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Gigabit Ethernet GIGABIT ETHERNET: TUTORIAL From 100 to 1,000 Mbps Gigabit Ethernet is the latest in the family of high-speed HOWARD FRAZIER Cisco Systems Inc. Ethernet technologies. HOWARD JOHNSON Signal Consulting Inc. It extends the operating speed of the world’s most he installed base for Ethernet ranges from PCs and servers to print- ers, test equipment, telephone switches, cable TV set-top boxes, T process control systems, and even high-end theatrical lighting sys- deployed LAN to 1 billion bits tems. In short, Ethernet is ubiquitous—which is to say, consumers can’t get enough of it. The great value of Ethernet is not that one size fits all, but that common protocols and models are available at a wide range of per second while maintaining price/performance points. Originally standardized and deployed at 10 megabits per second, Ethernet has always been considered a high-speed network. The newest standard, Gigabit Ethernet,1 scales up two orders of compatibility with the installed magnitude to 1,000 Mbps, while maintaining compatibility with systems deployed in the early 1980s. The Ethernet supplier community has consistently led the technical base of 10 Mbps and 100 developments underlying ever-faster operating speeds on the installed base of network cabling—whether it was coaxial cable, Unshielded Twisted Pair, multimode fiber, or single-mode fiber. Each media type presents unique Mbps Ethernet equipment. challenges. In this tutorial, we describe the operation of Gigabit Ethernet over fiber-optic cabling and the emerging IEEE standards project known as 1000Base-T, which addresses operation over Category-5 UTP cabling. LAYERS OF CHANGE Any tutorial concerning a network interface and access protocol standard must refer first to the ISO seven-layer reference model. Like most specifi- cations produced by the IEEE 802 LAN/MAN standards committee, Giga- bit Ethernet (IEEE802.3z) addresses the two lowest layers of the model: ■ Layer 2, the Data-link layer, which describes how data are organized into frames and sent over the network, and ■ Layer 1, the Physical layer, which describes the network medium and signaling specifications. 24 JANUARY • FEBRUARY 1999 http://computer.org/internet/ 1089-7801/99/$10.00 ©1999 IEEE IEEE INTERNET COMPUTING . GIGABIT ETHERNET Figure 1 represents the elements of the Gigabit Eth- ernet standard as sublayers in this context. STANDARD DESIGNATIONS Media Access Layer The Media Access Control sublayer occupies the 1000Base-T = IEEE P802.3ab/D5.0 (draft) lower half of the ISO Data-link layer. The MAC Gigabit Ethernet = IEEE Std 802.3z-1998 sublayer defines the Carrier Sense Multiple Access Full-Duplex Ethernet with Flow Control = IEEE Std 802.3x-1997 with Collision Detection protocol, which made Fast Ethernet = IEEE Std 802.3u-1995 Ethernet famous. The CSMA/CD protocol coor- Ethernet = IEEE Std 802.3-1998 dinates data transmission within Ethernet’s shared- access physical bus topology. It enables each com- puter to sense the coaxial cable for electrical carrier short packets to be transmitted consecutively, signals before a frame is sent (CSMA) and to detect up to a limit, without relinquishing control of the simultaneous transmission of data (CD). the signaling channel and reverting to the CSMA/CD protocol between packets. Thus, it Shared-Access Topology Enhancements. The Giga- offers a way to avoid the overhead associated bit Ethernet standard includes CSMA/CD with with the carrier extension technique for all but two important modifications: the first packet of a burst. ■ A carrier extension was added to overcome an Dedicated-Access Topology Enhancements. Wide- inherent limitation of the CSMA/CD algo- spread deployment of switched networks in the rithm that mandated the round-trip signal early 1990s has caused a shift from shared to dedi- propagation delay between two stations not to cated LAN bandwidth, thus paving the way for the exceed the time required to transmit the small- IEEE Standard 802.3x, Full-Duplex Ethernet,2 est allowable frame. The carrier extension which defines a protocol for full-duplex or simul- appends a set of special symbols to the end of taneous bidirectional communication over the short frames so that the resulting transmission physical signaling channel. When Ethernet oper- is at least 4,096 bit-times in duration (4.096 ates in full-duplex mode, the CSMA/CD algorithm microseconds), up from the minimum 512 bit- (including the carrier-extension and frame-burst- times imposed at 10 and 100 Mbps. ing features) is disabled. This means that data ■ An optional frame bursting feature was defined transmission and reception can occur simultane- to improve the throughput of gigabit CSMA/ ously without interference, and with no contention CD LANs. Frame bursting allows multiple for a shared medium. Easier to implement than the ISO Model Media Access Control (MAC) Application layer Full duplex and/or half duplex Presentation layer Session layer 802.3z Gigabit Media-Independent Interface (GMII) (optional) Transport layer 1000Base-X