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Bourdieu, Language and the Media Bourdieu, Language and the Media John F. Myles Bourdieu, Language and the Media This page intentionally left blank Bourdieu, Language and the Media John F. Myles School of Humanities and Social Sciences University of East London © John F. Myles 2010 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2010 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978–0–230–22209–0 hardback This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 Printed and bound in Great Britain by CPI Antony Rowe, Chippenham and Eastbourne To my parents – Marie and Walter This page intentionally left blank Contents List of Figures viii List of Tables and Boxes ix Acknowledgements x Introduction 1 Part I: Theoretical Issues in Studying Language and the Media 1 Bourdieu–Language–Media 9 2 Bourdieu, Language and Media Studies 23 3 Interrogating Bourdieu on Language: Critical Discourse Analysis, Postmodernism and Ethnomethodology 32 Part II: Case Studies 4 Journalism, Language and the City 55 5 The Body in the Press: Social Codes in Urban Photojournalism 78 6 Voice, Radio, Field 93 7 Language, Media and Opinion Polling 111 8 Bourdieu and Language Technologies: Texting–Mobility–Habitus 124 Conclusion: Linguistic Market, Audiences and Reflexivity 144 References 153 Index 163 vii List of Figures 1. ‘Monument to modernity is a symbol of division’ (Manchester Evening News, 21 July 2009, p. 8, Opinion) 62 2. ‘Ian’s sky-high ambition’ (Manchester Evening News, 20 July 2009, p. 11, Diary) 65 3. ‘It’s NOT the end of the road for Peaks bypass’ (Manchester Evening News, 5 August 2009, p. 20, News) 67 4. ‘Eco-friendly village to rise from the ashes of colliery’ (Manchester Evening News, 7 August 2009, p. 30) 68 5. ‘Destination: Manchester’ (Manchester Evening News, 12 August 2009, p. 9, Features) 85 6. ‘Don’t bulldoze homes, say families on hit list’ (Manchester Evening News, 22 July 2009, p. 19, News) 86 7. ‘Grant Thornton boss starts own consultancy’ (Manchester Evening News, 30 July 2009, p. 4, Business) 88 8. ‘£300,000 fillip for Church St market’ (Manchester Evening News, 6 July 2009, p. 23, Business) 89 viii List of Tables and Boxes Table 1 Habermas’s four main types of communicative action and their relation to forms of knowledge 71 Table 2 Summary: social codings of routine urban photojournalism 83 Table 3 YouGov/Daily Mirror survey results, 15–17 October 2008 114 Box 1 YouGov/Daily Telegraph poll, 27–29 October 2008 116 Box 2 YouGov/Sunday Times survey, 9–10 October 2008 119 ix Acknowledgements Thanks to: Sue my wife for her support and encouragement and my children Alice and Klinten. The Manchester Evening News for permission to reproduce the reports and photographs appearing in Chapters 4 and 5. YouGov for permission to reproduce the poll tables and questions appearing in Chapter 7. The editors and review- ers of The Sociological Review for their comments on an earlier version of Chapter 7 which appeared as ‘Making Don’t Knows Make Sense’ (Vol. 56.1, pp. 102–16). The editors and reviewers of the Journal of Communication Inquiry for their comments on an earlier version of Chapter 6 which appeared as ‘Carnival Radio: Soca-Calypso Music and Afro-Caribbean Voice’ (Vol. 24.1, pp. 87–112). Maggie Humm and Derek Robbins at the University of East London. Christabel Scaife, Catherine Mitchell and Jo North at Palgrave Macmillan. Nick Couldry at Goldsmiths College, Bridget Fowler at the University of Glasgow. And Michael Dillon and Scott Lash for great support dur- ing my time as a postgraduate student and researcher at Lancaster University. x Introduction This book has three main aims. Firstly, it argues that media and communication studies has largely neglected Bourdieu’s approach to language and power presented in the essays contained in the book Language and Symbolic Power (Bourdieu and Thompson 1991). Essentially, that book has been seen as an intervention into theo- retical debates in linguistics and neglected by media studies which has preferred to relate Bourdieu’s later ideas (Bourdieu 1998) to the field. The present study argues that Bourdieu’s concern with giving a sociological account of language actually has great