i, d, a,] news notes

Published by the United States Committee of the International Defense and Aid Fund for Southern Africa p.o. Box 17, Cambridge, MA 02138 December 1985, Issue No. 24 Telephone (617) 491-8343

people-who would then have the power to put pressure on the regime Dynamics of Resistance to make fundamental changes. This was not nonviolent passive resis­ tance. The ANC and its allies had a different conception, to bring into A talk by Ben Turok motion thousands and tens of thousands of black people, with some The following is excerpted from a talk given by Mr. Ben Turok on October 21, allies, to defy the system of white supremacy. It was a confrontational 1985, at Coolidge Hall, Harvard University. Before leaving South Africa, Mr. policy, and it was highly successful. Eight thousand people went to Turok was a representative ofthe Cape Provincial Council, National Secretary of prison, but more important than that, hundreds of thousands of Africans the South African Congress ofDemocrats, and amember ofthe African National stood up with dignity and an understanding that this system could only Congress. He was a political prisoner from 1962 to 1965, and left the country in be attacked in a defiant way. 1966. He has worked and taught in Tanzania and Zambia, and is a tenured The problem with the mobilization was that the regime was able to faculty member at Yorkshire University in Britain. counterattack. The mobilization of the '50s was undercut to the point The origin I want to go to in the South African case is the post-war condi­ where ordinary people began to say that this kind ofANC campaign was tion in Africa. Idon't know to what extent the u.s. was permeated byatti­ totally ineffective. I can tell you from my personal experience that there tudes of democratic aspiration, but I do know that in Africa as a whole, was atime towards the end ofthe 1950s when ordinary people in Johan­ and in Europe, the war against Nazi Germany had an enormous impact nesburg began to decline to attend mass meetings of the ANC, on the way people thought about society. The states ofAfrica came to in­ saying:We don't want leaflets, we want guns:' This was not the view of dependence partly because ofa response to this wave ofpro-democratic the leadership, this was not the view ofan "irresponsible, ultra-revolution­ feeling: that people have a right to be free, to govem themselves, and that ary, ultra-militant leadership" trying to create chaos. This was the view of colonialism was a bad thing. In South Africa too that mood penetrated the country. Perhaps it was the fear of a democratic upsurge that led to the reaction ofthe coming to "There are so many never-befores!' power of the Malan-led Nationalist Party in 1948. That clearly was a re­ sponse by the whites which established a new mood in the country. That mood was that white racism must be maintained at all costs, that white supremacy must be maintained, and any argument and discussion of the people. That judgment was made in particular after the Sharpeville democracy as affecting the civil rights ofblack people must be smashed. shooting in 1960 when the police opened fire on 5,000 people in So the national liberation movement of the ANC and other organizations Sharpeville. Many of them were shot in the back, 400 were injured, 69 was faced with a new phenomenon: a govemment which was overtly killed ... I'm sure you know all the facts. committed to fascism, which had during the war taken sides with Hitler In the '60s the ANC had to cope with a new situation in which people and which was impregnated with ideas of law and order, of right-wing were fed up, people were filled with a desire to oppose the regime in a nationalism. more meaningful way than peaceful protest. The ANC took two major The anxieties of the ANC and all the other forces were proven to be decisions. The first was to start the M Plan process. The M Plan was substantiated by the Suppression of Communism Act in 1950, which named after Mandela, who already by then was a very popular figure. It banned the Communist Party and created a new mechanism for exercis­ was fundamentally a plan to create small cells in the country to operate ing state repression. Although there were many within the ANC leader­ in a clandestine way, to set up an underground structure which would ship who were anti-Nazi and anti-Communist, nevertheless the ANC carry the struggle forward. joined with the Indian Congress and other anti-Communist parties in At the same time the decision was taken to engage in sabotage. Sabo­ opposing the Act and in setting in motion an alliance offorces in which tage broke out in 1961 and a new phase began. What was not antici­ the question of anti-Communism went into the background. It was a pated by the ANC was the enormous repression that would follow. The union of people on the basis of anti-fascism and pro-liberation which is state responded with massive force to sabotage on a very small scale, perhaps quite unique in the world. which was not directed at human life. It was directed at installations of The ANC reacted to the government with a plan of mobilization: the various kinds. Sabotage was meant to be symbolic of the fact that even Defiance Campaign of nonviolent action. I want to underline one aspect a white regime of such strength could be hurt at various points. The of the Defiance Campaign that seems terribly important. That is the rec­ regime reacted by expanding its Special Branch many-fold, by penetrat­ ognition that the regime would not bend to change the repressive legisla­ ing the townships with informants, by buying people at every block to tion which was so fundamental to the question of white supremacy. give information on their neighbors. So a kind of cloud hung over the There was no expectation that the regime would change the pass laws, black people wherever they lived, and the regime seemed to be every­ for example. The expectation rather was that a mass movement would where. I want you to think about that when you read in the newspaper be built, that mobilization would take place-above all, of the African that people are attacked in the townships, sometimes killed in the most (continued on page 2) Dynamics of Resistance (continued from page 1) horrible way. This is the action of a people who are trying to clean their How do you see the ANCs role today? community of informers and agents. Iwould say that the ANC has had atough time. In the mid'-60s the ANC In the '70s we saw a manifestation of the spontaneous generation of was smashed up very severely. The breakdown of the M Plan was due protest and rebellion by young people who had not been members of solely to the torture in South African prisons, when chains of command the ANC, who had not grown up in the tradition of nonviolent resistance. within the M Plan were opened by people who broke down and gave They had not been led by Chief Luthuli, the Nobel Peace Prize winner, information. Hundreds