DOCSLIB.ORG

Pages) (Category) (Nasa Cr Or Tmx Or Ad Number

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Pages) (Category) (Nasa Cr Or Tmx Or Ad Number N - 0 (THRU) ti 0, * (CO'DE) E '(PAGES) $ d (CATEGORY) (NASA CR OR TMX OR AD NUMBER) NASA CR-857 6 ON THE PREDICTION OF-THE NEAR FIELD NOISE OF SUPERSONIC JETS By J. B. Ollerhead Distribution of this report is provided in the interest of information exchange. Responsibility for the contents resides in the author or organization that prepared it. Issued by Originator as Report No. WR 67-6 Prepared under Contract No. NAS 8-21060 by WLE LABORATORIES Huntsville, Ala. for George 6. Marshall Space Flight Center NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION For sale by the Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technical Information Springfield, Virginia 22151 - CFSTI price $3.00 SUMMARY The phenomenon of noise generation by supersonic jets is reviewed in a comparison of previous theoretical and experimental investigations. It is shown that three fundamental mechanisms exist, which are defined as turbulence-shear noise, Mach wave radiation, and shock-noise. The significance of each type of noise is evaluated, with reference to the nature of the jet- flow structure and particular attention is paid to the acoustic near field. At the present time there is no general method for the prediction of the near field noise of either subsonic or supersonic jets. An appropriate expression is presented, and a series of experiments proposed, by which its empirical coefficients can be determined. These experi- ments would eventually lead to the establishment of scaling laws, enabling the expression to be used to compute the near field sound pressure contours of any supersonic iet of known configuration. i iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Number -SUMMARY iii TABLE OF CONTENTS V LIST OF FIGURES vii LIST OF SYMBOLS xi 1.0 1NTRODUCTION 1 2 .o THE STRUCTURE OF AXISYMMETRIC JET EXHAUSTS 6 2.1 Introduction 6 2.2 Jet Mixing 7 2.3 The Development of a Shock Pattern in Supersonic Flow 12 2.4 Definition of Shock Geometry 14 2.5 Mach Number Contours in Exhaust Flow 17 3 .O GENERATION OF SOUND BY TURBULENT JETS 23 3.1 The Noise of Subsonic Jets 23 3.1.1 Lighthill's Theory 23 3.1.2 Extension of Lighthill's Analysis to the Near Field 27 3.1 .3 Correlation of Theory and Experiment for Subsonic 31 Jet Noise 3.2 The Noise of Supersonic Jets 36 3.2.1 Ffowcs Williams' Extension of Lighthill's Theory to 37 Supersonic Flow 3.2.2 The Near Field of Supersonic Jets 43 3.2.3 Correlation of Theory and Experiment for Supersonic 45 Jet Noise Shock Noise 48 TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Page Number 4 .O EXPERIMENTS TO ESTABLISH METHODS FOR THE PREDICTION 50- OF THE NEAR NOISE FIELD OF SUPERSONIC JETS 5 .O CONCLUDING REMARKS 58 REFERENCES 59 APPENDIX A SUPERSONK JET FLOW EQUATIONS 63 APPENDIX B DERIVATION OF THE SOUND FIELD OF CONVECTED 67 LATERAL QUADRUPOLES IN TERMS OF TOTAL SOUND POWER APPENDIX C INITIAL EXPERIMENTS TO MEASURE THE NEAR NOISE 69 FIELD OF A SUPERSONIC JET Vi a LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1 Shadowgraph photograph of the Mach Wave Field of a 73 Supersonic Jet, from Unpublished Work at NASA Langley Research Center. Figure 2 Shock Free Supersonic Flow. 74 Figure 3 Calculated Flow Contours for Constant Density 74 Axisymmetric Jet From Reference 17. Figure 4 Variation of Core Length with Exit Mach Number. 75 (After Eldred eta1 . Reference 17). Figure 5 Variation of !/b with Exit Mach Number (From Eldred 75 eta1 . Reference 17). Figure 6 Axial Velocity Decay for Various Exit Mach Numbers 76 Calculated by Method of Reference 17. Figure 7 Jet Spreading Curve Corresponding to Figure 6. 77 Figure 8 Length of Supersonic Core Versus Exit Mach Number. 78 Figure 9 Development of Shock Patterns. 