relevance for understanding language in the media. In fact, most discussions of Bourdieu’s work in media studies have been conducted at a highly abstract theoretical and conceptual level. For example, Chapter 2 argues that the key recent book on this topic by Benson and Neveu (2005) hardly touches on language, preferring to follow Bourdieu’s idea of the ‘field’ of journalism as a ‘topography’ of positions. There have also been no book-length studies of how Bourdieu’s ideas on language relate to key topics in language and media research. This book aims to fill this gap in the literature, and to offer a timely overview and application of Bourdieu’s understanding of language and symbolic power in relation to key contemporary trends in the mass media and communication technologies, as well as seeing how it stands up to major competing perspectives on this topic such as ethnomethodology (Hutchby 2006) and critical discourse analysis (CDA) (Chouliaraki and Fairclough 1999a). Secondly, this book engages with topics that are recognized as being key traditional areas of concern in the study of language 1 2 Bourdieu, Language and the Media and the media, for example, radio, photography and journalism. However, the book aims to make Bourdieu’s original ideas on topics such as photography and journalism, generated at a much earlier period, relevant for students of twenty-first-century media and com- munication. Alongside this concern, however, this book also relates Bourdieu’s approach to relatively new areas of study, such as mobile technologies and media and internet polling. Thirdly, this book engages with the problem of developing Bourdieu’s sociology to take more account of lay knowledgeability or reflexivity. Bourdieu has been heavily criticized for his failure to articulate more ‘subjectivist’ principles into his work, but this study argues at a number of points that there are resources in his work which can be articulated to meet this problem. Part I of this book is made up of Chapters 1–3 and is concerned with outlining the key theoretical concerns associated with Bourdieu’s approach to language and the media. Chapter 1 reviews Bourdieu’s key writings on the topic of language and symbolic power. Essentially, Bourdieu applies a sociological approach to understanding language as an aspect of broader social struggles, and the media therefore plays a subordinate, but relatively autonomous, role in these struggles. This chapter gives an overview of Bourdieu’s key ideas on language (Language and Symbolic Power) and the social uses of technology (Photography: a Middle-brow Art), and his later work on the media (On Television). Key ideas (‘symbolic power’, ‘linguistic domination’, ‘habitus’, ‘doxa’, ‘field’) are related to issues in language and the media. The chapter moves on to argue that, whilst Bourdieu offers very little direct advice about how language and the media might be studied, his ideas can be usefully applied in this field of study. Chapter 2 looks at Benson and Neveu’s study of the journalistic field (Benson and Neveu 2005) and also other key works which have a bear- ing on the media from a Bourdieusian perspective such as Wacquant’s study of the public sphere (Wacquant and Bourdieu 2005). This chapter also examines Champagne’s work on opinion polling (Champagne 1990, 1999), and Crossley’s edited collection (Habermas et al. 2004). These key works on Bourdieu, however, all essentially neglect the focus on language which is maintained in this book. Chapter 3 seeks to address some of the key criticisms of Bourdieu’s approach to language that have come from critical discourse studies (Fairclough 2001), and postmodernists like Butler (Butler 1997) and Introduction 3 gender and language studies (Adkins and Skeggs 2004). In demon- strating for readers the importance of Bourdieu’s approach as a real alternative to critical discourse analysis, sociolinguistics, and ethnometh- odology, and elsewhere – Habermas’s discourse ethics (in chapter 4), symbolic interactionism and Barthes’s semiotics (chapter 5) – the book addresses theoretical issues which will be of concern to readers interested in language and discourse study of the media.
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