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1 Frankincense, Myrrh, and Balm of Gilead HORTICULTURAL REVIEWS Volume 39 Horticultural Reviews is sponsored by: American Society of Horticultural Science International Society for Horticultural Science Editorial Board, Volume 39 Thomas M. Gradziel Kim E. Hummer Paolo Inglese HORTICULTURAL REVIEWS Volume 39 edited by Jules Janick Purdue University Copyright Ó 2012 by Wiley-Blackwell. All rights reserved. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey. Published simultaneously in Canada. Wiley-Blackwell is an imprint of John Wiley & Sons, formed by the merger of Wiley’s global Scientific, Technical, and Medical business with Blackwell Publishing. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400, fax 978-750-4470, or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, 201-748-6011, fax 201-748-6008, or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permission. Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. For general information on our other products and services or for technical support, please contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at 877-762-2974, outside the United States at 317-572-3993 or fax 317- 572-4002. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic formats. For more information about Wiley products, visit our web site at www.wiley.com. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data ISBN 978-1-118-09678-9 (cloth) ISSN 0163-7851 Printed in the United States of America 10987654321 Contents Contributors ix Dedication: Kim E. Hummer xi Joseph Postman 1. Frankincense, Myrrh, and Balm of Gilead: Ancient Spices of Southern Arabia and Judea 1 Shimshon Ben-Yehoshua, Carole Borowitz, and Lumı´r Ondrej Hanusˇ I. Spices and the Spice Trade 3 II. Frankincense 27 III. Myrrh 39 IV. Balm of Gilead 47 V. Future Prospects 64 Literature Cited 66 2. Advances in the Biology and Management of Monosporascus Vine Decline and Wilt of Melons and Other Cucurbits 77 Roni Cohen, Shimon Pivonia, Kevin M. Crosby, and Ray D. Martyn I. Introduction 79 II. Pathogen Biology and Taxonomy 81 III. Infection, Colonization, and Epidemiology 87 IV. Disease Management 94 V. Summary 105 VI. Epilogue 108 Literature Cited 110 v vi CONTENTS 3. Ornamental Grasses in the United States 121 Mary Hockenberry Meyer I. Introduction 122 II. Case for Ornamental Grasses in the Landscape 123 III. Production and Culture 138 IV. Invasiveness 142 V. Special Uses 144 VI. Summary and Future Needs 146 Literature Cited 147 4. Mediterranean Stone Pine: Botany and Horticulture 153 Sven Mutke, Rafael Calama, Santiago C. Gonzalez-Martı ´nez, Gregorio Montero, F. Javier Gordo, David Bono, and Luis Gil I. Introduction 155 II. Botany 167 III. Horticulture 182 IV. Concluding Remarks 192 Literature Cited 193 5. Pointed Gourd: Botany and Horticulture 203 Sanjeev Kumar and B. D. Singh I. Introduction 204 II. Botany 208 III. Horticulture 218 IV. Future Prospects 231 Literature Cited 232 6. Physiology and Functions of Fruit Pigments: An Ecological and Horticultural Perspective 239 Willem J. Steyn I. Introduction 240 II. Fruit Pigments 241 III. Color and Color Vision 242 IV. Prevalence of Different Fruit Colors and Disperser Syndromes 244 V. Functions of Fruit Colors/Pigments 246 CONTENTS vii VI. Departure from the Link Among Color, Maturity, and Quality 256 VII. Environmental Conditions and Fruit Color 259 VIII. Conclusions 261 Literature Cited 263 7. Ginger: Botany and Horticulture 273 V. A. Parthasarathy, V. Srinivasan, R. R. Nair, T. John Zachariah, A. Kumar, and D. Prasath I. Introduction 276 II. Taxonomy, Morphology, and Cytology of Ginger 280 III. Genetic Diversity and Improvement 303 IV. Biotechnology 309 V. Horticulture 323 VI. Pests and Diseases 338 VII. Postharvest Processing 353 VIII. Conclusion 365 Literature Cited 366 8. Annatto: Botany and Horticulture 389 Freddy Leal and Claret Michelangeli de Clavijo I. Introduction 390 II. Botany 394 III. Plant Genetics Resources and Breeding 401 IV. Horticulture 405 V. Future Prospects 410 Literature Cited 411 Subject Index 421 Cumulative Subject Index 423 Cumulative Contributor Index 451 Contributors Shimshon Ben-Yehoshua, Emeritus, Department