oftop cadres fled the country, lots ofpeople went who for a large part of his life felt that nonviolence was the way forward. through a period of agonizing reassessment. Then came the incursions They had a new approach, and that was to attack the authorities in the into Angola, then Rhodesia and so on, the first attempts to try to revive only way they could, which was riots. The '70s was a period of spontane­ the armed struggle. I think a movement must learn from those defeats. ity, aperiod when to a large extent the ANC was not present as asubstan­ The ANC has had a remarkable record in terms of wise and sophisti­ tial force. The ANC had been substantially repressed so that it could not cated leadership. The ANC is trying very hard to keep its feet on the then give leadership directly to the people. ground at a moment of history when everything is bursting asunder. We come to the '80s and we find the traditions ofthe struggle in South There are so many never-befores. Never before have so many people Africa converging in a particular way. For example, nonviolent defiance. Allan Boesak led amarch of nonviolent protesters on the prison of Nelson Nlandela. He was arrested and is now going to be charged with treason. "The divestment campaign is creating massive A lot of other people have engaged in this kind of mobilized nonviolent action. Nonviolent action is still on the agenda. problems for the regime:' The mobilization element of the '60s when the ANC began with the M Plan is now being put into place. One can't talk about how large it is but certainly the mobilization of a political clandestine force will in some been killed in action, never before have there been so many explosions way be parallel to and lead the struggle as a whole, and is an essential from Umkhonto we Sizwe. Never before have so many people been ingredient of what is going on now. defiant in the streets. Never before has there been such an international And then we get the spontaneity that weve seen on the television outcry. Never before has the New York Times carried an article every day screen, the extraordinary sight of hundreds and hundreds of young about South Africa. When I was last here five years ago people thought people and others who are willing to use what some people refer to as that South Africa was somewhere in the Sahara Desert. Now everybody the hit-and-run guerrilla warfare of the townships. The youngsters are not at least understands something. Never before has the Anglo-American acting in as random a fashion as we are led to believe, but in a parallel Corporation, the cornerstone of the apartheid system economically, with guerrilla warfare which concentrates the maximum amount of force talked with the ANC. on the smallest possible force of the enemy. 'kry often you have the im­ How important is the divestment campaign in the US? pression that large numbers ofyoungsters are acting against small detach­ I think enormously important, and for the reason that South Africa's rul­ ments of the police and at times overwhelming them, frightening them, ing class is not a small neocolonial presence. It's four and a half million creating afeeling that this kind ofblack power in the townships has acer­ strong, very well armed, commanding the whole apparatus of the state. tain legitimacy. So there are three traditions coming together, coupled To think that this structure can be destroyed easily would really be irre­ 'with the armed struggle of the ANC. sponsible. And therefore any divisions that can be created in that struc­ Throughout the history ofthe resistance to apartheid there has been an ture, from whatever source and in whatever direction, are vitally enormous concern on the part of the African people that the world important. I feel, and I think the ANC feels, that the divestment campaign should act with sympathy and understanding ofwhat they're trying to do. is having that effect, is creating massive problems for the regime. Even now as the ANC moves to a tougher policy in which human life is I've just read a report in which the Front-Line States had a meeting, and going to be at stake, it is desperately anxious that it be understood not to they said that all this nonsense about their suffering from sanctions is not be an irresponsible terrorist group which is going to take life wherever it something they would want anyone to take account of. The Front-Line is convenient. It wishes to be seen as a movement which is mobilizing for States, with one exception - Swaziland - back sanctions to the hilt. They a kind of peoples war which will distinguish between a farmer going are willing to take any adverse effects. Really we're moving to a situation about his legitimate business and a farmer who has a walkie-talkie and is where the whole ofAfrica, the whole ofthe OAU, the whole ofthe Front­ able to summon the military at the first sign of a guerrilla - to make these Line States, the whole of the Commonwealth, international opinion ... distinctions, because without them the ANC will never see freedom and all but Mrs. Thatcher, almost, are on the way to sanctions. D the black people will never be free. That claim for legitimacy is terribly important. News Blackout Censorship The news restrictions announced on 2 November by the South African govemrnent Even before the Emergency was proclaimed, the South African have shackled the press even more severely than the censorship apparatus already government had tightened restrictions on news, especially news in place. Not only do they keep reporters, photographers, and TV crews out of the "emergency" areas, but police also exclude them from other areas when "unrest" occurs. about the "unrest:' Information about the numbers, identity, and Reporters have been arrested, attacked with whips, and in at least one case shot in conditions ofthose killed, injured and detained had therefore become the leg. This has made it impossible to establish accurate arrest and casualty figures, even less reliable than usual in recent months. Censorship has been etc., and has rendered the police and troops even less accountable to public opinion. even further tightened in the areas under the Emergency in terms of Regulation 6(1)(i) of the Proclamation, which reads in part as follows: ''The Commissioner of the South African Police or any person acting POLICE REPORTS on his authority may... issue orders ... relating to the control, regulation or prohibition of the announcement, dissemination, distri­ Especially since the State of Emergency, the South African police are bution, taking or sending of any comment on or news in connection the sole source of information on deaths, injuries, demonstrations, with these regulations,. ..or any conduct of a Force or any member etc.-with rare exceptions, where we will state the source. Even local ofa Force regarding the maintenance ofthe safety ofthe public or the police are forbidden to give information, all of which is supposed to public order. . :' [A Force includes the police, SADF, or Prisons be issued by the public relations department of the South African Service.] police. See note on censorship, page 2. 2 Southern Africa News Calendar October and November 1985

