Explorer Research Article [Kumar & Dash , 3(4): April, 2012] CODEN (USA): IJPLCP ISSN: 0976-7126

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACY & LIFE SCIENCES

Flora of Nandan Kanan Sanctuary: Medicinal with their role in Health care Sanjeet Kumar * and Dhanalaxmi Dash Department of Life Science, Regional Institute of Education (NCERT) , () -

Abstract The present study reflects the major medicinal flora of Nandan Kanan Sanctuary, a small protected area along the Kanjia Lake, in the district of Cuttack, Odisha, India. The survey reveals that there were 61 species belonging to 40 different families highlighted the floral wealth of the sanctuary.The dominant floristic components were Aerva lanata, sensitivum, Christella dentate, Heliotropium indicum, Hyptis suaveolens, Terminalia arjuna, Terminalia bellirica, Pongamia pinnata, Cassia fistula, Polygonum barbatum, Lygodium flexuosum, , Leonotis nepetifolia etc. The details of these plants in terms of local name, family, plant part(s) used, chemicals present and their use in health care such as malnutrition, communicable diseases, metabolic disorder and other miscellaneous effects has been listed. The implications of this study in terms of sustainable use by the local community, conservation, and education have been discussed.

Key-Words: Medicinal plant, Health care, Conservation, Sustainable use, Environmental education

Introduction Biodiversity provides humankind enormous direct Even the protected areas do play a vital role in the economic benefits, an array of indirect essential sustainable use of biodiversity besides conservation. services through protected areas and plays a prominent Under this back ground, the present study has been role in modulating ecosystem functions and stability 1 conceptualized to study the medicinal flora of a small The forests has been the source of invaluable medicinal protected area, the Nandan Kanan Sanctuary of Odisha. plants since the time man realized the importance of The specific objectives of the study are: preventive and curative properties of plants and started i) to find out the major medicinal flora of the sanctuary using those in human health care. Living close to and ii) to know the plant parts , chemical constituents nature, traditional societies have acquired unique and their uses in traditional healthcare .

knowledge about the use of wild flora and fauna, most Methodology of which are unknown to the people who live away from such natural ecosystem such as forests. The old Study Site traditional Indian system of medicines is one of the The Nandan Kanan Sanctuary, an unique, deciduous most ancient medicinal practices known to the word forest, covering about 437 ha with latitude of 20° 24’ derives maximum formulations from plants and plant 25” N and longitude of 85° 49’ 30” E is situated in extracts that exist in the forests. The value and Cuttack district of Odisha, India, 40 meters above importance of this tradition knowledge is now being MSL. Amidst the lush green Chandka forests and along increasingly acknowledged all over the world. As such the bank of Kanjia Lake stands Nandan Kanan, a the pharmaceutical industries are trying to investigate beautiful park that got its name from “Nandan Van” and confirm the efficacy of many medicines and toxins meaning the “Garden of the God”. It was established in used by traditional communities. Thus realizing the the year 1960. The Botanical Garden established in the potentiality of wild species in health care, the inventory year 1963 spreading over 173 acres, is situated in the of plants occurring in any given area has been realized sylvan setting of the moist deciduous forest of the and often felt necessary 2. sprawling green Nandan Kanan Sanctuary standing between two wetlands (Plate-1). In the year 1979, the park together with the lake and the Botanical Garden * Corresponding Author were declared as a sanctuary 3.Though Nandan Kanan E.mail: [email protected] is famous for White Tiger & Lion Safari , different Int. J. of Pharm. & Life Sci. (IJPLS), Vol. 3, Issue 4: April: 2012, 1631-1642 1631