79 Figure 10 Badly Expanded Supersonic Jet Flow. 80 Figure 11 Development of Shock Pattern with Nozzle Exit Pressure, 81 - Design Mach No. = 2.47. From top to bottom; p dpo - 0.497, 0.747, 1.0, 1.53, 1.98. Figure 12 Width of Primary Cell; Empirical Relationships from Love 82 etal. (Reference 31). Figure 13 Effect of Pressure Ratio on Distance to First Mach Disc or 83 Intersection Point for Ideally Expanded Jet, from Love etal. (Reference 31). Figure 14 Variation of Mach Disc Diameter With Pressure Ratio and 84 Design Mach Number for Ideally Expanded Nozzle, from Love etal. (Reference 31). vii LIST OF FIGURES (Continued) Page Figure 15 Similarity of Radial Velocity Profiles in Jet Mixing Region. 85 - Figure 16 Similarity of Radial Velocity and Temperature Profiles in 86 Subsonic Flow of Rocket Exhaust. After Anderson and Johns (Reference 20) Figure 17 Exponent of Downstream Center1ine Pressure Decay. 87 Figure 18 Exponent of Downstream Centerline Temperature Decay. 87 Figure 19 Calculated Centerline Mach Number Decay 88 Figure 20 Axial Variation of b/rE and Mach Number Profiles for 89 ME = 2.0, t = 5fJet. Figure 21a Relationship Between Cartesian and Polar Coordinates. 90 Figure 21b Near Field Amplification due to x, , x3 Lateral 90 Quadrupoles (k r = 0.25). Figure 22 Overall Jet Sound Power Per Unit Nozzle Area Versus 91 Exhaust Velocity, From Reference 37. Figure 23 Jet Noise Directivity. 92 Figure 24 Power Spectral Density of Jet Noise. 93 Figure 25 Location of Maximum Sound Pressure Level in 1/3 Octave 94 Frequency Bands as Function of Modified Strouhal Number, From Reference 17. Figure 26 Modification of Apparent Spectrum by Near Field Effects. 94 Figure 27 Near Field Noise Pattern of a Jet and a Rocket, SPL in 95 Decibels re: 0.0002 dynes/cms*. Figure 28 Effects of Eddy Convection on Emission Volume and 96 Emission Time Differences (Reference 36). viii LlST OF FIGURES (Continued) Page a Figure 29 Typical Cross-Covariance given by Equation 4.5. 97 Figure 30 Coordinate System for Discrete Source Acoustic Model 97 of Jet Stream. Figure 31 Schematic of Proposed Rig for Near Field Correlation 9% Experiments. ix LIST OF SYMBOLS Only those symbols which are widely used are listed below. Other symbols, or different - meanings to those given below, are used only locally and are defined where they first occur. Roman Symbols a speed of sound radius of laminar core mixing width parameter far field pressure autocovariance frequency, Hertz far field directivity function near field directivity function near field directivity function acoustic intensity wave number = 2 ITA cotrelation length; typical eddy dimension M flow Mach number - M Mach number relative to ambient speed of sound A, eddy convection Mach number P mean static pressure P pressure fluctuation (acoustic pressure) total pressure PT P sound power r radius from jet centerline r displacement of field point from sound source = x y N --- r magnitude of 2 r radial coordinate measured from nozzle center (equation 4.10) xi r. component of along x, axis I r. distance from i-th source to observer (equation 4.10) I turbulent stress correlation tensor Rijke t time t ratio of total temperature to ambient temperature T /T To t retarded time (t - r/ao) T temperature T.. turbulent stress tensor -'J T2 mean square of T.. 'I u, u. velocity fluctuation I U mean velocity (in x-direction parallel to iet axis) v, v. veloc ity fluctuation I V mean ve loc i ty V volume V eddy volume e length of primary cell in shock pattern sound power spectral density X axial distance from iet nozzle X Cartesian is 1 ax X position vector of point in acoustic field cv X axial location of sonic point S X axial location of laminar core tip t Y position vector of point in turbulent flow N xii x Greek Symbols far field directionality factor near field directionality factor Y ratio of specific heats 6.. Kronecker delta 'J A incremental factor (e.g., At, Ar) 4 separation vector 'I mixing width parameter (r - a/b ) e angle to iet axis Mach angle eM x wavelength x moving axis separation vector N area vector normal to 0M direction ASN P density U time var jab I e TI 7" time delay, retarded time increment T turbulent shear stress r polar coordinate, phase angle phase angle radian frequency Subscripts perta ining to eddy