The following news items are based primarily on shortwave broadcasts by the British 8 October Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), The \bice of America (VOA), and Radio South Africa (RSA). South Africa - An African man was killed and 11 others injured east of Johannesburg South African and British newspapers are also used. Items are intended to supplement major news sources and are not exhaustive. Because radio reception is sometimes unclear, the spelling ofall when police used shotguns and tear gas to disperse crowds. proper names cannot be guaranteed. Mozambique-Authorities said govemment forces captured two more MNR bases, in Inhambane province. Items relating to political trials and detentions appear in red. South Africa - Police said they shot dead two African men and injured two others in For more comprehensive news about political prisoners in Southern Africa, please see our Crossroads last night. Police also reported incidents of arson and stone-throwing in other bimonthly publication Focus. areas. I October 9 October Angola-Reliable reports said South Africa sent a Portuguese-speaking, mostly black South Africa-A day of prayer against apartheid, organized by church leaders, was battalion into Angola to help UNITA, apparently by securing the UNITA base at jamba. under way. About half the African workers in Durban reportedly stayed away from work, Angola has claimed that it forced UNITAto move its headquarters inside South AfricarKOO­ with similar protests in johannesburg. Bishop Tutu and about 100 parishioners were forced ~,....=:==;;:======; trolled territory; yesterday to leave the Anglican cathedral in johannesburg after reports of a bomb. zoo,... I they accused South Africa Lesotho - The Lesotho govemment claimed that a South African-trained terrorist was of launching an air strike in arrested after a police car chase in Maseru West. which six Angolan helicopters were shot down and 50 soldiers killed. 10 October South Africa - About South Africa - Protests, violence, and killings continued in ghettos, especially near Cape 4,000 students at a rally at Town. Thousands of police and troops took up positions in Soweto. the University of the West­ South Africa-Amnesty Intemational said in an annual report that more than 100 people em Cape decided to retum had been executed in South Africa . .~->+++... II to their schools tomorrow for "altemative programs:' After the meeting, police 11 October fired tear gas and rubber India - Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi criticized Britain's reiterated opposition to sanctions. bullets to disperse a crowd Similar criticism has come from Australian Prime Minister Bob Hawke, zambian President ---_~ of about 200 youths. Police Kenneth Kaunda, Zimbabwean Prime Minister Robert Mugabe, and Commonwealth Secre­ took four lV crews away. tary General Sonny Ramphal. .~;.;;;.;;;;:.:;:.:.::.~ South Africa - The South Africa - Police said an African man was shot dead by police at Crossroads near govemment said it would Cape Town, and that soldiers in the Soweto area killed another man when they fired on a withdraw diplomatic car that drove through a roadblock. immunity from the former Mozambique - South African Foreign Minister "Pik" Botha again visited Iv10zambique to Dutch Embassy building discuss reports that South Africa had been aiding MNR guerrillas. SADF chief Gen. Con­ . BOTSWANA I where Dutch citizen Klaas stand Viljoen had claimed that captured documents supporting these allegations had been .l!!:i!_!!!!!!~~b====::::::!:===~ __ Dejonge had taken refuge, fabricated. .nclearing the way for his rearrest. Dejonge was wanted to stand trial on charges of smuggling arms to the ANC. The 13 October Dutch Foreign Minister said diplomatic immunity could not be lifted unilaterally. [On 5 October authorities said they would not rearrest Dejonge.] Zambia - After two days oftalks, the ANC and South Africa's Progressive Federal Party issued a joint statement urging the need to dismantle apartheid and establish a nonracial and democratic South Africa. Differences were also expressed. 2 October South Africa - Awhite soldier was killed for the first time in the unrest, stabbed to death Zambia - The ANC rejected President Botha's plan to put Africans on the President's in KwaZakele. Police said they found the bumed body of a man near East London. Five Afri­ Council, saying Botha's reforms were meaningless and would only help to perpetuate can policemen were said to be injured in stoning and stabbing attacks. apartheid. 14 October 3 October Mozambique - The govemment claimed to have captured another MNR base, killing at South Africa- Police shot and killed an African man in King William's Town in the East­ least 30 rebels and freeing 80 people, mainly women and children. The remaining rebels em Cape. Incidents of arson, petrol-bombing, and stone-throwing were reported in the reportedly fled into South Africa. Cape, Transvaal, and Natal. South Africa-In Worcester in the Cape, police said they killed a man in an arson attack United Kingdom - ANC President Oliver Tambo spoke to a conference of the Labor and shot dead one of the attackers. In Cape Town, police used tear gas to break up ademon­ Party, saying there should be no worry about the effect of sanctions on South African blacks stration by several hundred pupils outside a school, and arrested several. An African prison because the stomachs of those shot down every day were empty already. officer near Pretoria died after shots were fired into his home.

4 October 15 October South Africa - Two more Africans were killed in clashes with security forces. Police said South Africa - Police said they were investigating the death over the weekend of a one man was killed when troops dispersed a crowd throwing stones in KwaZakele near Port 13-year-old African boy in Atteridgeville outside Pretoria. Relatives said the boy was Elizabeth. Another man died in Guguletu when police fired shotguns at a crowd. Police now punched and kicked by police while on his way to church. [On 25 November the Transvaal said more than a thousand people were being held under emergency regulations. Attorney General directed that a Pretoria police constable be tried for culpable homicide.] United Kingdom-Commonwealth Secretary General Sonny Ramphal said those South Africa - Police confirmed that they shot dead three Coloured youths and seriously countries which had invested most in South Africa had a greater moral responsibility to injured three others during rioting in the Athlone ghetto near Cape Town. Witnesses said impose sanctions, since they were underwriting apartheid. at least four people were killed. After the shootings, hundreds of residents stoned police and army vehicles.

