DOCSLIB.ORG

Exhaust Gas Scrubber Washwater Effluent

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Exhaust Gas Scrubber Washwater Effluent United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Wastewater Management Washington, DC 20460 Exhaust Gas Scrubber Washwater Effluent EPA‐800‐R‐11‐006 November 2011 Exhaust Gas Scrubber Washwater Effluent Contents CONTENTS Page SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 1 SECTION 2 EXHAUST GAS SCRUBBER TECHNOLOGY ....................................................................... 4 2.1 Seawater Scrubbers................................................................................................. 5 2.2 Freshwater Scrubbers.............................................................................................. 7 2.3 Hybrid and Dry Scrubbers ...................................................................................... 8 SECTION 3 EXHAUST GAS SCRUBBER WASHWATER TREATMENT.................................................... 9 SECTION 4 IMO GUIDELINES FOR EGCSS, WASHWATER MONITORING AND DISCHARGE CRITERIA ........................................................................................................................... 10 4.1 Washwater Monitoring ......................................................................................... 10 4.2 Continuous Discharge Limits ............................................................................... 10 4.2.1 pH.............................................................................................................. 10 4.2.2 PAHs ......................................................................................................... 11 4.2.3 Turbidity/Suspended Particulate Matter (Solids)...................................... 11 4.3 Other Discharge Limits ......................................................................................... 12 4.3.1 Nitrates...................................................................................................... 12 4.3.2 Washwater Additives and Other Substances ............................................ 12 4.3.3 Washwater Residue................................................................................... 12 4.4 Periodic Monitoring.............................................................................................. 12 SECTION 5 CHARACTERIZATION OF POLLUTANTS IN EGCS WASHWATER DISCHARGES ............... 13 5.1 The MS Zaandam Seawater Scrubber Trials ........................................................ 13 5.2 The Pride of Kent Seawater Scrubber trials.......................................................... 18 5.3 The Suula Freshwater Scrubber Trial ................................................................... 23 5.4 Summary of Marine EGCS Scrubber Trials ......................................................... 25 SECTION 6 ASSESSMENT OF POLLUTANTS DISCHARGED IN SCRUBBER WASHWATER AND PROTECTIVENESS OF IMO GUIDELINES ............................................................................. 26 6.1 pH.......................................................................................................................... 28 6.2 PAH....................................................................................................................... 30 6.3 Turbidity ............................................................................................................... 32 6.4 Nitrate ................................................................................................................... 33 6.5 Sulfate, COD and Dissolved Oxygen ................................................................... 34 6.6 Metals.................................................................................................................... 35 6.7 Summary ............................................................................................................... 36 SECTION 7 ACRONYMS................................................................................................................... 38 SECTION 8 REFERENCES................................................................................................................. 40 i Exhaust Gas Scrubber Washwater Effluent Contents LIST OF TABLES Page 1 PAH Discharge Concentration Limit by Flow Rate ..........................................................11 2 Concentrations of Metals in the Washwater Discharge from the Zaandam Scrubber Trial ....................................................................................................................17 3 Concentrations of PAHs in the Seawater Intake and Washwater Discharge from the Pride of Kent Scrubber Trial........................................................................................22 4 Approximate Amount of Water (t/hr) Affected by a Scrubber for a 12 MW Engine ................................................................................................................................30 LIST OF FIGURES Page 1 SOx Scrubber Components ..................................................................................................4 2 The EcoSilencer® Scrubber Installed on the Pride of Kent .................................................5 3 Open Type Wet Scrubber.....................................................................................................6 4 Closed Type Wet Scrubber ..................................................................................................7 The EPA contacts for this document are Ryan Albert (202) 564-0763 and Shirley Fan (202) 564­ 2425. ii Exhaust Gas Scrubber