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V. Water Quality 5.1

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V. WATER QUALITY 5.1. Water Quality Standards Water quality data is only meaningful if one understands water quality standards, how they are developed, and how they are relevant to society. The purpose of this section is to provide an overview of the water quality standards applicable to the Bear Creek watershed. OVERVIEW The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) determines water quality standards by two legislative acts: the Federal Clean Water Act and the Federal Safe Drinking Water Act. States may adopt more stringent standards, but cannot adopt standards that are less stringent than federal standards. The State of California passed the Porter-Cologne Water Quality Control Act, thereby establishing the State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB) and nine Regional Water Quality Control Boards (RWQCB) as the principal State agencies responsible for coordinating and controlling water quality in California; the SWRCB has authority over the nine Regional Water Quality Control Boards. The California Water Code (Section 13240) requires the nine Regional Water Quality Control Boards to adopt Water Quality Control Plans (Basin Plans). Basin Plans establish the beneficial uses of water, water quality standards, and actions necessary to maintain these standards for each water body to be protected. Water quality standards set in each Basin Plan by the RWQCB are based on the existing and potential beneficial uses. In establishing water quality standards, the RWQCB considers the following factors: • Past, present, and probable future beneficial uses. • Environmental characteristics of the hydrographic unit under consideration, including current water quality. • Water quality conditions reasonably achievable through coordinated control of all factors affecting water quality. The Central Valley RWQCB prepared the Water Quality Control Plan for the Sacramento and San Joaquin River Basins (hereafter referred to as the Water Quality Control Plan), which established water quality standards for the Bear Creek watershed. The Water Quality Control Plan consists of the Sacramento and San Joaquin River Basins encompassing 43,090 square miles (RWQCB, 1998). The Sacramento River Basin covers 27,210 square miles and includes all watersheds tributary to the Sacramento River north of the Consumnes River. The San Joaquin River Basin includes all watersheds tributary to the San Joaquin River and the Delta south of the Sacramento River. The Basin covers 15,880 square miles and includes the area drained by the San Joaquin River. BENEFICIAL USES None of the tributaries in the Bear Creek watershed have specific beneficial uses designated in the Basin Plan. However, Bear Creek and Ash Creek are both tributary to the Sacramento River, and therefore, the “tributary rule” applies (e.g., all designated ENPLAN 5-1 beneficial uses of the Sacramento River apply to Bear Creek and Ash Creek). The designated beneficial uses of the Sacramento River (from Shasta Dam to the Colusa Basin Drain) are the following: MUNICIPAL AND DOMESTIC SUPPLY Uses of water for community, military, or individual water supply systems including, but not limited to, drinking water supply. AGRICULTURAL SUPPLY Uses of water for farming, horticulture, or ranching, including, but not limited to, irrigation (including leaching of salts), stock watering, or support of vegetation for range grazing. INDUSTRIAL SERVICE SUPPLY Uses of water for industrial activities that do not depend primarily on water quality including, but not limited to, mining, cooling water supply, hydraulic conveyance, gravel washing, fire protection, or oil well re-pressurization. NAVIGATION Uses of water for shipping, travel, or other transportation by private, military, or commercial vessels. HYDROPOWER GENERATION Uses of water for hydropower generation. WATER CONTACT RECREATION (REC-1) Uses of water for recreational activities involving body contact with water, where ingestion of water is reasonably possible. These uses include, but are not limited to, swimming, wading, water skiing, skin and scuba diving, surfing, white water activities, fishing, or use of natural hot springs. NON-CONTACT WATER RECREATION (REC-2) Uses of water for recreational activities involving proximity to water, but where there is generally no body contact with water, nor any likelihood of ingestion of water. These uses include, but are not limited to, picnicking, sunbathing, hiking, beachcombing, camping, boating, tidepool and marine life study, hunting, sightseeing, or aesthetic enjoyment in conjunction with the above activities. Uses of water that support warm water ecosystems including, but not limited to, preservation or enhancement of aquatic habitats, vegetation, fish, or wildlife, including invertebrates. COLD FRESHWATER HABITAT Uses of water that support cold water ecosystems including, but not limited to, preservation or enhancement of aquatic habitats, vegetation, fish, or wildlife, including invertebrates. ENPLAN 5-2 WILDLIFE HABITAT Uses of water that support terrestrial or wetland ecosystems including, but not limited to, preservation and