7 October 16 October Lesotho -lLAguerrillas were bombarding Maseru from positions on the South African South Africa - The day after police shot dead at least three Coloured youths, vehicles side of the border. lesotho said the LLA was being manipulated by the SADF. were set on fire in Cape Town ghettos, and students held protest meetings and marches. United Nations-The Security Council unanimously condemned South Africa's raid Demonstrators at police headquarters were dispersed with riot batons, and some streets into southern Angola, describing it as "premeditated and unprovoked aggression:' It criti­ were barricaded. The deaths occurred when police hidden in containers on the back of a cized South Africa for using Namibia as a base for such attacks. railway car jumped out and fired on a crowd throwing stones. 3 UnitedKingdom - Prime Minister Thatcher sent a letter to the Front-Line States explain­ funds for trade missions or exhibitions. It was decided to send a small group of eminent ing Britain's position on sanctions. 1vIrs. Thatcher reportedly indicated that Britain would not people to South Africa to encourage negotiation. If progress was not made within six bailout the economies of the Front-Line States if they were struck by South African retaliation months other measures would be considered, including a ban on air links, new investment, to sanctions. and food imports. South Africa - Apoll covering 1,000 people indicated that 64% of South African whites believed that South Africa would never be ruled by a black government. Of the 72 % who 21 October were Afrikaans speakers, all were convinced that blacks would never rule. South Africa- People in the IvIalay quarter of Cape Town burned and smashed vehicles. Bahamas-N the Commonwealth Conference, Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi Police reported widespread incidents of arson, stone-throwing, and petrol-bombing called for immediate and comprehensive mandatory sanctions. throughout the \\estern Cape. There were unconfirmed reports that three people were South Africa - Police said they shot and killed two African men at Crossroads when a killed in Soweto in fighting between migrant workers and Meadowlands residents. Police police patrol was pelted with stones and fire-bombs. Rve others were wounded including in the Cape had brought in new riot equipment including water cannons, a helicopter, and a five-year-Steve Biko before his tutional change within six months. He wamed that if South Africa were to withhold its death in 1977, was permanently stru::k from the South African medical roll. exports of chromium, one million Americans would lose their jobs.

17 October 22 October South Africa - Police confirmed the death of a 14-year-Port Elizabeth. dialogue. Sanctions, to which Britain also agreed, included a ban on all government loans South Africa- Police used whips, dogs, and water cannons to disperse anti-apartheid to South Africa as well on the importation of Krugerrands, and the denial of all government 4 protesters and journalists in the center of Cape Town. Police sprayed water colored with purple dye on a crowd of protesters and passersby on Adderley Street. Later they moved dents passed a resolution condemning "public hysteria" about the role of foreign newsmen. in with dogs and sjamboks which they used to clear the sidewalks. Police threatened and They warned that a news vacuum would develop in which rurnors and distortions would arrested several camera crews and one policeman attacked a cameraman with a whip and prevail, and called on their governments to make strong protests. apparently attempted to strangle him. United Kingdom-An estimated 100,000 people took part in an anti-apartheid rally in London. Scuffles broke out outside the South African Embassy, five policernen were 25 October slightly hurt, and rnore than 140 people arrested. The Rev. jesse jackson strongly con­ South Africa-In a series of dawn raids in the Cape Town area, police arrested almost dernned P.W. Botms press restrictions, saying, "Television did not create apartheid. It has ex­ the entire local leadership ofthe UDF, as well as tead1ers, students, trade union workers, and posed apartheid:' Oliver Tambo said that trying to stop the reporting of events would not clergymen. Rfty arrests were confirmed and there were reports that more than 100 people make thern go away. were being held. . 3 November 26 October South Africa- The Anglo-American Corporation admitted that some mining installations had systems to pump tear gas into administration offices and some other buildings in the South Africa- An Australian cricket team arrived in johannesburg after a circuitous event ofunrest. The allegations were first made by former Australian Prime Minister Malcolm joumey via Singapore and Frankfurt in order to avoid demonstrators. The cricketers were reportedly receiving over $100,000 apiece to play. Fraser. South Africa - Nelson Mandela underwent an operation in aCape Town hospital for the South Africa - The State of Emergency was extended to Cape Town and surrounding removal of an enlarged prostate gland. An earlier operation had shown that Mandela also areas including eight magisterial districts, and authorities advised motorists in the area to had cysts on his liver and right kidney. wear crash helmets. Police said they shot dead a rioter in Guguletu and another in a ghetto outside the new emergency area. A UDF official said the extension of the State of Emer­ South Africa- Defying agovernment ban, the Cape Times published an interview with gency showed that Botha could not govern the country. Newsrnen were prevented from ANC President Oliver Tambo. The paper's editor said Tambo was remarkably rnoderate, a entering Guguletu to cover funerals of unrest victims. "reluctant revolutionary" Tarnbo declared his support for the ANCs campaign of violence against the South African government but added that there was always the possibility of a South Africa - The New York Times reported that more than 65 people had been killed truce if negotiations began. He stressed that Nelson Mandela and other political leaders in the Western Cape area over the past two months, and at least 50 in the last 12 days. Four must be released from jail. journalists, including Sheila Rule, a Times correspondent, and two members of a CBS news crew were held by police for three and a half hours. 4 November 27 October South Africa - A magistrate substantially relaxed the bail conditions on Allan Boesak, enabling him to resume his role in the campaign against apartheid. The magistrate described South Africa - Two men were killed near Port Elizabeth when police fired on a crowd Boesak as a man of high political morals and said the ban on his giving interviews, holding stoning a police patrol. Another man died in a similar incident in Langa. Police said two meetings, and other activities should be dropped. policemen were injured by gunfire in Beaufort West. South Africa- Seeking to boost its export trade, the government established an office South Africa - Police in Cape Town banned more than 100 anti-apartheid organiza­ for "non-conventional trade" to channel goods through other countries before they reach tions from holding meetings. They also introduced six new measures to combat school boy­ their destination. Officials denied it was a response to boycotts of South African goods. cotts, including an order to pupils to be in their classes or at home during school hours. Mozambique - The government reported killing over 200 MNR guerrillas and wiping out eight bases in the last three months in Nampula Province. 