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Facultad De Derecho Departamento De Derecho Público General Área De Ciencia Política Y De La Administración Las Causas De É Facultad de Derecho Departamento de Derecho Público General Área de Ciencia Política y de la Administración Las causas de éxito o fracaso de los movimientos sociales retadores en las revoluciones de color. Tesis Doctoral Angélica Rodríguez Rodríguez Director: Dr. Salvador Martí i Puig. Salamanca, 2014 A mi padres Nohema y José, a mi hermana Andrea y a mi compañero de vida David por su infinito amor y su apoyo incondicional. i ÍNDICE AGRADECIMIENTOS .......................................................................................................................... xi RESUMEN ......................................................................................................................................... xiii ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................................ xiii SUMMARY ......................................................................................................................................... xv SIGLAS Y ABREVIATURAS ............................................................................................................ xxiii LISTA DE TABLAS ......................................................................................................................... xxvii LISTA DE GRÁFICOS .................................................................................................................... xxviii CAPÍTULO I: INTRODUCCIÓN ........................................................................................................... 1 1.1. PREGUNTA DE INVESTIGACIÓN Y JUSTIFICACIÓN DEL TEMA ELEGIDO ............................. 9 1.2. OBJETIVOS ................................................................................................................................ 13 1.3. PROBLEMA DE INVESTIGACIÓN Y ESTRATEGIA DE ANÁLISIS ............................................ 13 1.3.1. CONSTRUCCIÓN DE LAS VARIABLES INDEPENDIENTES .................................................. 14 1.3.2. HIPÓTESIS .............................................................................................................................. 16 1.3.3. SELECCIÓN DE LOS CASOS ................................................................................................. 16 1.4. MARCO TEÓRICO. PERSPECTIVAS ANALÍTICAS Y SU RELACIÓN CON EL ÉXITO O FRACASO DE LOS MOVIMIENTOS SOCIALES RETADORES EN LAS REVOLUCIONES DE COLOR (RC) ..................................................................................................................................... 19 1.4.1. LA ESTRUCTURA DE OPORTUNIDAD POLÍTICA (EOP) ...................................................... 20 1.4.2. LA MOVILIZACIÓN DE RECURSOS (MR) .............................................................................. 23 1.4.3. EL REPERTORIO DE LA CONTIENDA POLÍTICA (RCP) ....................................................... 26 1.4.4. LOS MARCOS COGNITIVOS (MC) ......................................................................................... 30 1.5. ESTRUCTURA DEL TRABAJO .................................................................................................. 33 CAPÍTULO II: LA LITERATURA SOBRE LAS RC .............................................................................. 37 2.1. RESUMEN .................................................................................................................................. 37 iii 2.2. DEFINIENDO LAS RC ................................................................................................................ 37 2.3. CLASIFICACIÓN DE LA LITERATURA SOBRE LAS RC ........................................................... 39 2.4. HACIA UNA NUEVA CLASIFICACIÓN DE LA LITERATURA ..................................................... 42 2.4.1. ¿CUÁL FUE EL DETONANTE DE LAS RC? ........................................................................... 42 2.4.2. ¿POR QUÉ ALGUNAS RC FUERON EXITOSAS Y OTRAS FRACASARON? ........................ 45 2.4.3. ¿POR QUÉ SE DETUVIERON LAS RC EN 2006? .................................................................. 50 2.5. CONCLUSIÓN ............................................................................................................................ 52 CAPÍTULO III. ANTECEDENTES HISTÓRICO-POLÍTICOS .............................................................. 55 3.1. RESUMEN .................................................................................................................................. 55 3.2. CONFORMACIÓN Y DESINTEGRACIÓN DE YUGOSLAVIA .................................................... 57 3.3. SERBIA: SLOBODAN MILOŠEVIĆ ............................................................................................. 63 3.4. LA DISOLUCIÓN DE LA UNIÓN DE REPÚBLICAS SOCIALISTAS SOVIÉTICAS (URSS) ........ 68 3.5. UCRANIA: LEONID KRAVCHUK Y LEONID KUCHMA .............................................................. 71 3.6. AZERBAIYÁN: HEIDAR ALIEV ................................................................................................... 77 3.7. BIELORRUSIA: ALEKSANDR LUKASHENKA ............................................................................ 85 3.8. CONCLUSIÓN ............................................................................................................................ 95 CAPÍTULO IV. LAS RC Y LOS MOVIMIENTOS SOCIALES .............................................................. 97 4.1. RESUMEN .................................................................................................................................. 97 4.2. LAS RC ....................................................................................................................................... 97 4.2.1. LA REVOLUCIÓN NEGRA DE SERBIA DE 2000 .................................................................... 97 4.2.1.1. FISURAS EN EL RÉGIMEN .................................................................................................. 98 4.2.1.2. REPRESIÓN ......................................................................................................................... 99 4.2.1.3. RESULTADOS ELECTORALES ......................................................................................... 100 4.2.1.4. FRAUDE ............................................................................................................................. 101 4.2.2. LA REVOLUCIÓN NARANJA DE UCRANIA DE 2004 ........................................................... 102 4.2.2.1. FISURAS EN EL RÉGIMEN ................................................................................................ 103 iv 4.2.2.2. REPRESIÓN ....................................................................................................................... 103 4.2.2.3. RESULTADOS ELECTORALES ......................................................................................... 104 4.2.2.4. FRAUDE ............................................................................................................................. 106 4.2.3. LA REVOLUCIÓN NARANJA DE AZERBAIYÁN DE 2005 ..................................................... 107 4.2.3.1. FISURAS EN EL RÉGIMEN ................................................................................................ 108 4.2.3.2. REPRESIÓN ....................................................................................................................... 109 4.2.3.3. RESULTADOS ELECTORALES ......................................................................................... 110 4.2.3.4. FRAUDE ............................................................................................................................. 111 4.2.4. LA REVOLUCIÓN DENIM DE BIELORRUSIA DE 2005 ........................................................ 112 4.2.4.1. FISURAS EN EL RÉGIMEN ................................................................................................ 112 4.2.4.2. REPRESIÓN ....................................................................................................................... 113 4.2.4.3. RESULTADOS ELECTORALES ......................................................................................... 114 4.2.4.4. FRAUDE ............................................................................................................................. 114 4.3. LOS MOVIMIENTOS SOCIALES .............................................................................................. 117 4.3.1. OTPOR. CUANDO LA RESISTENCIA SE VISTIÓ DE NEGRO ............................................. 117 4.3.1.1. ORÍGENES ......................................................................................................................... 117 4.3.1.2. OBJETIVO .......................................................................................................................... 119 4.3.1.3. SÍMBOLOS ......................................................................................................................... 120 4.3.2. PORA. LA HORA EN QUE UCRANIA SE COLOREÓ DE NARANJA .................................... 121 4.3.2.1. ORÍGENES ......................................................................................................................... 121 4.3.2.2. OBJETIVO .......................................................................................................................... 123 4.3.2.3. SÍMBOLOS ........................................................................................................................
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