Washwater Effluent Executive Summary EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This document contains information about effluent washwater discharges associated with the operation of exhaust gas cleaning systems (EGCSs), also known as sulfur oxide (SOx) scrubbers, onboard vessels. The use of scrubbers to clean the exhaust from marine engines using high sulfur residual oil and diesel fuels is an option for reducing SOx air emissions required by Annex VI of the MARPOL International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships. Washwater generated by an EGCS can contain contaminants from three sources: 1. Pollutants scavenged from the exhaust gas exiting the engine (combustion products, fuel and lubricants); 2. The source of washwater used to clean the exhaust (seawater or freshwater); and 3. The scrubber itself (dissolution of materials, possible reaction products and/or chemical additives). The deployment of SOx scrubbers to treat emissions from diesel engines on large ocean going vessels has been so far limited to a handful of ships. However, the use of SOx scrubbers in combination with high sulfur residual oil fuels may be an economically attractive option in Sulfur Oxide Emission Control Areas (SECAs) and worldwide. As the deadlines for SOx reduction1 draw nearer, some vessels may begin using scrubbers to reduce SOx emissions rather than burning low sulfur fuel oil. This document describes the basic technology of EGCS, treatment processes used to remove pollutants from washwater prior to discharge, guidelines established by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) for washwater monitoring and discharge criteria, available onboard sampling data characterizing the constituent concentrations in washwater discharge, and impacts of scrubber washwater discharge on water quality and aquatic life and protectiveness of IMO guidelines. 1 The revised Annex VI entered into force on July 1, 2010. The sulfur content of fuel will fall in the Emission Control Areas (ECAs), which include the Baltic Sea, the North Sea and the English Channel, from 1.5% to 1% in July 2010 and to 0.1% in January 2015. A North American ECA, which includes waters adjacent to the Pacific, Atlantic and Gulf coasts and the 8 main Hawaiian Islands, will become enforceable in 2012. Globally, the highest permitted sulfur content of fuel will fall from 4.5% to 3.5% in January 2012 and to 0.5% in January 2020. iii Exhaust Gas Scrubber Washwater Effluent Section 1 - Introduction SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL), 1973 as modified by the Protocol of 1978, also known as MARPOL 73/78, Annex VI Prevention of Air Pollution from Ships, requires the reduction of SOx emissions either by burning low sulfur fuel oil or cleaning the exhaust gas. Cleaning, or scrubbing, the exhaust gas is generally accepted to be more economical. According to EGCS manufacturer Wärtsilä, the cost saved by using heavy fuel oil instead of low sulfur fuel oil can pay back the cost of installing and operating EGCS in about one year (Hatley, 2010). The EGCSs used today for sulfur control are commonly known as SOx scrubbers. In a wet scrubber, the exhaust gas is mixed with washwater, and the water-soluble components of the exhaust gas are removed by dissolution into the washwater. SOx scrubbers are capable of removing up to 95 percent of SOx from ship exhaust (EGCSA, 2010). By removing sulfur from the exhaust, the scrubber also removes most of the direct sulfate particulate matter (PM). Sulfates are a large portion of the PM from ships operating on high sulfur fuels. By reducing the SOx emissions, the scrubber also controls much of the secondary PM that is formed in the atmosphere from these emissions. There are two main types of wet scrubber technologies. The first wet scrubber technology, referred to as seawater scrubbing, is an open-loop design which uses seawater to scrub the exhaust before discharging the washwater back to the sea following treatment. In
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Report to the Legislature: Indoor Air Pollution in California
    California Environmental Protection Agency Air Resources Board Report to the California Legislature INDOOR AIR POLLUTION IN CALIFORNIA A report submitted by: California Air Resources Board July, 2005 Pursuant to Health and Safety Code § 39930 (Assembly Bill 1173, Keeley, 2002) Arnold Schwarzenegger Governor Indoor Air Pollution in California July, 2005 ii Indoor Air Pollution in California July, 2005 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report was prepared with the able and dedicated support from Jacqueline Cummins, Marisa Bolander, Jeania Delaney, Elizabeth Byers, and Heather Choi. We appreciate the valuable input received from the following groups: • Many government agency representatives who provided information and thoughtful comments on draft reports, especially Jed Waldman, Sandy McNeel, Janet Macher, Feng Tsai, and Elizabeth Katz, Department of Health Services; Richard Lam and Bob Blaisdell, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment; Deborah Gold and Bob Nakamura, Cal/OSHA; Bill Pennington and Bruce Maeda, California Energy Commission; Dana Papke and Kathy Frevert, California Integrated Waste Management Board; Randy Segawa, and Madeline Brattesani, Department of Pesticide Regulation; and many others. • Bill Fisk, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, for assistance in assessing the costs of indoor pollution. • Susan Lum, ARB, project website management, and Chris Jakober, for general technical assistance. • Stakeholders from the public and private sectors, who attended the public workshops and shared their experiences and suggestions