Explorer Research Article [Kumar & Dash , 3(4): April, 2012] CODEN (USA): IJPLCP ISSN: 0976-7126 species of mammals, birds, reptiles and other faunas species are concerned. Some important medicinal also indicate its richness in faunal diversity that plants such as Peperomia pellucida , Saraca asoca and attracts large number of tourists and naturalists from Evolvulus alsinoids etc has been depicted in plate 2 and India and abroad. 3. Regarding the role of these plants in health care is Collection of Information concerned, 11 species quite useful for malnutrition The field studies were carried out during the years have been recorded (Table-1) Fifteen plant species 2009 to 2011 in different seasons to collect major (Table-2.) are good against metabolic disorder such as medicinal flora. The plant samples were collected from gastrointestinal ailments, asthma, jaundice, diabetes Nandan Kanan Sanctuary (Botanical garden and etc.For example, fresh leaves of Gudmari ( Gymnema Zoological Park) and from the banks of the Kanjia sylvestre ) are very effective for diabetes. Twenty four Lake. The plants were identified by the authors plant species were useful against Communicable following the flora books 4,5 . The medicinal uses of diseases and microbial infections. (Table-3) and from plants identified were ascertained through the survey of these species, 5 were common to both Botanical garden literature and interaction with local inhabitants, detail (BG) and Nandan Kanan Zoological area (NZA) of which has been reflected in Tables 1-4. The (Table-3). Twenty one plant species were useful information pertaining to bioactive compounds / active against Non-Communicable diseases, 8 of these species principles present in the plant parts were found out were seen both in the Botanical Garden and Zoological through literature survey, details of which have been Park. From the total plants species about 30 % have listed. In Tables 1-4. For each plant species, its their leaves used against different diseases and botanical name, local name(s), plant part(s), infections. Leaf juice of Leonotis nepetifolia is used phytochemical(s) present along with medicinal uses against Malaria. Leaves of Paederia foetida and have been described. Pergularia daemia are useful against diarrhea and lever disorder respectively. Leaf of Lygodium flexuosum is very effective against eczema. Roots and fruits from 15 % and 13 % of plant species are used for treatment of a variety of infections. Fruits powders of Guazuma ulmifolia (Fig -3) are good as antiseptic and for anticancer activity. Stems are of the least use. Active principle(s) and chemicals present in these plant part(s) include mostly alkaloids, phenolic compounds and glycosides, details of which have been presented in the Tables as well. Hyoscyamine present in Datura stramonium acts against dandruff. Scopotetin from Evolvulus alsinoids acts as a hair growth enhancer. Coumarin present in Ageratum conyzoides is active against fever and gastrointestinal aliments. As a whole; it seems the Nandan Kanan Sanctuary is a rich Plate 1 : Geographical location of Nandan Kanan reservoir of plant species having high medicinal values. Sanctuary Besides conservation and sustainable economic use of Results and Discussion

this rich wealth by the local community, being a Identification of plant species / floral resources has restricted area (sanctuary) there is a need to highlight always been realized for their sustainable use besides the importance of these plants in health care as large conservation. In the present study, 61 plant species number of tourists and nature lovers reaching several belonging to 40 different families having some lakhs in a year do visit this sanctuary. Further these medicinal value(s) were identified (Table 1- 4). For resources can be used 6 by the students, practioners and each plant species, its botanical name, local name(s), researchers who are interested or engaged in the plant part(s) in use, phytochemical(s) present along development, evaluation and use of herbal medicines. with medicinal value has been described. Among the Moreover, sanctuary along with its plant and animal plant species, trees were the dominant (34 %) followed resources provides an ideal situation for Environmental by herbs (30 %) and climbers (23 %). Shrubs Education, both in formal and non formal sectors. As represented the lowest number of species (Fig: 1). floral wealth is vanishing at a rapid rate due to climate Fabaceae was the dominant family followed by change, habitat loss, invasion of exotic species and Apocyanaceae (Fig: 2) as far as the number of plant other factors 8, Sanctuaries and National Parks provide Int. J. of Pharm. & Life Sci. (IJPLS), Vol. 3, Issue 4: April: 2012, 1631-1642 1632

Explorer Research Article [Kumar & Dash , 3(4): April, 2012] CODEN (USA): IJPLCP ISSN: 0976-7126 ideal sites for conservation 9 as in the present case. It is 12. Changa Y.C., Fang R.C., Ashraf T.K., Hsieha interesting to note that recently, 72 herbaceous plant P.W. and Wua Y.C. (2003). Cytotoxic species 7 having some medicinal values has been Benzophenanthridine and Benzylisoquinoline recorded from an urban environment, the campus of Alkaloids from Argemone mexicana ,Verlag Regional Institute of Education, Bhubaneswar, Odisha. der Zeitschrift für Naturforschung, Tübingen,

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Apocynaceae Fabaceae Combretaceae Asteraceae Convolvulaceae

7 6 6 Climber 23% Tree 5 34% 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 Herb Shrub 30% 13% 1 Number of plant species 0

Family Tree Shrub Herb Climber

1 2 Fig. 1: Floral Biodiversity of (major medicinal plants) Nandan Kanan Sanctuary

Fig. 2: Dominant families among the identified species

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Explorer Research Article [Kumar & Dash , 3(4): April, 2012] CODEN (USA): IJPLCP ISSN: 0976-7126 Table 1: Plants having Nutritional Values