convect ion nozzle exit plane conditions far field tensor and vector notation m maximum (iet center1ine values) xiii N near field r pertaining to radius r T total conditions 0 ambient conditions 0.5 at radius specified by U, = 0.5 Um 18 28 Cartesian subscripts. xiv a 1 .o INTRODUCTION The rocket engine has the unfortunate side-effect of being a singularly powerful continuous source of poise. Apart from being an obvious physiological problem, this noise is sufficiently intense to constitute a potential hazard to structural components in the close vicinity of the exhaust stream. For this reason, there is a clear need for both understanding and control of the noise generation process. The noise is aerodynamic in origin, and results from the powerful shearing actions which take place as the high velocity exhaust gases mix with the surrounding atmosphere. Although Lighthill (References 1 and 2) established an analytical description of the fundamentals of aerodynamic noise generation as far back as 1952, a theoretical quantitative evaluation of the noise produced by a jet with known nozzle flow conditions still remains beyond reach, in spite of very con- siderable efforts by many investigators. The primary reason for this is the lack of understanding of the turbulence generation mechanisms in a iet flow. However, by judicious use of available experimental tools, much can and has been done to close the gap between theory and experiment. This report reviews previous work, with particular emphasis on the near-noise field, and indicates maior problem areas which are apparent.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • U.S. Government Printing Office Style Manual, 2008
    U.S. Government Printing Offi ce Style Manual An official guide to the form and style of Federal Government printing 2008 PPreliminary-CD.inddreliminary-CD.indd i 33/4/09/4/09 110:18:040:18:04 AAMM Production and Distribution Notes Th is publication was typeset electronically using Helvetica and Minion Pro typefaces. It was printed using vegetable oil-based ink on recycled paper containing 30% post consumer waste. Th e GPO Style Manual will be distributed to libraries in the Federal Depository Library Program. To fi nd a depository library near you, please go to the Federal depository library directory at http://catalog.gpo.gov/fdlpdir/public.jsp. Th e electronic text of this publication is available for public use free of charge at http://www.gpoaccess.gov/stylemanual/index.html. Use of ISBN Prefi x Th is is the offi cial U.S. Government edition of this publication and is herein identifi ed to certify its authenticity. ISBN 978–0–16–081813–4 is for U.S. Government Printing Offi ce offi cial editions only. Th e Superintendent of Documents of the U.S. Government Printing Offi ce requests that any re- printed edition be labeled clearly as a copy of the authentic work, and that a new ISBN be assigned. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512-1800; DC area (202) 512-1800 Fax: (202) 512-2104 Mail: Stop IDCC, Washington, DC 20402-0001 ISBN 978-0-16-081813-4 (CD) II PPreliminary-CD.inddreliminary-CD.indd iiii 33/4/09/4/09 110:18:050:18:05 AAMM THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE STYLE MANUAL IS PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION AND AUTHORITY OF THE PUBLIC PRINTER OF THE UNITED STATES Robert C.
    [Show full text]
  • DEMOCRACY a Theory of Indian Politics
    At Home with DEMOCRACY A Theory of Indian Politics D.L. Sheth Edited with an Introduction by Peter Ronald deSouza At Home with Democracy D.L. Sheth At Home with Democracy A Theory of Indian Politics Edited with an Introduction by Peter Ronald deSouza Author D.L. Sheth Centre for the Study of Developing Societies New Delhi, India Editor Peter Ronald deSouza Centre for the Study of Developing Societies New Delhi, India ISBN 978-981-10-6411-1 ISBN 978-981-10-6412-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-6412-8 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017950827 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made.