    [Show full text]
  • Comparison of Chemical Wet Scrubbers and Biofiltration For
    Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology J Chem Technol Biotechnol 80:1170–1179 (2005) DOI: 10.1002/jctb.1308 Comparison of chemical wet scrubbers and biofiltration for control of volatile organic compounds using GC/MS techniques and kinetic analysis James R Kastner∗ and Keshav C Das Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA Abstract: Increasing public concerns and EPA air regulations in non-attainment zones necessitate the remediation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) generated in the poultry-rendering industry. Wet scrubbers using chlorine dioxide (ClO2) have low overall removal efficiencies due to lack of reactivity with aldehydes. Contrary to wet scrubbers, a biofilter system successfully treated the aldehyde fraction, based on GC/MS analysis of inlet and outlet streams. Total VOC removal efficiencies ranged from 40 to 100% for the biofilter, kinetic analysis indicated that the overall removal capacity approached 25 g m−3 h−1, and aldehyde removal efficiency was significantly higher compared with chemical wet scrubbers. Process temperatures monitored in critical unit operations upstream from the biofilter varied significantly during operation, rising as much as 30 ◦C within a few minutes. However, the outlet air temperature of a high intensity scrubber remained relatively constant at 40 ◦C, although the inlet air temperature fluctuated from 50 to 65 ◦C during monitoring. These data suggest a hybrid process combining a wet scrubber and biofilter in series could be used to improve overall VOC removal efficiencies and process stability. 2005 Society of Chemical Industry Keywords: odor; volatile organic compounds (VOC); aldehydes; wet scrubber; biofilter; gas chromatography; mass spectrometry INTRODUCTION and odor complaints have resulted in the need for low Rendering operations convert organic wastes (feathers, cost, effective treatment options.
    [Show full text]
  • Application Note Wet Flue Gas Desulfurization Scrubbers Power: Environmental
    Application Note Wet Flue Gas Desulfurization Scrubbers Power: Environmental Coal fi red power plant emissions are a global concern. collects in the bottom of the absorber. A paste-like calcium The burning of coal produces sulfur dioxide (SO2). When sulfi te (CaSO3) sludge forms in the liquid. CaCO3 can be released into the atmosphere SO2 combines with water very diffi cult to remove if it settles out at the bottom of the to form sulfuric acid (H2SO4). Coal fi red power plants will absorber. More recent scrubber designs will blow outside use a fl ue gas desulfurization (FGD) scrubber to remove air through liquid to convert the sulfi te to sulfate in the the SO2 before release up the stack. The scrubbing following reaction. process is pH dependent. In this paper we will explore some of the challenges in this type of pH measurement. CaSO3 + H2O + 1/2O2 ► CaSO4 + H2O The FGD scrubber uses chemical reagents sprayed into The addition of air is referred to as forced oxidation. The the fl ue gas to react with the SO2. Many different reagents resulting calcium sulfate (CaCO4) crystallizes in the liquid have been used over the years. Examples include and is easily removed through fi ltration. An added benefi t ammonia, caustic, lime, limestone, and sodium carbonate. from the process is that CaCO4 (known as gypsum) can Due to cost, the most common reagents are Lime (CaO) be sold as additive for wallboard and cement production. and Limestone (CaCO3). Since both chemicals are very similar we will limit the scope of this paper to them.
    [Show full text]
  • Wet Gas Scrubbing
    CHAPTER 41 WET GAS SCRUBBING Wet scrubbers use a liquid to remove solid, liquid, or gaseous contaminants from a gas stream. The scrubbing liquid performs this separation by dissolving, trap- ping, or chemically reacting with the contaminant. Scrubbers are used extensively to control air polluting emissions. So many dif- ferent scrubber configurations have been used that there is some confusion as to whether they all belong in the same category. In some references, for example, the definition of a scrubber may be restricted to certain design criteria, such as whether the units are open or packed. In this text, any device fitting the definition of the first sentence is a wet scrubber. Scrubber systems can be designed to remove entrained paniculate materials such as dust, fly ash, or metal oxides, or to remove gases, such as oxides of sulfur (SOx), from a flue gas stream to meet air emission standards. PARTICLE COLLECTION CONCEPTS In scrubbing paniculate matter from gases, the principal concern is usually removal of particles smaller than than 10 /on. Larger particles are relatively easy to separate. The successful design and operation of wet scrubbers depends on knowing the size, composition, and derivation of the particles to be collected. Figure 41.1 shows estimated size for some common pollutants. Just as fine particles in water (colloids) carry a charge of static electricity, so do colloidal par- ticles in the fumes and dust, defined as aerosols. If these particles carry no charge, they may be deliberately charged to assist removal by special separators called electrostatic precipitators. Among the particulates (term for the suspended solid materials) collected by wet scrubbers are dispersion aerosols from processes such as grinding, solid and liquid atomization, and transport of suspended powders by air currents or vibra- tion.