28 October South Africa - The government ordered the withdrawal of Allan Boesak's passport, South Africa - Police said they found two bodies, bringing to eight the number ofpeople overturning a magistrate's ruling that it should be returned to him. Boesak's passport was killed in weekend violence. confiscated six weeks ago as part of his bail conditions. Boesak said the government's move Namibia - A court sentenced two South African conscripts to prison terms of 15 and 22 displayed contempt for the courts. years for killing a Namibian civilian. The judge said they didn't receive death sentences only ~use of their age; each was aged 19. They were convicted ofshooting an unarmed man 6 November more than 30 times after he was arrested in a counterinsurgency operation. South Africa- Two more Africans died in overnight violence near Cape Town, in one of the areas affecting by new regulations virtually banning 30 October foreign reporters. Mozambique - Two Jesuit priests abducted nearly a South Africa - Police reported that another seven Africans were killed in overnight week ago by MNR guerrillas were found dead in Tete violence. province. United Kingdom - Proposals to stop oil shipments to South Africa were discussed at a South Africa- The body of a soldier was found in two-day conference sponsored by the UN Special Committee against Apartheid and by Mitd1ell's Plain. A man was said to have been stabbed to maritime unions from more than seven countries. death east of Cape Town while trying to detain a youth in South Africa -In by-elections, the ruling Nationalist Party lost one seat to the extreme connection with earlier stoniflgs of police. right-wing HNp, and had its majority in four other seats greatly reduced. South Africa- Speaking in Athlone ghetto, the Rev. Allan Boesak sharply attacked the govemment's clampdown on 31 October news coverage, saying this was done so that security forces could kill people in peace and there would be no record of South Africa - Police in Cape Town arrested at least 56 more people under new emer­ it. He said, "Our children are targets for trigger-happy gency regulations, in a series of raids on anti-apartheid organizations. policemen:' Athlone residents placed candles in their yards in Namibia - The International Confederation of Trade Unions said that Narnibian security memory of recent victims of violence. Allan Boesak forces had occupied all major trade union offices and arrested all union officials in a clamp­ Mozambique - The Executive Secretary of SADCC said SADCC supported sanctions down on the country's labor movement. against South Africa, despite the harmful effects these would have on member states. 1 November South Africa -In a big "crime prevention exercise;' police and troops carried out 7 November random searches of Africans arriving for work from Soweto. Police armed with pistols, UnitedKingdom - A meeting was held in the House ofCommons to launch acampaign whips, and batons took up positions on nearly all the street corners while the army mounted against Consolidated Gold Fields, a British mining company in South Africa. Labor !VIP three-man foot patrols. Donald Anderson criticized the company for discriminatory wages and for breaking a South Africa - Following accusations by P.W. Botha yesterday, foreign joumalists recent strike through intimidation and threats to send workers to the bantustans. accused the government of a smear campaign against them. The Southem Africa Foreign Mozambique - MNR rebels raided "green belt" areas near Maputo this week, abduct­ Correspondents' Association said it was absurd to think that they could or would have ing 13 civilians and stealing food, clothing, and medicine. started or encouraged social conflict in which nearly 800 people had been killed and over a third of the population placed under a State of Emergency. South Africa- Anthony Heard, editor ofthe Cape Times, was arrested under the Internal Security Act for quoting Oliver Tambo in an interview. The magistrate said that further charges would follow. Heard was released without bail until 9 December. He said he was 2 November willing to risk prison for freedom of expression in the press. South Africa - The government announced extensive restrictions on coverage ofanti­ apartheid activities, including a ban on TV equipment, still cameras, and radio equipment 8 November in emergency areas during unrest. journalists violating the restrictions faced fines of up to South Africa- Winnie Mandela said she would defy a government order to return to £6,000 and sentences of up to ten years. After an emergency meeting, foreign correspon- 5 internal exile. She left her Brandfort home in August after it was attacked with petrol bombs, and has been living illegally in Soweto and travelling to Cape Town to visit her husband in of applying electric shock to their hands, feet, and genitals, beating them with whips and the hospital. gun butts, suffocating them with towels impregnated with tear gas, neglecting their medical South Africa - The Port Elizabeth consumer boycott was suspended for two weeks to problems, and using psychological torture. The action was brought against senior police allow business leaders to put pressure on the govemment. The boycott was launched to de­ officers and Cabinet Ministers, including Law and Order Minister Louis leGrange. mand the release of imprisoned black activists, the end of the State of Emergency, and the South Africa - The hunger strike of 30 to 40 political prisoners in the Cape was joined removal of troops from ghettos. Two boycott leaders were detained last week, released and by more than 200 other prisoners protesting their incarceration for more than 14 days. Some then redetained 24 hours later. prisoners said that detainees were being denied visits, recreation, essential medication, and United Nations-The Rev. Jesse Jackson denounced the Reagan Administration's idea toiletries. They condemned a decision by the authorities to stop releasing the names of de­ of giving secret aid to the UNITA rebels, attributing the proposal to the CIA and the National tainees, saying "\Ale feel that our 1<:Ned ones could disappear without a trace:' Security Council. He pointed out that the plan, which would channel $200 to $300 million France - The French Prime Minister instructed state-owned energy companies not to of military aid to UNITA, is an attempt to overthrow the Angolan government. renew their coal contracts with South Africa when they ran out. Namibia - Security forces claimed to have killed six SWAPO guerrillas and captured a 9 November seventh after guerrillas shelled a military base in western Ovambo. Two members of the South Africa - Harry Oppenheimer, the former chair of the AngloAmerican Corpora­ security forces were slightly injured. tion, said that commercial districts should be opened up and property rights extended to all races, pass laws ended, the education system changed, and credible negotiations on 14 November power-sharing organized with the ANC, among other groups. United Nations-South Africa presented the UN with proposals for an electoral USA - While formally accepting the credentials of South African ambassador Herbert system for Namibia using proportional representation. Beukes, President Reagan told him that South Africa should begin negotiations for a politi­ cal system based on the consent of all. United Kingdom - British TV broadcast a film purporting to show Defense Ministry employees demonstrating "anti-terrorist" equipment in South Africa contrary to strict British laws. The Ministry said it was making inquiries.

