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American Indian Language Arts Traditions and Contributions

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American Indian Language Arts Traditions and Contributions Portland Public Schools Geocultural Baseline Essay Series American Indian Language Arts Traditions and Contributions by Chris R. Landon Portland Public Schools American Indian Baseline Essays 1993 Biographical Sketch Chris Landon served in the Portland Public Schools as American Indian Resource Specialist from 1989 to 1993. Educated at the University of Washington (B.A. in General and Interdisciplinary Studies, M.Ed. in Curriculum and Instruction), Chris is a doctoral candidate in Educational Administration there. Chris has taught a variety of subjects as well as serving as an administrator in public and tribal schools in Washington state. Version: 1995-09-01 PPS Geocultural Baseline EssaybSeries AMERICAN INDIAN LANGUAGE ARTS TRADITIONS AND CONTRIBUTIONS CONTENTS PAGE INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................... 1 The Oral Tradition ..................................................................................................... 5 Myths, Legends and Oral History......................................................................... 12 Chants and Songs ............................................................................................... 19 Speeches and Oratory ......................................................................................... 20 American Indian Actors and Stage Performers.................................................... 23 Non-Verbal Communication ...................................................................................... 28 The Written Traditions............................................................................................... 30 Traditional Writing Systems and Literary Media................................................... 33 The Contact Era and the Transformation of American Indian Writing.................. 39 Modern American Indian Writing.......................................................................... 42 Histories............................................................................................................... 45 Modern Indian Historians................................................................................ 59 Biography ....................................................................................................... 65 Autobiography ................................................................................................ 67 Scientific and Technical Writing ........................................................................... 73 Journalism ........................................................................................................... 80 Newspaper Journalism ................................................................................... 83 Magazine Journalism...................................................................................... 89 Fiction .................................................................................................................. 94 Poetry ............................................................................................................. 95 Drama............................................................................................................. 102 Short Stories and Folklore .............................................................................. 104 Novels ............................................................................................................ 106 APPENDIX A CHRONOLOGY................................................................................ 113 APPENDIX B Publishers and Sources of American Indian Books ......................... 134 APPENDIX C Some American Indian Newspapers and Journals .......................... 137 APPENDIX D American Indian Radio Stations....................................................... 139 APPENDIX E American Indian Words Used in English.......................................... 142 APPENDIX F American Indian Languages ............................................................ 146 REFERENCES.......................................................................................................... 154 Language Arts Chronology .................................................................................. 154 American Indian Words Used in English.............................................................. 155 American Indian Languages ................................................................................ 155 Footnotes............................................................................................................. 155 Index ................................................................................................................... 161 American Indian Baseline EssaysSUBJECT: Language Arts INTRODUCTION In the beginning the earth was covered with water, and all living things were below in the underworld. Then people could talk, the animals could talk, the trees could talk, and the rocks could talk… Beginning of the Jicarilla Apache story called ‘The Jicarilla Genesis’ as reported by James Mooney in the 1890s1 The Creator and Changer first made the world in the East. Then he slowly came westward, creating as he came. With him he brought many languages, and he gave a different one to each group of people he made… Opening of the Snohomish story called ‘Pushing up the Sky’ as told by Chief William Shelton to Ella Clark in 19532 At one time, a long time ago, when silence was, and not a word, there was nothing but Air-That’s-Black-in-All-Shadow-the-Dark-Night. It was quiet, and nothing moved. He Who First Did Everything brought Old Man Coyote in the Wind. They say it was Old Man Coyote who first thought in Air-That’s-Black-in-All-Shadow-the-Dark-Night. Thought. The one to use it first was Old Man Coyote. The wind’s spirit is where Old Man Coyote is from. Old Man Coyote thought. There was too much of nothing. Silence was, and not a word. There was nothing he could do in the silence of Air-That’s-Black-in-All- Shadow-the-Dark-Night. He howled loud… The start of ‘The Creation Story of the Crow People’ as written by Henry Real Bird in 19903 And so the world begins with the WORD. This is a familiar tradition handed down in many cultures around the world, and it expresses something that may be seen to be true for us human beings, whoever our people may be. We are not real, we are not fully conscious, we are not created as a human people or as individuals, without the word. Without language, all is subterranean, darkness or the wind for us. The power to name and describe the world, it is said by many elders, is what makes the world real for us, and us real in it. And so this essay begins with words LA 1 American Indian Baseline EssaysSUBJECT: Language Arts about the WORD and how it came to be, and concerns itself with the language arts as practiced by many American Indian cultures and individuals. In an essay, it is impossible to do more than survey some of the written works that survive from before 1492 and briefly introduce a small number of the historically notable American Indian authors and oral performers. Fortunately, a number of helpful resources have become available in the past few years that can enable teachers and students to learn more about American Indian contributions in the language arts. Persons interested in the literary traditions might well begin by consulting a useful, up-to-date series of books written or edited by Dr. A. LaVonne Brown Ruoff. These are Literatures of the American Indian (New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1991); Redefining American Literary History (co-edited with Jerry W. Ward; New York: The Modern Language Association of America, 1990); and American Indian Literatures (New York: The Modern Language Association of America, 1990). These introduce many of the important Indian authors writing in English. To varying degrees, these books also offer an orientation to the meaning and contexts of American Indian oral traditions and written literatures. Also good, although slightly dated, is the bibliographic work by Anna Lee Stensland, Literature by and about The American Indian (Urbana: National Council of Teachers of English, 1973; the 2nd edition of 1979 updates the earlier work). This volume includes a fair amount of material about non-Indian authors who wrote about Indian cultural subjects and themes, but it distinguishes who is who quite well and does offer useful annotations about each work as to content and quality. A very important bibliographic resource that introduces writings ‘by and about’ Indian women is Rayna Green’s (Cherokee) Native American Women: A Contextual Bibliography (Bloomington: University of Indiana Press, 1983). Unfortunately out of print, the reader will find that Green’s book mixes literary works with histories, LA 2 American Indian Baseline EssaysSUBJECT: Language Arts sociological treatises, psychological and anthropological studies, and other subjects in the social sciences. Green’s brief annotations do much to help readers readily identify the books and authors worth consulting. Two other important works on American Indian women’s literature and traditions are Paula Gunn Allen’s (Lakota/Laguna Pueblo) The Sacred Hoop (Boston: Beacon Press, 1986) and her Spider Woman’s Granddaughters (Boston: Beacon Press, 1989). A similarly valuable reference introduction to many of the Native writers of Canada is Penny Petrone’s Native Literature in Canada: From the Oral Tradition to the Present (Toronto: Oxford University Press,
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