    [Show full text]
  • Scubber FAQ.Pdf
    FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS ABOUT HOLLAND AMERICA LINE’S SEAWATER SCRUBBING TECHNOLOGY DEMONSTRATION PROJECT What is seawater scrubbing? Seawater scrubbing is a technology that has been used successfully for many years at land-based, oil- and coal-fired power plants to reduce emissions of sulfur dioxide and particulate matter. It is simple technology that uses the natural chemistry of seawater to neutralize the acidic emissions and capture particulates emitted from large engines. While this technology has been used ashore for many years, it is just now being considered as a potentially viable method to treat emissions from diesel engines on large, ocean-going vessels. Why is HAL investing in this sea water scrubber technology demonstration project? This innovative project is intended to demonstrate how seawater scrubbing can be used on large oceangoing vessels. We will attempt to determine whether this technology can be successfully designed, installed and operated within the tight confines of a vessel, and ultimately whether it could be retrofitted onto existing vessels, or built on-board new ships. Holland America Line is committed to environmental protection and we believe in being proactive in solving environmental issues. We are extremely proud to be working to develop this technology in the maritime industry and understand that it is important to collaborate with key partners to find practical and cost effective solutions that solve today's global environmental challenges. Where and when will this technology demonstration project take place? In April 2007, HAL will install a sea water scrubber in the stack of one of five diesel generators on the ms Zaandam when she is in drydock.
    [Show full text]
  • 2.2 Sewage Sludge Incineration
    2.2 Sewage Sludge Incineration There are approximately 170 sewage sludge incineration (SSI) plants in operation in the United States. Three main types of incinerators are used: multiple hearth, fluidized bed, and electric infrared. Some sludge is co-fired with municipal solid waste in combustors based on refuse combustion technology (see Section 2.1). Refuse co-fired with sludge in combustors based on sludge incinerating technology is limited to multiple hearth incinerators only. Over 80 percent of the identified operating sludge incinerators are of the multiple hearth design. About 15 percent are fluidized bed combustors and 3 percent are electric. The remaining combustors co-fire refuse with sludge. Most sludge incinerators are located in the Eastern United States, though there are a significant number on the West Coast. New York has the largest number of facilities with 33. Pennsylvania and Michigan have the next-largest numbers of facilities with 21 and 19 sites, respectively. Sewage sludge incinerator emissions are currently regulated under 40 CFR Part 60, Subpart O and 40 CFR Part 61, Subparts C and E. Subpart O in Part 60 establishes a New Source Performance Standard for particulate matter. Subparts C and E of Part 61--National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP)--establish emission limits for beryllium and mercury, respectively. In 1989, technical standards for the use and disposal of sewage sludge were proposed as 40 CFR Part 503, under authority of Section 405 of the Clean Water Act. Subpart G of this proposed Part 503 proposes to establish national emission limits for arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury, nickel, and total hydrocarbons from sewage sludge incinerators.
    [Show full text]
  • This Is a Daily Compilation of Media Articles Concerning the Covid-19 Impact to the Global Cruise Industry
    1 THIS IS A DAILY COMPILATION OF MEDIA ARTICLES CONCERNING THE COVID-19 IMPACT TO THE GLOBAL CRUISE INDUSTRY. Please note this isn’t a complete listing of media articles but a snapshot only. 29 March, 2020: PASSENGERS TRANSFERRED FROM VIRUS-STRICKEN CRUISE SHIP OFF PANAMA Passengers on a virus-stricken cruise liner stranded off Central America were transferred to another ship Saturday, after the US-bound vessel was given permission to pass through the Panama Canal. The Zaandam had been stuck in the Pacific Ocean since March 14 after dozens of the 1,800 people on board reported flu-like symptoms and several South American ports refused to let it dock. The ship's Dutch owner Holland America said Friday four passengers had died and two more had tested positive for COVID- 19. Panama on Saturday reversed its decision to block the Zaandam from its canal, and said it would be allowed to pass "to provide humanitarian help." Another ship, the Rotterdam, has since arrived off the coast of Panama from San Diego carrying food, medical staff, testing kits, medicine and food for the beleaguered vessel. Passengers showing no signs of the virus were ferried from the Zaandam to the Rotterdam on Saturday, a French tourist told AFP by telephone. "It's like emptying a bathtub with a teaspoon," she said. "The boats can hold about 100 people, and they are putting about half in at a time. That's why it's going slowly." The Zaandam cruise liner left Buenos Aires on March 7 and was supposed to arrive two weeks later at San Antonio, near Santiago in Chile.
