appear. From the top, the two dimensions are width and depth, and from the right side, the height and depth are the dimensions. Equipment • GTT notebook • Pencil • Colored pencils • Straight edge • Isometric graph paper • Orthographic graph paper • Wooden blocks — 7 cubes, 1 cube with hole, 2 triangles, I half round, and 1 cylinder • Sugar cubes, plastic linking cubes, and other shapes to form various objects for students to draw Procedure Orthographic Projection Activity 1: Match the isometric view with the corresponding orthographic view. Project Lead The Way, Inc. Copyright 2010 GTT Unit I — Lesson 4 — Activity4 — Orthographic Projection — Page 1 2 Inc. 2010 Page — Way, [1 The Copyright __ _ Lead Projection Ii[.i Project Li 11 I_H11F1 I Orthographic — 4 Activity — 4 Lesson — 1 Unit — GTT — Figure 4. 5. 3. 2. the Orthographic 1. 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