TRIALS AND DETENTIONS ARE CONTINUING! 15 November Over the years lOAF has paid for the legal defense of more South Africa - Two groups ofAfrican men numbering about 150 fought a pitched bat­ than 10,000 prisoners accused of pol itical "crimes;' at a cost of tle near Pietermaritzburg, causing one death and many injuries. The groups were said to be over nine million dollars. It has also provided humanitarian dismissed factory workers and "scabs" who took their jobs. United Nations - Britain and the US vetoed a Security Council resolution calling for aid for the fami lies of tens of thousands of political detainees. mandatory sanctions against South Africa for its continued occupation of Namibia. France Please help us in this work by mailingacontribution to lOAF, abstained. p.o. Box 17, Cambridge, MA 02138. All contributions are tax­ deductible. 16 November South Africa - Eight hundred nurses were fired from Baragwanath Hospital after striking for better pay and conditions. They were detained by police and later released but must SouthAfrica - ANC President OliverTambo said that as opposition to apartheid grows, appear in court later this month. Doctors described the hospital situation as chaotic, with time is running out for traditional solutions. He said the new restrictions imposed on the press only emergency cases being admitted. were intended to push the ugly reality ofapartheid violence out of sight, but that apartheid would not drop out of world politics. 18 November 10 November South Africa - Police said they shot dead four African men during a night ofdemonstra­ tions in Queenstown near East London. Nine people were now reported killed over the South Africa - A letter used by the govemment in support of press restrictions was weekend. Several policemen and at least eight Africans were injured and a number of revealed as a fake. The writer of the letter, published by the London Daily Telegraph, arrests made. claimed to have seen a foreign TV crew encouraging students to riot. Denmark- Danish trade unions began an 11-week boycott of trade with South Africa, United Kingdom - ANC President Oliver Tambo strongly criticized the British govem­ to remain in effect until 31 January 1986. ment for refusing to hold talks with the ANC until it renounced violence. He also criticized suggestions that South Africa's future lay in a federal system, saying the only acceptable sys­ Angola - President Kaunda of zambia and President Dos Santos of Angola said that if tem was "one man, one vote:' the US decided to aid the UNITA rebels, this would be illegal. South Africa - Detainees at Pollsmoor Prison, including 30 women, Lutheran minister Gottfried Kraatz and Congregational minister Robert Peterson, went on hunger strike. Seven other detainees at Oudtshoorn prison began a hunger strike on 6 November. The hunger 19 November strikers were said to be demanding the unconditional release of all those held under emer­ South Africa- Police said they shot dead three Africans in demonstrations in Leandra gency powers, the release of several trade unionists held under the lntemal Security Act, and ghetto 50 miles east ofJohannesburg. The demonstrations were over the impending eviction lawyers for all those detained. of about 600 people living in shacks near the main road. Reports of a fourth death, of a woman shot by a white store-owner, had not been confirmed by police. At least 16 people South Africa - The Manpower tvlinister denied that there was any immediate plan to re­ patriate foreign workers, but indicated that contingency plans were fairly well advanced. had been killed in the last three days. President Botha has wamed that repatriation would be considered in the event ofsanctions. South Africa- Troops took over essential services at Baragwanath Hospital after the An estimated 1Y2 million foreign black workers work in South Africa, of whom only arrest of700 auxiliary workers over the weekend and the dismissal of 1,100 other staff mem­ 350,000 are legally employed. bers who struck over a pay dispute. Troops began evicting hundreds of dismissed workers. United Nations-At the start of a three-day debate on Namibia, SWAPO Secretary General Andimba Toivo ja Toivo strongly criticized the US and Britain for vetoing last 11 November week's call for sanctions against South Africa. He said the mineral wealth and profits they South Africa - The home of acivil rights worker in Cape Town was petrol-bombed and derived from South Africa and Namibia were more important to them than the lives ofblack a family car destroyed by fire. Authorities said 57 people were arrested in Mamelodi near people. Pretoria after outbreaks of stone-throwing and arson. 20 November South Africa - Police said at least six people were stabbed to death and a number 13 November injured in a clash between more than 2,000 Zulu and Pondo tribesmen at a shantytown South Africa-Rashid Saloojee, 52, the Transvaal President of the UDF, was released near Durban. Other reports put the number ofdead at almost double the official figure. Ob­ from detention after being hospitalized for depression last month. Four white detainees­ servers blamed the violence on social problems such as high unemployment. Auret van Heerden, Simon Ratcliff, Neil Coleman, and Iv\orris Smithers-were also released South Africa-At least three people were killed and several injured when police dis­ after being detained for several months under the State of Emergency. They were confined persed thousands ofpeople on aprotest march in Marnelodi. Witnesses spoke of as many to Johannesburg and barred from taking part in trade-union or other political organizations, as ten dead. Some reporters were ordered out of the area of unrest, although Mamelodi is or preparing any publication criticizing government policy. not under emergency regulations. Fighting broke out and buildings were set on fire. South Africa - Detainees, their relatives, and an Anglican priest from Soweto applied to South Africa - Police said they had forgotten to announce that they shot dead five the Supreme Court to restrain police from assaulting detainees at Sowetds Protea police African men during clashes early this week in Mlungisi ghetto near Queenstown. It was be­ station and at Diepkloof prison in Johannesburg. Former detainees accused security police 6 lieved the number killed in nationwide unrest since 15 November was close to 30. 