    [Show full text]
  • Odor Control System
    ODOR CONTROL SYSTEM What is an Odor? An odor is defined as a sensation resulting from the reception of a stimulus by the olfactory sensory system. Controlling odors is an important consideration for protecting the environment and our community amenity. Odors can be generated from a vast range of sources including sewage treatment processes and industrial effluents. Odor Control Technologies Typical odor emission control applications are the removal of odor from sewage treatment plants & sewage wet waste. Odor related complaints from communities surrounding WWTPs have been increasing for many WWTPs. Here, several emission sources need odor control equipment, e.g. such as pump stations, wet wells, sludge dewatering, manholes, air valve chambers, and sludge trans-shipment operations from silo into trucks. Sewage odor consists of mainly hydrogen sulphide & H2S is dangerous to be released to the environment. Hydrogen sulphide, the gas, also contains organic sulphur components (mercaptans, hydrocarbons) and ammonia. Odor control technologies can be grouped into three distinct categories: 1. Chemical Absorption (acid and caustic wet scrubbing) 2. Biological Oxidation (bio-filtration and bio-scrubbing / bio trinkling filtration) 3. Adsorption (activated carbon and other adsorptive medias) 4. The Combination of above systems are usually used for Biological Oxidation & Chemical Scrubbing Chemical Absorption: Chemical scrubbers achieve odor removal by mass transfer absorption via contact of air stream with aqueous solution on random packing material in a scrubbing chamber. The liquid is typically water, adjusted to the proper pH and CHEMICAL DOSING oxidation potential by chemicals. TANK CHEMICAL STORAGE TANK CHEMICAL Two parameters define the performance of any absorption SCRUBBER scrubbing system.
    [Show full text]
  • Gas Scrubbers
    Bulletin 7-S Gas Scrubbers INTRODUCTION The use of wet scrubbers for control of air pollution has gained wide acceptance throughout the industry. The ejector-venturi wet scrubber provides a number of advantages over many of the conventional single-purpose devices available. Particulate collectors such as cyclones and electrostatic precipitators cannot efficiently absorb gases or remove odors. Fabric filters, by design, cannot cope with gas streams having a high moisture content and are often affected by highly corrosive gases. Catalytic incinerators can be quickly poisoned by certain organic wastes. On the other hand, ejector-venturi gas scrubbers are very effective at removing noxious gases, particulates, odors, fumes and dusts from gas streams. Particulate contaminants are removed through impaction by the high velocity spray of scrubbing liquid. Gases and odors are eliminated through absorption and/or chemical reaction between the gases and scrubbing liquid. When properly matched to the application, these scrubbers, by their nature, are better able to cope with the high temperatures and corrosive conditions often encountered. Schutte & Koerting has over sixty years of experience in the control of commercial and industrial air pollution using wet scrubber technology. The ejector-venturi gas Description Page scrubbers described on the following pages have been Fig. 7010 Ejector-Venturi Scrubber 2 engineered to operate effectively in a variety of Fig. 7040 Separators 2 applications. Using the same basic design, these standard Fig. 7019 Vent Gas Scrubber System 2 scrubbers can be sized to meet volume requirements from Stock Systems 2 a few CFM to thousands of CFM. This broad applicability Fig. 7014 Scrubber-Separator System 3 permits Schutte & Koerting to stock these scrubbers in a Economical Stock Systems 3 wide range of sizes and materials.