of Postharvest Science, Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Bet Dagan, 50250 Israel David Bono, IRTA Torre Marimo´n, 08140 Caldes de Montbui, Barcelona, Spain Carole Borowitz, Bet Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, 69027 Israel Rafael Calama, CIFOR-INIA, 28040 Madrid, Spain Roni Cohen, Agricultural Research Organization, Newe Yaar Research Center, P.O. Box 1021, Ramat Yishay, 30095 Israel Kevin M. Crosby, Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA Luis Gil, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain Santiago C. Gonzalez-Mart ınez, CIFOR-INIA, 28040 Madrid, Spain F. Javier Gordo, Junta de Castilla y Leo´n, 47071 Valladolid, Spain A. Kumar, Indian Institute of Spices Research, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, P.B. No. 1701, P.O. Marikunnu, Calicut, Kerala, 673 012 India Sanjeev Kumar, Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, PO Jakhini-Shahanshah- pur, Varanasi 221 305, India Freddy Leal, Facultad de Agronomıa, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Apar- tado 4736, Maracay, Aragua, Venezuela Ray D. Martyn, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, 915 W. State Street, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA Mary Hockenberry Meyer, Department of Horticultural Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA Claret Michelangeli de Clavijo, Centro de Investigaciones en Biotecnologıa Agrıcola, Facultad de Agronomıa, Universidad Central de Venezuela,Apartado Postal 4579, Maracay, Aragua, Venezuela Gregorio Montero, CIFOR-INIA, 28040 Madrid, Spain Sven Mutke, CIFOR-INIA, 28040 Madrid, Spain R. R. Nair, Indian Institute of Spices Research, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, PB No. 1701, PO Marikunnu, Calicut, Kerala, 673 012 India Lumır Ondrej Hanus, Institute of Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Ein Kerem, Jerusalem, 91120 Israel ix x CONTRIBUTORS V. A. Parthasarathy, Indian Institute of Spices Research, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, P.B.No. 1701, P.O. Marikunnu, Calicut, Kerala, 673 012 India Shimon Pivonia, Arava Research and Development, Sapir Mobile Post, Arava, 86825 Israel Joseph Postman, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Corvallis, 97333 Oregon, USA D. Prasath, Indian Institute of Spices Research, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, PB No. 1701, PO Marikunnu, Calicut, Kerala, 673 012 India B. D. Singh, School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221 005 India V. Srinivasan, Indian Institute of Spices Research, Indian Council of Agricul- tural Research, P.B. No. 1701, P.O. Marikunnu, Calicut, Kerala, 673 012 India Willem J. Steyn, Department of Horticultural Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602 South Africa T. John Zachariah, Indian Institute of Spices Research, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, PB No. 1701, PO Marikunnu, Calicut, Kerala, 673 012 India Kim E. Hummer Dedication: Kim E. Hummer Volume 39 of Horticultural Reviews is dedicated to Dr. Kim E. Hummer, who has brought tireless enthusiasm to the vital work of conserving plant genetic resources and the very important biological and historical information they represent. Kim is research leader for the USDA Agricultural Resource Service gene banks in Corvallis, Oregon, and Palmer, Alaska. She has been a steward for the world’s cultivated and wild diversity of many temperate fruit, nut, and other specialty crops for nearly three decades. Her research on genetics and germplasm, international collaborations, plant expeditions and exchanges, and release of new cultivated varieties have expanded the world’s access to rare plant materials and improved not only our food security but also our ability to study and enjoy the unique diversity of these crops. Kim’s strategic charac- terization of adaptive traits, such as disease resistance, and establishment of test plantings in geographic locations that push the traditional limits of production have encouraged the exciting expansion of horticultural industries and the cultivation of previously
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