    [Show full text]
  • Fifty Years of Painting by Guido Brink
    1 2 Guido Brink Acknowledgments The Haggerty Museum of Art is honored to present this exhibition of Guido Brink’s work in celebration of his career as an artist. Brink is a major influence in the arts in Wisconsin, and his paintings and sculptures can be found in prominent public and private collections including the Busch-Reisinger Museum, Harvard University; Milwaukee Art Museum; and the Haggerty Museum of Art. He has made a lasting contribution to arts education as a founder and the first president of the Milwaukee School of the Arts (now the Milwaukee Institute of Art and Design). Brink has been of great assistance in every aspect of the planning of this exhi- bition, including participating in the selection of work and providing loans from his collection. I would like to extend our appreciation to Ello Brink for her support of the exhibition. In conjunction with Fifty Years of Painting by Guido Brink, Ello and Guido Brink have donated an important painting, Apocalyptic Symbols, 1955-56, to the Haggerty Museum permanent collection. I would also like to thank Susan and Ted Alevizos for lending Brink’s Pilgrimage to the Black Madonna, 1962, from their collection to this exhibition and gifting this work to the Haggerty Museum of Art. The exhibition is sponsored in part by the Marquette University Religious Commitment Fund. The Haggerty Museum of Art staff was involved in all aspects of this exhibition. Annemarie Sawkins assist- ed in curating the exhibition; Jerome Fortier designed the catalogue; Lee Coppernoll arranged funding; James Kieselburg served as registrar; Andrew Nordin assisted by Tim Dykes designed the exhibition; Lynne Shumow arranged programming and community outreach; Mary Wagner and Tina Sosnowski provided administrative support; Anne Kaiser coordinated communication; and Clayton Montez served as the chief security officer.
    [Show full text]
  • Of 3B Short Essays Written by Teachers and Assembled Under Five Headings: (1) the Indo-European Language Family
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 029 886 TE 001 434 We Speak with the Tongue of Men and of Angels: Essays in the History of the English Language. North Carolina State Dept. of Public Instruction. Raleigh. Pub Date 68 Note- 74p. Available from-English Section. Dept. of Public Instruction, Raleigh. North Carolina. EDRS Price MF-$0.50 HC-$3.80 Descriptors- DiachronicLinguistics.*English.EnglishInstruction,Indo European Languages, Language Instruction. Language Programs, Language Universals, Middle English, Morphology (Languages), *Old English. Structural Analysis. Structural Linguistics. *Teaching Guides This high school teaching guide on the history of the English language consists of 3b short essays written by teachers and assembled under five headings: (1) The Indo-European Language Family. (2) Language Analysis. (3) The Old English Period. (4) The Middle English Period and the Renaissance, and (5) The Modern English Period in America. A bibliography on the subiect is appended. (LH) U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH,EDUCATION & WELFARE OFFICE OF EDUCATION FROM THE THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEENREPRODUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONS PERSON OR ORGANIZATIONORIGINATING IT. EDUCATION STATED DO NOT NECESSARILYREPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICE OF POSITION OR POLICY. WE SPEAK WITH THE TONGUE OFMEN AND OFANGELS ESSAYS IN THE HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE English Section Department of Public Instruction Raleigh, North Carolina 1968 VeSpeak with the Tongue of Men and of Angels" is one part ol'A Guide for The Teacning of English in the Schools of North CaroZina, a guide that wiZZ attempt to coordinate and synchronize instruction in the broad areas of Zanguage, Ziterature, and composition. It will begin at the beginning-- atkindergarten--and extend through grade twelve.