PHY 802.3ab Network layer 8B/10B-AutoNegotiation 1000Base-T PCS Data-link layer 1000Base-LX 1000Base-SX 1000Base-CX 1000Base-T Fiber-optic Fiber-optic Copper PMA Physical layer Xcvr Xcvr Xcvr Single-mode Multimode Shielded Unshielded or multimode fiber copper twisted pair fiber cable Figure 1. Gigabit Ethernet layer diagram addresses the MAC and PHY layers of the ISO model. IEEE INTERNET COMPUTING http://computer.org/internet/ JANUARY • FEBRUARY 1999 25 . TUTORIAL ifies how long the transmitter should remain quiet. GIGABIT ETHERNET PRODUCT CATEGORIES If the receiver becomes uncongested before the transmitter’s pause timer expires, the receiver may elect to send another Pause frame to the transmitter Gigabit Ethernet vendor products tend to fall into four categories. with a timer value of zero, allowing the transmitter Network Interface Cards are offered with a variety of interfaces to resume immediately. Thus, the Pause protocol is to the physical medium, such as 1000Base-SX and 1000Base-LX. like the XON/XOFF flow-control protocol, except NICs also come with various levels of built-in protocol intelligence. that the pause frame really means “XOFF for a Some can off-load tasks from their host computer’s CPU. while.” The protocol operates only between the two Hubs can be categorized as either CSMA/CD or full-duplex endpoints of a point-to-point link. It is not an end- repeaters. We are unaware of any commercial implementations to-end protocol and cannot be forwarded through of a gigabit CSMA/CD hub, but there are several full-duplex bridges, switches, or routers. repeaters. No formal standard defines the functionality or perfor- Gigabit Ethernet builds on the Pause protocol by mance of a full-duplex repeater; however, they generally rely on introducing asymmetric flow control. It uses the compliance of the attached stations with Gigabit Ethernet. AutoNegotiation protocol (described later in the Switches may be classified in different ways, but most fall into one section “The Physical Layer”). This protocol lets a of three categories: aggregation devices versus backbone devices, device indicate that it intends to send pause frames stackables versus modular chassis, or layer-2 versus layer-3 switch- to its link partner, but declines to respond to them. es. We define an aggregation switch as one that collects a number If the link partner is willing to cooperate, then Pause of lower speed links (10 or 100 Mbps) and combines them into a frames will flow in only one direction on the link. high-speed (gigabit) link. Aggregation switches are an excellent choice for the periphery of a LAN. They can be either a stackable Media-Independent Interface “pizza box” with a relatively low port density (8 to 48 ports) or a Because Ethernet supports a variety of physical small modular chassis with roughly twice this port density. media, it has always included a Media-Independent Backbone switches generally have a much higher port count Interface below the MAC sublayer (see Figure 1). and internal bandwidth than aggregation switches. They also pro- Gigabit Ethernet defines an enhanced MII, termed vide greater flexibility, accommodating other network interface the Gigabit Media-Independent Interface. The types, such as ATM or FDDI. They support rich network manage- GMII allows industry to develop additional Phys- ment capabilities and tend to take the form of modular chassis- ical layer (PHY) specifications—for example, sup- based systems with plug-in “blades.” port for Category-5 UTP cabling. Routers and layer-3 switches can make more sophisticated for- Composed of independent 8-bit-parallel trans- warding decisions than multiport bridges or layer-2 switches. mit-and-receive synchronous data interfaces, the Routers are generally more flexible than layer-3 switches as they GMII is intended as a chip-to-chip interface that can implement a broader range of routing protocols and media lets system vendors mix MAC and PHY compo- interfaces, and can route a variety of network layer protocols. By nents from different chip manufacturers. Unlike the contrast, a device can be branded a layer-3 switch if it simply per- MII defined for 10- and 100-Mbps operation, the forms IP routing between two Ethernets. GMII is not exposed at a user-accessible connector, since such exposure would make it prohibitively dif- ficult to maintain the required signal quality. half-duplex (CSMA/CD) mode, the full-duplex The management registers defined in the MII mode also provides higher bandwidth. Thus, all specification for IEEE Standard 802.3u, Fast Ether- currently shipping Gigabit Ethernet equipment net,3 are carried over to the GMII, with appropriate operates in full duplex. extensions for managing gigabit PHY components. The Full-Duplex Ethernet standard further sup- For example, the Pause function requires additional ports dedicated channels and full-duplex operation bits to support asymmetric operation and to identi- by introducing link-level flow control, which keeps fy a device capable of 1,000-Mbps operation.
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