Plant species Local Family Plant Bioactive Location Uses Name parts compounds Asparagus racemosus Satabari Asparagaceae Whole Asparoside 13 BG Plant used in Night (Willd.) plant blindness. Euphorbia hirta (L.) Chitakutei Euphorbiaceae Root Euphorbins, BG, Roots are used as Rutin and NKZ nourishment for feeding Oxaltes 20 mother when production of milk comes down Evolvulus alsinoids Krishna Convolvulacea Whole Scopotetin , BG Whole plant juice with (L.) Onkranta e plant Scopolin 21 mustard oil is used as Hair Growth Enhancer Heliotropium indicum Hatisundha Boraginaceae Root Pyrrolizidine BG Root with honey is taken (L.) alkaloids 22 as vitamin for Iron Deficiency by woman against anemia during pregnancy Murraya Koenigii (L.) Bhrusunga Rutaceae Leaf Carbozole BG, Leaves are used as Curry alkaloids 34 NKZ leaf Argyria nervosa Mundanoi Convulvulacea Root Caffeic acid 42 BG Roots are used in Sexual (Burm.f.) Bojer. e Weakness Calamus latifolius Betakoli Areaceae Fruit Different NKZ Fruits are eaten as good Roxb. types of source of Nutrients for phenolic Health compounds 43 Tinospora cardifolia ( Guluchi Menispermace Stem Berberine 49 NKZ Stems are used as Tonic Thunb.) Miers. ae for good Health Lagerstroemia Salora Lythraceae Flower Different BG Flowers are source of parviflora Roxb. types of NKZ good Honey Glycosides 58 Xantolis tomentosa Kanta Sapotaceae Fruit Rich of BG Wild edible fruits (Roxb.) Raf. Baula Phenolic compounds 70 Phonix sylvestris Khajuri Areaceae Fruit Beta- NKZ Fruits are edible and juice Roxb. amyrin 71 is used as Tonic (NKZ – Nandan Kanan Zoological Park, BG- Botanical garden)

Table 2: Plants used to cure Metabolic Disorder / Non-Communicable Diseases Plant species Local Name Family Plant Bioactive Location Uses parts compounds Ageratum conyzoides Pokusunga Asteraceae Leaf Coumarin 11 BG, NKZ used to treat fever (Linn.) and Gastrointestinal ailments Biophytum sensitivum Lokachana, Whole Isoorinetin 14 BG Whole plant is (L.) DC. Chhotalajakuli plant used as Anti- tumor activity Cissampelos aprieara Pitusing Menispermaceae Leaf Tetrandrine 17 BG Leaves are used in (L.) Asthma Hemidesmus indicus Anantmula Asclepiadaceae Root Different types Roots are used in (L.) R.Br. of Saponin 23 BG Kidney problems

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Explorer Research Article [Kumar & Dash , 3(4): April, 2012] CODEN (USA): IJPLCP ISSN: 0976-7126 Mucuna pruriens (L.) Baidanka Fabaceae Seed L-Dopa 28 BG Seeds are used to DC. powder cure Parkinson diseases Peperomia pellucida Ghusuripan Piperaceae Whole Xanthone BG Whole plant is (L.)HBK. plant glycosides 30 used to cure Abdominal pain Synedrella nodiflora Badi Asteraceae Leaf Sesquiterpene NKZ, BG Leaves are used to (L.) Pokasunga lactones 33 treat Rheumatism Coccinia grandis (L.) Ban Kundri Cucurbitaceae Fruit Beta- carotene 45 NKZ Fruits have J.Voigt. Antihistaminic potential and good for Diabetic patients Scindapsus officinalis Gajapipli Araceae Fruit High contains of Fruits are used in (Roxb.) Schott. flavonoids 48 BG Diabetes Sesbania cannabina Dhanicha Fabaceae Leaf Different types Leaves juice is (Retz. Pers.) of alkaloids 50 BG taken in Contraceptive problems Wrightia tinctoria Koruan Apocynaceae Leaf A terpenoid : BG Leaves are used Roxb. Wrighitial 53 against Jaundice Guazuma ulmifolia Debdaru Sterculiaceae Fruit Rich of BG Fruits are used as Lam. Polyphenolic Antiseptic and acid 57 also used as Anti- Cancer Morinda tinctoria Achhu Rubaceae Fruit Different types NKZ Fruits are used in Roxb. of terpenoids 60 Relive Pain in the gout Syzygium cumini (L.) Jamukoli Myrtaceae Seed Jabosine-366 NKZ Seed powder is Skeels. good for Diabetes Gymnema sylvestre Meshasringi, Asclepiadaceae Leaf Gymnemic BG Fresh leaf is used Roxb. Gudmari acid 75 to control Diabetic (NKZ – Nandan Kanan Zoological Park, BG- Botanical garden)

Table 3: Plants acting against Microbial Infections / Communicable Diseases

Plant species Local Name Family Plant Bioactive compounds Location Uses parts

Aerva lanata (L.) Paunsia Amaranthaceae Whole Beta- sitosterol 10 NKZ,BG Used against Saga plant Cholera.