    [Show full text]
  • Snowball Earth Climate Dynamics and Cryogenian Geology-Geobiology Paul F
    Snowball Earth climate dynamics and Cryogenian geology-geobiology Paul F. Hoffman, Dorian S. Abbot, Yosef Ashkenazy, Douglas I. Benn, Jochen J. Brocks, Phoebe A. Cohen, Grant M. Cox, Jessica R. Creveling, Yannick Donnadieu, Douglas H. Erwin, et al. To cite this version: Paul F. Hoffman, Dorian S. Abbot, Yosef Ashkenazy, Douglas I. Benn, Jochen J. Brocks, et al..Snow- ball Earth climate dynamics and Cryogenian geology-geobiology. Science Advances , American Asso- ciation for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), 2017, 3 (11), pp.e1600983. 10.1126/sciadv.1600983. hal-01765604 HAL Id: hal-01765604 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01765604 Submitted on 13 Apr 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. SCIENCE ADVANCES | RESEARCH ARTICLE CLIMATOLOGY Copyright © 2017 The Authors, some Snowball Earth climate dynamics and Cryogenian rights reserved; exclusive licensee geology-geobiology American Association for the Advancement 1,2 3 4 5 6 of Science. No claim to Paul F. Hoffman, * Dorian S. Abbot, Yosef Ashkenazy, Douglas I. Benn, Jochen J. Brocks, original U.S. Government 7 8,9 10 11,12 Phoebe A. Cohen, Grant M. Cox, Jessica R. Creveling, Yannick Donnadieu, Works.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 October2017 Vol-12 No-10 Design for All Institute of India
    1 October2017 Vol-12 No-10 Design for All Institute of India Content of October 2017 Vol-12 No-10 1. Chairman’s desk: role of concept of clean:…………………. 3 2. Guest Editorial :…………………………………………………………19 3. Green Waste- The eco Friendly way:…………………………….24 4. Adoption of Renewable Energy Technologies by rural households:………………………………………………………………42 5. Eco-Friendly Materials in Home Accessories for green living:………………………………………………………………………72 6. Multi-criteria Frame work For Sustainablelity Audit of electronic Products in Planning Modern India ;.................88 7. Sustainable Practices in Event managment:......................113 8. Emotional Design and Sustainblity:...................................130 9. Greentailing: Sustainblity in Retail:..................................146 10. Traditional Sustainable Architectural Marvels:..................157 11. Towards an inclusive Design of Old age Homes:...............164 Other regular features 2 October2017 Vol-12 No-10 Design for All Institute of India Letter from the Chairman’s Desk By Sunil Bhatia PhD I was cleaning the dirty vessels after the dinner by placing them in sink where tap for cold and hot water was designed in such a way it should not have spoiled my clothes and there was liquid soap and scrubber were placed close to it for applying for removing strains as well oil dirt from the cooking utensils. As I realized there was some dirt still remained in the vessels I thought for proper cleaning with hot water. It struck to me as to why do we clean the vessels with water or wash our hands as we feel these are dirty or take bath and the common factor in these activities is water. Water is acting as our neutral cleaning agent and detergent or scrubber is supporting the cleaning process.
    [Show full text]
  • TECHNOLOGICAL GAPS in V/STOL DEVELOPMENT by Richard E
    https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19680003495 2020-03-24T00:00:21+00:00Z TECHNOLOGICAL GAPS IN V/STOL DEVELOPMENT By Richard E. Kuhn NASA Langley Research Center Langley Station, Hampton, Va. To be presented at the University of Tennessee Space Institute Short Course "Modern Developments in Low Speed Aerodynamics With Application to VTOL" I f Tullahoma, Tennessee September 25 - October 6, 1967 I TECHNOLOGICAL GAPS IN V/STOL DEVELOPMENT By Richard E. Kuhn NASA Langley Research Center ABSTRACT This paper touches on some of the primary, and some not so primary, areas in V/STOL technology requiring further attention. There are many areas where additional work will lead to performance improvements and enhance the reliabil- ity. In some cases, such as the stopped rotor and tilt rotor, additional work including flight demonstrations, will be required before a full assessment of the problems of the type can be made. It is indicated that the primary need is that of identifying the mission to which V/STOL aircraft should be designed. In this regard, work on the noise and traffic control and instrument flight problems appear most important inas- much as the extent to which these problems can be minimized will greatly affect any assessment of the missions for which V/STOL aircraft should be designed. TECHNOLOGICAL GAPS IN V/STOL DEVELOPMFllT B;v Richard E. Kuhn NASA Langley Research Center INTRODUCTION This paper, as requested, will review the technological problem areas hindering V/STOL aircraft development. Flight-test programs on such aircraft as the XC-142 tilt-wing V/STOL transport, the Hawker P-1127 jet V/STOL fighter, as well as innumerable design studies (refs.