enhancement of terre strial habitats or wetlands, vegetation, wildlife (e.g., mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, invertebrates), or wildlife water and food sources. MIGRATION OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS Uses of water that support habitats necessary for migration or other temporary activities by aquatic organisms, such as anadromous fish. SPAWNING, REPRODUCTION, AND/OR EARLY DEVELOPMENT Uses of water that support high quality aquatic habitats suitable for reproduction and early development of fish. STANDARDS A summary of the standards in the Water Quality Control Plan applicable to the Bear Creek watershed are included in Table 5-1. A complete discussion of each numeric limit can be found at the RWQCB offices or on the Internet at http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb5. ENPLAN 5-3 Table 5-1. Bear Creek Watershed Assessment 2005 Summary of Standards in the Water Quality Control Plan that Apply to the Bear Creek Watershed In waters designated for contact recreation, the concentration based on at least 5 samples for any 30-day period, shall not exceed an average of 200/100 ml, nor shall more than 10 percent of the samples taken for any 30-day period exceed 400/100 ml. Bacteria A proposed amendment to the Water Quality Control Plan would mandate that In all waters designated for contact recreation (REC-1), the E. coli concentration, based on a minimum of not less than five samples equally spaced over a 30-day period, shall not exceed a geometric mean of 126/100 ml in any single sample. Biostimulatory Water shall not contain biostimulatory substances which promote aquatic growths in Substances concentrations that cause nuisance or adversely affect beneficial uses. Arsenic 0.01 mg/l Barium 0.1 mg/l Cadmium 0.00022 mg/l Copper 0.0056 mg/l Chemical Cyanide 0.01 mg/l Constituents1 Iron 0.3 mg/l Manganese 0.05 mg/l Silver 0.01 mg/l Zinc 0.016 mg/l Lead 0.015 mg/l Waters shall be free of discoloration that causes nuisance or adversely affects Color Surface beneficial uses. Waters Cold Water Fishery 7.0 mg/l Warm Water Fishery 5.0 mg/l Dissolved Spawning Fishery 7.0 mg/l 2 Oxygen Sacramento River from Keswick Dam to Hamilton City & from June 1 9.0 mg/l to August 31 Floating Shall not contain amounts that cause nuisance or adversely affect beneficial uses. Material / Oil & Grease pH Between 6.5 and 8.5 Salinity Electrical conductivity at 77°F shall not exceed 230 µmhos/cm. Cold or warm intrastate waters shall not be increased more than 5°F above natural Water receiving water temperature. The Sacramento River from Keswick Dam to Hamilton Temperature City shall not be elevated above 56°F. Toxicity See new California Toxic Rule for NPDES discharges. Turbidity Varies as a percentage over background. Suspended & Shall not be altered in such a manner that causes nuisance or adversely impacts Settable beneficial uses. Sediment Tastes & Shall not contain taste- or odor-producing substances in concentrations that cause Odors nuisance or affect beneficial uses. Bacteria The number of coliforms of any 7-day period shall not exceed 2.2/100 ml. Chemical Shall not exceed MCLs specified in Title 22 of the California Code of Regulations. Constituents Ground Tastes & Shall not contain taste- or odor-producing substances in concentrations that cause Waters Odors nuisance or adversely affect beneficial uses. Shall be free of toxic substances that produce detrimental affects to plants and Toxicity animals. 1 = Values listed are the maximum allowed for dissolved concentrations. 2 = Values listed are the minimum allowed. ENPLAN 5-4 REFERENCE CONDITIONS No information is available for the Bear Creek watershed concerning water quality reference conditions. Prior to European settlement in the area, water quality was assumed to be a function of the natural chemical and geological processes in the watershed. 5.2. Surface Waters WATER QUALITY OBJECTIVES FOR SURFACE WATERS This section summarizes applicable water quality objectives for surface waters in the Bear Creek watershed. BACTERIA A variety of methods are used to assess the presence of harmful pathogens. Fecal coliform counts are widely used to assess a water body for solid waste contamination by humans or animals. Fecal coliforms are bacteria (e.g., E. coli) that live in the digestive tract of animals and are excreted in their feces. Alone, they do not pose a threat to human health. However, they are generally associated with other disease causing microbes, such as those that cause typhoid, dysentery, hepatitis A, and cholera. Therefore, the presence of fecal coliforms in a water body is an important indicator of the presence of other disease causing microbes. Sources of fecal coliform in a water body include leaking septic tanks, runoff from animal feedlots, and human or animal defecation near a water body. The Water Quality Control Plan mandates that in waters designated for contact recreation, the fecal coliform concentration, based on a minimum of five samples over a 30- day period shall not to exceed an average of 200/100 ml, nor shall more than 10 percent of the total number of samples taken during any 30-day period exceed 400/100 ml (RWQCB, 1998).
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