Argemone Agora, Papaveraceae Seed Pancorione 12 BG Seed oil is used to Mexicana (L.) Bonai oil cure Skin diseases

Christella dentate Kokkodi Leaf Different types of NKZ, BG Leaves paste is Forssk. Thelypteridaceae Saponin 16 applied for Skin disease

Datura Duddura Solanaceae Leaf Hyoscyamine 18 BG Leaves juice is stramonium (L.) juice applied as Anti- dandruff

Int. J. of Pharm. & Life Sci. (IJPLS), Vol. 3, Issue 4: April: 2012, 1631-1642 1638

Explorer Research Article [Kumar & Dash , 3(4): April, 2012] CODEN (USA): IJPLCP ISSN: 0976-7126 Dipteracanthus Nakachana Acanthaceae Root Lignin glycosides 19 BG, NKZ Root paste used in prostrates (Poir.) Syphilis. Nees.

Hyptis suaveolens Gondri Lamiaceae Leaf Different alkaloids NKZ, BG Leaves are used to (L.)Poit. and reach of phenolic cure diarrhea and compounds 24 Itching problems

Ichnocarpus Dudhilata Apocynaceae Root Pentacyclic BG Roots help to frutescens (L.) triterpenoide 25 cure Scabies W.T.Aiton.

Leonotis Kantasia Lamiaceae Leaf Leonurine 26 NKZ Leaves are used to nepetiifolia (L.) treat Malaria R.Br.

Paederia foetida Pasaruni Rubiaceae Leaf Iridoid glycosides 29 BG Leaves are used to (L.) Mant. juice cure Diarrhea

Sida acuta Burm.f. Bariari, Malvaceae Whole Indoloquinoline NKZ Whole plant is Kulposh plant alkaloids 32 used in usually Elephantiasis and Dandruff

Lygodium Mahajaala, Lygodiaceae Leaf Lygodinolide 36 BG Leaf paste is flexuosum (L.) Sw. Indrajaal applied to cure Eczema

Xanthium Kothu, Ban Asteraceae Seed Carboxyatractyloside 41 BG Seeds are used as strumarium (L.) Gokhra Anti-helmintic

Lippia javanica Naguari Verbenaceae Whole Different types of Whole plant is (Burm.f.) Spreng. plant terpenoids 51 NKZ used as Mosquito repellent

Ventilago Chadaikuli Rhamanaceae Stem Anthocyanin and BG Bark is used in denticulate Willd. bark phenolic compounds 52 Dysentery and stomach pain

Alastonia scholaris Chatyana Apocynaceae Leaf Different types of Leaves are applied (L.) alkaloids 54 NKZ, BG in Skin infections

Cassia fistula (L.) Sonari Caselpinaceae Leaf Rich of Tannin and NKZ, BG Leaves paste is Saponin 55 used in Skin infections

Pongamia pinnata Karanja Fabaceae Seed Oleic acid 62 NKZ Seed oil is used as (L.) Pierre. Insecticidal and also used in Skin infections

Suregada Khakra Euphorbiaceae Root Diterpenoids 65 NKZ Roots are used in multiflora Skin Infection (A.Juss.),Baill.

Int. J. of Pharm. & Life Sci. (IJPLS), Vol. 3, Issue 4: April: 2012, 1631-1642 1639

Explorer Research Article [Kumar & Dash , 3(4): April, 2012] CODEN (USA): IJPLCP ISSN: 0976-7126

Terminalia arjuna Arjuna Combretaceae Bark Rich of NKZ Bark paste is (Roxb. ex DC.) Triterpenoids 67 applied in Skin Wight & Am. Infection

Terminalia Bahada Combretaceae Bark Bellericosides 68 BG Bark is Useful in bellirica Roxb. Leucoderma

Terminalia chebula Harida Combretaceae Fruit Rich of Phenolic BG Fruits powder is Retz. and compounds 69 used to cure bark Typhoid