    [Show full text]
  • Climate Action Plan Contents
    CITY OF MILWAUKIE Milwaukie Community Climate Action Plan Contents 1. Introduction — 1 4. Topic–specific strategies Why do we need a Climate Action Plan? — 1 and actions — 25 Building on a strong foundation — 2 Building energy and efficiency — 27 Planning process — 3 Vehicles and fuels — 36 Equity and climate action — 5 Land use and transportation planning — 43 Co-benefits: Helping achieve Milwaukie’s Materials use, purchasing and recovery — 50 Community Vision — 6 Natural resources — 59 Plan to action: What success looks like — 7 Public health and emergency preparedness — 65 2. Why must we change? — 8 5. Looking forward: Committing to Greenhouse effect — 8 climate action — 72 Causes of rise in emissions — 9 Implementation recommendations — 72 How will climate change affect the United States? — 10 Plan updates — 73 How will climate change affect Milwaukie? — 11 Appendices — 74 3. Our climate action goal — 16 The science behind our climate action goals — 16 Milwaukie’s carbon footprint — 17 What about the emissions from goods we buy that are made outside of Milwaukie? — 19 How fast do we have to change? — 20 How far do City actions get us? — 21 Closing the gap — 23 1 1. Introduction Why do we need a Climate Action Plan? Our Climate Action We—the Milwaukie community—have an opportunity to act on climate change. Plan will help us: Our rapidly changing climate and rising global temperatures impact our city and the entire planet. We’re already witnessing more extreme weather and climate events in our region—hotter summers, more wildfires, increased • Guide our efforts to reduce flooding risk and more.
    [Show full text]
  • Lsd 08 10 05-05-1988.Pdf
    .......,_ XXXIX No• .,. .......... ...,'5,- V....... 1I, 1110 (Saka) LOK SABRA DEBATES (English Version) Tenth Se.ion (Eighth Lok Sabha) (VoL XXXIX contains Nos. 41 to 53) LOIt SABRA SECRETARIAT HI"DELIO I'r'i« : lis. 6.00 (()rIfInaI English proceedtngI included In EngIiIh Version and OrIgInal Hndf proceedIngIlncIuded In .HlndI YeI8IonI will be tr..... _ auIhorIt8tIve ... not the tr8nIIatJon."'reof.] CONTENTS [Eighth Series, Volume XXXl)(, Tenth Session, 1988/1909-10 (Saka) ] No. 47, Thursday, May 5, 1988/Vaisakha 15, 1910 (Saka) COLUMNS Oral Answers to Questions: Starred Questions Nos. 961, 967 970, 971 and 973 to 977 ... 1--29 Notice No.2 Short Questions ... 29--32 Written Answers to Questions: Starred Questions Nos. 959, 960, 962 to 966, 968, 969, 972 and 978 ... 33-60 Unstarred Questions Nos. 9667 to 9813 and 9815 to 9897 ... 61--333 Papers Laid on the Table ... 336-337 Committee of Privileges-- First Report--/aid ... 338 Joint Committee on the Bill to Consolidate and Amend the law relating to Railways-- Extension of Time for Presentation of Report-- ... 338 Matters Under Rule 377-- ... 339--346 (i) Opening of an LPG Agency at Una (Himachal Pradesh) Prof. Narain Chand Parashar ... 339 The sign + marked above the name of a Member indicates that the question was actually asked on the floor of the House by that Member. (0, (ii) COLUMNS (ii) Need to take steps to check air pollution in cities Shri Madin Pandey ... 3]9 (iii) Need to take steps for the protection of consumer rights Shri Shanti Dhariwal ... 340 (iv) Need to allocate funds to the Government of Bihar for anti-erosion and flood protection project for Bhojpur district of Bihar Prof.
    [Show full text]
  • The CMS Trigger System
    EUROPEAN ORGANIZATION FOR NUCLEAR RESEARCH (CERN) CERN-EP/2016-160 2017/01/26 CMS-TRG-12-001 The CMS trigger system The CMS Collaboration∗ Abstract This paper describes the CMS trigger system and its performance during Run 1 of the LHC. The trigger system consists of two levels designed to select events of potential physics interest from a GHz (MHz) interaction rate of proton-proton (heavy ion) col- lisions. The first level of the trigger is implemented in hardware, and selects events containing detector signals consistent with an electron, photon, muon, t lepton, jet, or missing transverse energy. A programmable menu of up to 128 object-based algo- rithms is used to select events for subsequent processing. The trigger thresholds are adjusted to the LHC instantaneous luminosity during data taking in order to restrict the output rate to 100 kHz, the upper limit imposed by the CMS readout electronics. The second level, implemented in software, further refines the purity of the output stream, selecting an average rate of 400 Hz for offline event storage. The objectives, strategy and performance of the trigger system during the LHC Run 1 are described. Published in the Journal of Instrumentation as doi:10.1088/1748-0221/12/01/P01020. arXiv:1609.02366v2 [physics.ins-det] 25 Jan 2017 c 2017 CERN for the benefit of the CMS Collaboration. CC-BY-3.0 license ∗See Appendix A for the list of collaboration members Contents 1 Contents 1 Introduction . .2 1.1 The CMS detector . .4 2 The trigger system . .4 2.1 The L1 trigger overview .