21 November 27 November USA - The Rev. Beyers Naude was awarded the Robert F. Kennedy human rights award South Africa- A! a news conference on recent police shootings, Mamelodi residents at Georgetown University. The $50,000 award was also given to Winnie lviandela and the insisted that police fired on them without serious provocation. They said victims were shot Rev. Allan Boesak, who were prevented from attending the ceremony. Naude said apart­ in the back while fleeing tear gas, and that besides the 13 heid could not be reformed, only removed, and said, "If it refuses to be removed, it must people killed, ten more were paralyzed. be destroyed:' South Africa- Residents of ghettos near lviamelodi said South Africa - President Botha described as "utter nonsense" rumors that Nelson they would boycott white-owned shops for all of December lviandela was aboutto be freed.lviandela had not been retumed to prison from hospital fol­ in protest against the police killings there. lowing his operation early this month. South Africa- Foreign Minister "Pik" Botha reacted to Angola - The UNITA rebels said their forces had captured all the members of the recent land mine explosions near the Zimbabwe border Benguela provincial govemment except the gO\lemor, and that other provincial offidals which wounded four soldiers and a dvilian by waming were killed in an operation on 11 November, the amiversary of Angola's independence Zimbabwe that it must keep its territory from being used by from Portugal. ANC guerrillas. He said South African forces would cross the border if the explosions continued. The use of Zimbabwe as 22 November an ANC base or transit route has been very rare. South Africa -ANC members Joseph Boitomelo Leepile, 26, and Justice lviafa Ngidi, 31, George Crockett United Nations-A report drafted by a commission were sentenced in the Rand Supreme Court to six and eight years respectively for treason. comprised of representatives from Egypt, Australia, and Peru Half the sentences were conditionally suspended. Both were convicted last week after they said South African raids on Angola had caused material damage of about $36 million. changed their pleas to guilty. They called on South Africa to provide full compensation, and said international aid was also needed to relieve the suffering caused. South Africa- Police now said that 13 Africans were killed in clashes on 21 November (~) in lviamelodi. Previously they had said that only two people were killed when riot police USA - Congressman George W. Crockett, Jr. was chosen as the first recipient of fired on demonstrators who allegedly bombarded them with petrol bombs and bricks. Wit­ the $25,000 Nelson lviandela Award for work in human rights. Crockett will accept the nesses said that several people were trampled underfoot by the retreating crowd and left for award at a ceremony on 25 lviay, the Q\U's Africa Day. He is spearheading a campaign for dead. Residents said the police action was entirely unprovoked. the release of lviandela and other political prisoners. South Africa - Speaking after Nelson lviandela met with his lawyers, Winnie lviandela dismissed the idea that her husband might accept release from prison in return for an agree­ 28 November ment to live in exile. lviandela was returned to prison from his hospital. South Africa- An African farm worker was reported killed when his tractor was blown France - The state-<>wned Renault auto company ended its assembly operation in up by a land mine near the Zimbabwe borcler. This was the fifth land mine to explode in South Africa, blaming the "severe deterioration" of the South African economy, the same the area in the past two days. reason given by the privately owned Peugeot company which announced its own pullout South Africa - Police said they shot dead an African at the ghetto of Mitchell's Plain on 20 November. near Cape Town and wounded another. Two Coloured men were shot and wounded in other ghettos. A! KwaZakele near Port Elizabeth police fired shotguns when their vehicle was attacked, wounding an African man. Hundreds of thousands of people near Cape Town 24 November took part in a candlelight vigil organized by the UDF. South Africa - Police said that three more people were killed in another night of wide­ South Africa- Police said there was an unsuccessful rocket attack on a big oil-from­ spread protest, including a three-year-old African girl burned to death in an arson attack. Her coal installation east of Johannesburg. Police said they later intercepted and killed three sus­ mother, an alleged police infonner, suffered serious bums. Two bodies \vere found in the E. pected guerrillas in a gun battle near the border of Swaziland. Oil from coal is South Africa's Cape. Demonstrations were reported in more than 30 areas, and more than 150 people only domestic source of oil. were arrested. South Africa- A new hunger strike was staged by some 400 prisoners at Diepkloof South Africa - The UDF, PFP, and Catholic bishops called for an inquiry into police kill­ prison near Soweto. The detainees were reportedly asking that the State of Emergency be ings in lviamelodi. The City Press compared the killings to the Uitenhage massacre in lviarch. lifted, all political prisoners and detainees released, and the SADF withdrawn from ghettos. Zambia - two South Africa - ~Il-placed sources said some in the govemment had been sending sig­ After days of talks between US and Angolan officials, US State Depart­ nals that they wanted to talk to the ANC. Some gO\lemment offidals allegedly signalled their ment official Chester Crocker said some progress had been made on the gradual withdrawal intention to release not only Nelson lviandela but all political prisoners but indicated they of Cuban troops from Angola and independence for Namibia. Angola's Foreign Minister were having difficulty working out a face-saving formula for this. The regime later denied agreed that some progress had been made, but said his government would not accept these reports. American attempts to drag the UNITA rebels into the negotiations. Zimbabwe - South Africa - The New York Times reported that a total of 155 people were arrested The Front-Line States condemned in "the strongest terms" South Africa's around the country, including 99 in Soweto. The Times also said the total number of people waming that its forces would "pursue" insurgents into Zimbabwe if necessary. The Zambian killed since September 1984 was "about 875:' Foreign Minister said South Africa was trying to divert attention from its internal racial problems. South Africa-A! least three people were reported killed in an explosion following a 25 November clash between police and gunmen in a house at Tlhabane near Rustenburg in the Bophu­ United Kingdom - The members of a Commonwealth delegation of "eminent persons" thatswana bantustan. to promote negotiations in South Africa were anl1Ol.l1Ced in London. They included former British Chancellor of the Excheq.Jer Anthony Barber; the President of the Wlrld Council of Churches, Dame Nita Barrow; former Australian Prime Minister lvialcolm Fraser; fonner 29 November Nigerian head of state Gen. Olusegun Obasanjo; former Tanzanian Foreign Minister John South Africa- A large and powerful trade union federation was founded by delegates lvialecela; fonner Indian government Minister Sardar Swaran Singh; and the Primate of the to a meeting in Durban. The new Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU) Anglican Church of Canada, Archbishop Edward Stott. will represent more than 500,000 workers from over 30 unions, including