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Nez Perce (Nee-Me-Poo) National Historic Trail Historic and Administrative Context

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Nez Perce (Nee-Me-Poo) National Historic Trail Historic and Administrative Context United States Department of Agriculture Nez Perce (Nee-Me-Poo) National Historic Trail Historic and Administrative Context USDA Forest Service December 2016 Prepared for Sandi Broncheau-McFarland Administrator NPNHT 12730 Hwy 12 Orofino, Idaho 83544 (208) 476-8334 [email protected] In accordance with Federal civil rights law and U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) civil rights regulations and policies, the USDA, its Agencies, offices, and employees, and institutions participating in or administering USDA programs are prohibited from discriminating based on race, color, national origin, religion, sex, gender identity (including gender expression), sexual orientation, disability, age, marital status, family/parental status, income derived from a public assistance program, political beliefs, or reprisal or retaliation for prior civil rights activity, in any program or activity conducted or funded by USDA (not all bases apply to all programs). Remedies and complaint filing deadlines vary by program or incident. Persons with disabilities who require alternative means of communication for program information (e.g., Braille, large print, audiotape, American Sign Language, etc.) should contact the responsible Agency or USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TTY) or contact USDA through the Federal Relay Service at (800) 877-8339. Additionally, program information may be made available in languages other than English. To file a program discrimination complaint, complete the USDA Program Discrimination Complaint Form, AD-3027, found online at http://www.ascr.usda.gov/complaint_filing_cust.html and at any USDA office or write a letter addressed to USDA and provide in the letter all of the information requested in the form. To request a copy of the complaint form, call (866) 632-9992. Submit your completed form or letter to USDA by: (1) mail: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Civil Rights, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, D.C. 20250-9410; (2) fax: (202) 690-7442; or (3) email: [email protected]. USDA is an equal opportunity provider, employer and lender. Nez Perce (Nee-Me-Poo) National Historic Trail Historic and Administrative Context Table of Contents Foreword .......................................................................................................................................................1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................3 Overview ...................................................................................................................................................3 Organization ..............................................................................................................................................3 Chapter 1: Historic Context and Significance ..............................................................................................5 Overview ...................................................................................................................................................6 Pre-Contact Period ....................................................................................................................................6 Early Contact Period 1805 to 1847 ...........................................................................................................8 Missionary Period 1836 to 1849 ...............................................................................................................9 The Treaty of 1855 ..................................................................................................................................10 Treaty of 1863 .........................................................................................................................................12 Non-treaty Nez Perce ordered to Reservation—1876 Council. ..............................................................13 The War Begins ......................................................................................................................................15 The Flight ................................................................................................................................................16 Aftermath ................................................................................................................................................18 Chapter 2: Administrative Context ..............................................................................................................19 Early Efforts to Preserve America’s Historic Sites .................................................................................20 Lolo Trail .............................................................................................................................................20 National Historic Trails .......................................................................................................................21 Early Efforts to Commemorate the Nee-Me-Poo Trail ...........................................................................22 Nez Perce National Historical Park .........................................................................................................24 Designation of the Nez Perce National Historic Trail 1975-1991 ..........................................................27 Feasibility Study ..................................................................................................................................28 Designation and Comprehensive Plan .................................................................................................30 Beginnings of Interpretation 1991-2002..............................................................................................31 Interpreting the Trail in the 21st Century ............................................................................................34 Comprehensive Plan Revision .............................................................................................................36 Chapter 3: Partners ......................................................................................................................................39 Overview .................................................................................................................................................40 USDA Forest Service ..............................................................................................................................40 Wallowa-Whitman National Forest .....................................................................................................40 Nez Perce/Clearwater National Forest ................................................................................................40 Lolo National Forest ............................................................................................................................41 Bitterroot National Forest ....................................................................................................................41 Salmon-Challis National Forest ..........................................................................................................41 Beaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest ...............................................................................................41 Shoshone National Forest ....................................................................................................................42 Gallatin National Forest ......................................................................................................................42 Caribou-Targhee National Forest ........................................................................................................42 Bureau of Land Management (BLM) .....................................................................................................42 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service (FWS) ......................................................................................................43 National Park Service (NPS) ...................................................................................................................44 Idaho ....................................................................................................................................................44 Montana ...............................................................................................................................................44 Oregon .................................................................................................................................................44 Washington ..........................................................................................................................................44 Wyoming .............................................................................................................................................44 Department of the Army—Fort Leavenworth .........................................................................................45 i Nez Perce (Nee-Me-Poo) National Historic Trail Historic and Administrative Context Federal Highways Administration .......................................................................................................... 45 Parks Canada—Fort Walsh ...................................................................................................................
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