    [Show full text]
  • U.S. Government Publishing Office Style Manual
    Style Manual An official guide to the form and style of Federal Government publishing | 2016 Keeping America Informed | OFFICIAL | DIGITAL | SECURE [email protected] Production and Distribution Notes This publication was typeset electronically using Helvetica and Minion Pro typefaces. It was printed using vegetable oil-based ink on recycled paper containing 30% post consumer waste. The GPO Style Manual will be distributed to libraries in the Federal Depository Library Program. To find a depository library near you, please go to the Federal depository library directory at http://catalog.gpo.gov/fdlpdir/public.jsp. The electronic text of this publication is available for public use free of charge at https://www.govinfo.gov/gpo-style-manual. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: United States. Government Publishing Office, author. Title: Style manual : an official guide to the form and style of federal government publications / U.S. Government Publishing Office. Other titles: Official guide to the form and style of federal government publications | Also known as: GPO style manual Description: 2016; official U.S. Government edition. | Washington, DC : U.S. Government Publishing Office, 2016. | Includes index. Identifiers: LCCN 2016055634| ISBN 9780160936029 (cloth) | ISBN 0160936020 (cloth) | ISBN 9780160936012 (paper) | ISBN 0160936012 (paper) Subjects: LCSH: Printing—United States—Style manuals. | Printing, Public—United States—Handbooks, manuals, etc. | Publishers and publishing—United States—Handbooks, manuals, etc. | Authorship—Style manuals. | Editing—Handbooks, manuals, etc. Classification: LCC Z253 .U58 2016 | DDC 808/.02—dc23 | SUDOC GP 1.23/4:ST 9/2016 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016055634 Use of ISBN Prefix This is the official U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Vol. 77 Monday, No. 227 November 26, 2012 Pages 70355–70676
    Vol. 77 Monday, No. 227 November 26, 2012 Pages 70355–70676 OFFICE OF THE FEDERAL REGISTER VerDate Mar 15 2010 19:58 Nov 23, 2012 Jkt 229001 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 4710 Sfmt 4710 E:\FR\FM\26NOWS.LOC 26NOWS mstockstill on DSK4VPTVN1PROD with FEDREGWS II Federal Register / Vol. 77, No. 227 / Monday, November 26, 2012 The FEDERAL REGISTER (ISSN 0097–6326) is published daily, SUBSCRIPTIONS AND COPIES Monday through Friday, except official holidays, by the Office PUBLIC of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, DC 20408, under the Federal Register Subscriptions: Act (44 U.S.C. Ch. 15) and the regulations of the Administrative Paper or fiche 202–512–1800 Committee of the Federal Register (1 CFR Ch. I). The Assistance with public subscriptions 202–512–1806 Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402 is the exclusive distributor of the official General online information 202–512–1530; 1–888–293–6498 edition. Periodicals postage is paid at Washington, DC. Single copies/back copies: The FEDERAL REGISTER provides a uniform system for making Paper or fiche 202–512–1800 available to the public regulations and legal notices issued by Assistance with public single copies 1–866–512–1800 Federal agencies. These include Presidential proclamations and (Toll-Free) Executive Orders, Federal agency documents having general FEDERAL AGENCIES applicability and legal effect, documents required to be published Subscriptions: by act of Congress, and other Federal agency documents of public interest. Paper or fiche 202–741–6005 Documents are on file for public inspection in the Office of the Assistance with Federal agency subscriptions 202–741–6005 Federal Register the day before they are published, unless the issuing agency requests earlier filing.
    [Show full text]