the National Union of Mineworkers, the Federation of South African Trade Unions, the Food and Canning South Africa-Authorities announced that they would withdraw their prosecution WJrkers Union, and about 23 unions affiliated with the UDF. The new federation has against Allan Boesak and 18 other UDF members for crossing a police barricade and enter­ adopted nonracial principles, and their members said they would bum their passbooks if ing a ghetto without permission. Boesak and several UDF members still faced treason pass laws were not repealed within six months. charges. South Africa- Police said an African man was killed and another injured during an"anti­ crime" operation by about 1,000 troops and police in Crossroads settlement. Police in 26 November Cape Town meanwhile prevented about 2,000 African youths from gathering for a protest United Nations-The Nonaligned countries urged the march. Witnesses said the police used whips to disperse those who reached the city center. US not to help the UNITA rebels in Angola. They warned ' that any American involvement in Angola's intemal affairs would be considered a hostile act against the Q\u. David POLICE REPORTS Rockefeller meanwhile said aid to UNITA would create "intolerable risks; and 101 US Members of Congress went on Especially since the State of Emergency, the South African police are record against it. the sole source of information on deaths, injuries, demonstrations, South Africa - The readers of the Johannesburg Star etc. - with rare exceptions, where we will state the source. Even local voted as Wlrnan ofthe 'rear a young doctor who won a court police are forbidden to give information, all of which is supposed to injunction preventing security forces from assaulting detain­ ees held in Port Elizabeth. Dr. ~ndy Orr was the first be issued by the public relations department of the South African government-€mployed doctor to present evidence police. See note on censorship, page 2. supporting widespread allegations of police maltreatment. Wendy Orr 7 SouthAfrica-TheANCsaid its guerrillas carried outyesterday's attacks on two oil refin­ Acronyms and Abbreviatzons ------eries and severalland-mine attacks near the Zirrbabwe border. The ANC denied a South African government acrusation that the guerrillas had infiltrated from Zimbabwe, saying ANC - African National Congress AWB - Afrikaner ~"tandsbeweging or Afrikaner Resistance Movement, a group of radical right-wing South their units were based inside South Africa. Africans. South Africa-Uiw and Order Minister Louis leGrange announced that police units Azapo - Azanian People's Organization undertaking border duty would be replaced by troops so as to relieve policemen who have BCM - Black Consciousness Movement been combatting unrest. He said that since Septerrber 1984, 27 policemen had been killed BCP - Basutoland Congress Party Broederbond - a politically powerful secret society of right-wing Afrikane" and the homes of 550 destroyed. Contact Group - the Westem mediating group on Namibian independence, made up of the US, France, UK, West Germany and Canada COSAS - Council of South African Students 30 November DTA - Democratic Tumhalle Alliance South Africa - Nelson and Winnie Mandela were awarded the $100,000 Third World fEe - European Economic Community Prize for their efforts to end apartheid. The prize is given annually by the London-based FLS - Front-Line States: Angola, Botswana, Mozambique, Tanzania, zambia and Zimbabwe Third World Foundation for Social and Economic Studies. FOSATU - Federation of South African Trade Unions Fre/imo - Mozambique Liberation Front, the ruling party Zimbabwe-Security Minister Emmerson Munangagwa denied giving the ANC mili­ HNP - l-lerstigte Nasionale Party, an extreme right-wing Afrikaner party tary help, and said that Zimbabwe was prepared to defend itself ifattacked by South Africa. IMF - Intemational Monetary Fund He said South Africa had been "itching" to invade Zimbabwe since its independence in LLA - Lesotho liberation Army, the military wing of the exiled BCP 1980. MACWUSA - Motor Assemble,,' and Component Worke,,' Union MNR - fv10zambiqJe National Resistance MPC - Multi-Party Conference, a group of "intemal parties" (excluding SWAPO) backed by South Africa as an in- terim government for Namibia MPLA - Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola, the ruling party News Blackout MWASA - Media Worke" Association of South Africa, a black trade union N/S - Nationallritelligence Service [South Africa] The news restrictions announced on 2 November by the South African government NUSAS - National Union of South African Students OAU - Organization of African Unity have shackled the press even more severely than the censorship apparatus already PAC - Pan-Africanist Congress in place. Not only do they keep reporters, photographers, and TV crews out of the PFP - Progressive Federal Party, the official South African opposition party "emergency" areas, but police also exclude them from other areas when "unrest" occurs. SAAWU - South African Allied Worke" Union Reporters have been arrested, attacked with whips, and in at least one case shot in SACC - 30uth African Council of Churches the leg. This has made it impossible to establish accurate arrest and casualty figures, SACTU - South African Congress of Trade Unions SADCC - Southem Africa Development Coordination Conference etc., and has rendered the police and troops even less accountable to public opinion. SADF - South African Defense Force SAPA - South African Press Association SWAPO - South West Africa People's Organization lOAF has three objectives: (1) to aid, defend and rehabilitate the victims of unjust legisla­ SWATF - South West Africa Territorial Force tion and oppressive and arbitrary procedures, (2) to support their families and depen­ UN/TA - National Union for the Total Independence of Angola dents, (3) to keep the conscience of the world alive to the issues at stake. UN Resolution 435 - a Security Council resolution calling for a ceasefire in Namibia and the withdrawal of South African troops. The UN Transitional Assistance Group (UNTAG), which would include UN peacekeeping troops, lOAF News Notes is published bimonthly by the United States Committee ofthe Inter­ would be stationed in Namibia in preparation for elections to be held under UN supervision. national Defense and Aid Fund for Southern Africa, P.D. Box 17, Cambridge, Massachu­ ZANU - Zimbabwe African National Union, the ruling party setts 02138. President: Mia Adjali, Executive Director: Kenneth N. Carstens. News Notes ZAPU - Zimbabwe African People's Union Zipra - Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army, the military wing of ZAPU Editor: Geoffrey Wisner. Contributors for this issue: Kenneth Carstens. One South African rand (Rl.OO) equals approximately 37¢ Photos and map: Africa News, Episcopal Church People for a Free Southern Africa, The Other Side, Star.

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