    [Show full text]
  • Lime / Limestone Wet Scrubbing System for Flue Gas Desulfurization
    Application Data Sheet ADS 4900-02/rev.D Power Industry December 2014 Lime / Limestone Wet Scrubbing System for Flue Gas Desulfurization BACKGROUND will therefore add more lime when pH drops below 12 and a limestone based system will be controlled around 6. Unless Wet scrubbers are used in utilities, paper mills, and chemical one or the other is added, the SO gas will quickly drive the plants to remove sulfur dioxide (SO ) and other pollutants 2 2 pH acidic. from gas streams. Undesirable pollutants are removed by contacting the gases with an aqueous solution or slurry The calcium compounds produced in scrubbers tend to containing a sorbent. The most common sorbents are lime accumulate in recirculation loops and can cause a buildup of scale. Scale on the spray nozzles affects the atomization (Ca[OH]2) and limestone (CaCO3). Rosemount Analytical pH equipment is used to control the feed rate of these of the water droplets and reduces the scrubbing efficiency. chemicals. Scale on the return piping reduces flow rate and changes the thermal balance of the system. The tendency to scale is limited by additives such as chelating agents and phos- PROCESS phates, but these additives are generally only effective at After fly ash removal, the flue gas (seen in Figure 1) is bubbled higher pH levels. pH control is necessary to forestall the through the scrubber, and the slurry is added from start of scaling, as it is much easier to prevent scaling than above.The lime or limestone reacts with the SO2 in the flue to remove it.
    [Show full text]
  • Impact from Exhaust Gas Cleaning Systems (Scrubbers) on the Marine Environment (Ad Hoc)
    ICES VIEWPOINT BACKGROUND DOCUMENT: IMPACT FROM EXHAUST GAS CLEANING SYSTEMS (SCRUBBERS) ON THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT (AD HOC) VOLUME 2 | ISSUE 86 ICES SCIENTIFIC REPORTS RAPPORTS SCIENTIFIQUES DU CIEM ICES INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL FOR THE EXPLORATION OF THE SEA CIEM COUNSEIL INTERNATIONAL POUR L’EXPLORATION DE LA MER International Council for the Exploration of the Sea Conseil International pour l’Exploration de la Mer H.C. Andersens Boulevard 44-46 DK-1553 Copenhagen V Denmark Telephone (+45) 33 38 67 00 Telefax (+45) 33 93 42 15 www.ices.dk [email protected] The material in this report may be reused for non-commercial purposes using the recommended cita- tion. ICES may only grant usage rights of information, data, images, graphs, etc. of which it has owner- ship. For other third-party material cited in this report, you must contact the original copyright holder for permission. For citation of datasets or use of data to be included in other databases, please refer to the latest ICES data policy on ICES website. All extracts must be acknowledged. For other reproduction requests please contact the General Secretary. This document is the product of an expert group under the auspices of the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea and does not necessarily represent the view of the Council. ISSN number: 2618-1371 I © 2020 International Council for the Exploration of the Sea ICES Scientific Reports Volume 2 | Issue 86 ICES VIEWPOINT BACKGROUND DOCUMENT: IMPACT FROM EXHAUST GAS CLEANING SYSTEMS (SCRUBBERS) ON THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT (AD HOC) Recommended format for purpose of citation: Hassellöv, I.M., Koski, M., Broeg, K., Marin-Enriquez, O., Tronczynski, J., Dulière, V., Murray, C., Bailey, S., Redfern, J., de Jong, K., Ponzevera, E., Belzunce-Segarra, M.J., Mason, C., Iacarella, J.C., Lyons, B., Fernandes, J.A.
    [Show full text]
  • 7-Day Eastern Caribbean
    White sand, black sand, talcum soft or shell-strewn. For the beauty of its beaches, the Eastern Caribbean is unequalled. Megan’s Beach, Trunk Bay, The Baths of Virgin Gorda are all in the plans. And we’ve deployed four distinctive ships to take you there, including our newest Vista-class ship, the ms Westerdam. Imagine lunch on the sunny Lido Terrace while a calypso band plays. Cocktails on your verandah while the sun sets on yet another perfect Caribbean day. 7-Day Eastern Caribbean 36 b ook early and save Thereis a certainkind of elegance that never goes out of style. It’s found in the gleaming curve of a teak deck chair, sumptuous appointments and telling details. On board the ships of Holland America Line you’ll discover an experience that is modern, fresh and appealing — in an ambiance that is timeless and refined. A wideworld of timeless elegance awaits on board. Polished brass Panoramic views From grand brightwork — await at every turn bouquets to a nautical tradition as you stroll the charming smaller — underscores teak Promenade arrangements, the pride Holland Deck encircling fresh flowers grace America Line the ship. our public rooms. takes in our ocean- faring heritage. Sunlight and stylish appointments graceyour spacious stateroom. elax into a world of comfort and easy elegance aboard Rthe ships of Holland America Line. In public rooms rich, polished woods and soft leather furniture create an inviting ambiance in which to gather. Staterooms, filled with all manner of sophisticated amenities, beckon you to retreat for hours.
    [Show full text]