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Assessing the Planktonic Connectivity of the Channel MPA Network Coherence Assessing the Planktonic Connectivity of the Channel MPA Network Morgane Travers-Trolet, Marieke Froissart and Marie Savina-Rolland Cohérence Assessing the Planktonic Connectivity of the Channel MPA Network Coherence Prepared on behalf of / Etabli par by / par Morgane Travers-Trolet, Marieke Froissart and Marie Savina-Rolland Contact: Morgane Travers-Trolet ([email protected]) Marie Savina-Rolland ([email protected]) In the frame of / dans le cadre de Work Package 1 Citation: Travers-Trolet, M., Froissart, M., Savina-Rolland M. 2015. Assessing the Planktonic Connectivity of the Channel MPA Network. Report prepared by IFREMER for the Protected Area Network Across the Channel Ecosystem (PANACHE) project. INTERREG programme France (Channel) England funded project, 69 pp Cover picture: Julie Hatcher, Dorset Wildlife Trust This publication is supported by the European Union (ERDF European Regional Development Fund), within the INTERREG IVA France (Channel) – England European cross-border co-operation programme under the Objective 4.2. “Ensure a sustainable environmental development of the common space” - Specific Objective 10 “Ensure a balanced management of the environment and raise awareness about environmental issues”. Its content is under the full responsibility of the author(s) and does not necessarily reflect the opinion of the European Union. Any reproduction of this publication done without author’s consent, either in full or in part, is unlawful. The reproduction for a non commercial aim, particularly educative, is allowed without written authorization, only if sources are quoted. The reproduction for a commercial aim, particularly for sale, is forbidden without preliminary written authorization of the author. Assessing the Planktonic Connectivity of the Channel MPA Network Evaluation de la connectivité planctonique du réseau d’aires marines protégées en Manche ABSTRACT RÉSUMÉ While Work Package 1 of the PANACHE Si l’axe de travail 1 du projet PANACHE a pour project aims at assessing the ecological objectif d’évaluer la cohérence écologique du coherence of the current network of MPAs réseau actuel d’AMP dans l’espace Manche, ce designated to date across the Channel area, rapport étudie plus en détail la connectivité the current report studies more particularly the planctonique du réseau d’AMP de la Manche planktonic connectivity among the Channel grâce à la simulation du déplacement des MPA network through the simulation of eggs oeufs et des larves par des modèles and larvae drift by Lagrangian models. Two lagrangiens. Deux approches complémentaires complementary approaches were used: the first ont été utilisées : la première examine autant one considers as many species as possible but d’espèces que possible mais avec une with a coarse representation of biological représentation grossière des processus processes, and the second approach focuses biologiques, et la seconde approche se on MPA connectivity through the larval concentre sur la connectivité des AMP par le transport of the well-known common sole transport au stade larvaire de l’espèce species, for which knowledge of biological commune de la sole pour laquelle les processes and associated parameters exist. processus biologiques et les paramètres Results allow the identification of clusters of associés sont parfaitement connus. Les highly connected MPAs that should be résultats permettent d’identifier des ensembles managed together, or conversely isolated d’AMP très connectées qui devraient bénéficier areas for which local management measures d’une gestion commune ou, au contraire, des will prevail. Finally, areas of cross-Channel aires isolées pour lesquelles des mesures de connectivity appear to be limited, and concern gestion locales sont plus appropriées. Enfin, mostly species with long larval transport. les aires de connectivité transmanche semblent être limitées et concernent surtout des espèces avec un transport larvaire sur de longues distances. KEYWORDS: connectivity, larval transport, MOTS-CLÉS : connectivité, transport au stade particle tracking IBM, Channel MPA network larvaire, modèle individu-centré de suivi de particules, réseau d’AMP de la Manche PANACHE – Protected Area Network Across the Channel Ecosystem Table des matières I. Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 1 II. Methodology .................................................................................................................................... 2 2.1 The generic approach ................................................................................................................ 2 2.1.1 Extent of the Channel MPA network considered ................................................................. 2 2.1.2 Set of species considered ................................................................................................... 7 2.1.3 Model description................................................................................................................. 9 a. Characteristics of particle transport and larval behavior ............................................... 11 b. Time and duration of simulations ................................................................................... 11 2.2 The detailed approach: the Sole case study ............................................................................ 12 2.2.1 Hydrodynamical modelling ................................................................................................ 12 2.2.2 Spawning ........................................................................................................................... 12 a. Interannual number of eggs ........................................................................................... 12 b. Spawning season and peak .......................................................................................... 12 c. Spatial distribution ......................................................................................................... 12 2.2.3 Particle modelling .............................................................................................................. 13 a. Life traits of drifting particles .......................................................................................... 13 b. Larval settlement and end of simulations ...................................................................... 14 III. Results .......................................................................................................................................... 16 3.1 The generic approach .............................................................................................................. 16 3.1.1 Connectivity among the MPA network for each species ................................................... 16 3.1.2 Seasonal patterns in connectivity among MPAs ............................................................... 26 3.2.3 Integrative view of the results ............................................................................................ 31 3.3 The detailed approach: sole study case................................................................................... 34 3.3.1 MPA network ..................................................................................................................... 34 3.3.2 Connectivity between MPAs and nurseries ....................................................................... 35 IV Discussion ..................................................................................................................................... 46 V Recommendations .......................................................................................................................... 49 References ......................................................................................................................................... 50 Appendix ............................................................................................................................................ 52 PANACHE – Protected Area Network Across the Channel Ecosystem List of Figures Figure 1: The PANACHE study area highlighting the range of MPA designation types within the network. ................................................................................................................................................... 3 Figure 2: Location of the 53 areas considered in this study, resulting from merging overlapping MPAs and removing those MPAs that were too small or within inshore protected areas. See Table 1 for details. ..................................................................................................................................................... 4 Figure 3: Representation of the domain considered (left) and currents as simulated by MARS 3D (right). .................................................................................................................................................... 10 Figure 4: Graphical interface of the software Ichthyop 3.2b .................................................................. 11 Figure 5: Distribution of the total number of eggs spawned in 1982. The MPAs are represented in blue. ............................................................................................................................................................... 13 Figure 6: Sole nurseries in the English Channel as they are defined in
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