Pterocarpus Piasla Fabaceae Bark Different types of NKZ Bark is used to marsupium Roxb. phenolic compounds 72 cure Elephantiasis

Spathodea Turi Bignoniaceae Leaf n-hexandecanoic NKZ Anti-microbial campanulata acid 73 activity and used Beauv. in Skin Infections

Azadirachita Nemo Meliaceae Leaf Limonoids, BG and Fresh leaf juice is indica (L.) Adelb. Azadirachtin 74 NKZ used to treat different types of Skin infections

(NKZ – Nandan Kanan Zoological Park, BG- Botanical garden)

Table 4: Plants having miscellaneous effect on Health

Plant species Local Family Plant Bioactive Location Uses Name parts compounds

Boerhavia diffusa (L.) Pueuni saga Nyctaginaceae Root Liiroseddrin 15 BG, NKZ diuretic and expectorant

Mimosa pudica (L.) Lajakuli Mimosaceae Whole Tubulin 27 NKZ, BG Plant decoction with plant milk is taken to treat Bleeding in Piles

Pergularia daemia Utrali Asclepiadaceae Leaf 2-acetylphenol 31 NKZ Leaves are useful in Forssk. Liver disorder

Costus speciosus Keu Kand Zingiberaceae. Rhizome Glutathione 35 BG Rhizomes are used as (J.Konig.) Sm. paste on Inflammation parts of body

Monstear deliciosa Ceriman Araceae Whole Different types BG Whole plant parts are Liebm. plant of Oxalate 37 used in different types of Inflammation

Polygonum barbatum Paniakheu Polygonaceae Leaf Sitosterone 38 NKZ, BG Leaf paste is used as (L.) Anti- inflammation

Int. J. of Pharm. & Life Sci. (IJPLS), Vol. 3, Issue 4: April: 2012, 1631-1642 1640

Explorer Research Article [Kumar & Dash , 3(4): April, 2012] CODEN (USA): IJPLCP ISSN: 0976-7126 Sida cordifolia (L.) Bisiripi Malvaceae Leaf Different types Leaves are used in of glycosides 39 BG Nasal congestion - aching

Triumfetta neglecta Nichardia Tiliaceae Root Different types BG Roots are used as Wight. of phenolic Cooling agent compounds 40

Butea suprava Roxb . Naipalaso Caesalpinaceae Leaf Stigmasterol 44 NKZ Leaves are used as Aphrodisiac

Entada rheedii Gila, Fabaceae Seed Rheediinosides 46 BG Seeds are used in Spreng. Hanuman Inflammation Lata Passiflora foetida (L.) Gandha Passifloraceae Leaf High level of NKZ Leaves are used to tamala Saponin 47 reduce Sleeping problems

Dillenia indica (L.) Oau Dilleniaceae Stem Betulinaldehyde BG Bark is used as bark 56 Cooling agent

Mimusops elengi (L.) Baula Sapotaceae Fruit Taraxerol 59 NKZ, BG Fruits are edible and used as purgative

Saraca asoca (Roxb.), Asoka Casealpinaceae Flower 3-4-dihydroxy- BG Flowers are used in De.wild. benzaldehyde, painful menses Catechin 63

Strychnos nux-vomica Kochila Loganiaceae Seed Strychnine 64 NKZ, BG Seeds are used to (L). reduce swelling

Narangi crenulata Benta Rutaceae Bark Different types BG Bark is useful in Roxb. of phenolic vitiated conditions of compounds 61 Pitta

Percentage of uses

35.00% 30.00% 25.00% 20.00% 15.00%

Percentage 10.00% 5.00% 0.00% leaf Root Whole Fruit Seed Bark Flow er Stem plant Plant Parts

Fig. 3: Plant parts (Percentage) used having medicinal values

Int. J. of Pharm. & Life Sci. (IJPLS), Vol. 3, Issue 4: April: 2012, 1631-1642 1641

Explorer Research Article [Kumar & Dash , 3(4): April, 2012] CODEN (USA): IJPLCP ISSN: 0976-7126

Plate 2 : a.)-Leaves of Peperomia pellucida , b.)- Flowers and leaves of Lippia javanica , c.)- Flowers of Saraca asoca , d.)- Fruit pods of Mucna pruriens

Plate 3 : e.)- Flowers of Cassia fistula , f.)- Flowers of Evolvulus alsinoids , g.)- Fruits of Terminalia bellirica

Int. J. of Pharm. & Life Sci. (IJPLS), Vol. 3, Issue 4: April: 2012, 1631-1642 1642