DOCSLIB.ORG

Federal Discourse Krishna Khanal

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Federal Discourse Krishna Khanal Federal discourse Krishna Khanal With the promulgation of the new constitution on 20 September 2015, Nepal has embarked firmly on the path towards federalism – which is now unequivocally part of the country’s constitutional destiny and critical to its political future. However, unless the interests of Madhesi communities from the Tarai plains are adequately accounted for, the journey will remain tortuous. The first amendment of the new constitution, agreed on 23 January 2016, tried to address some of the concerns of the Samyukta Loktantrik Madhesi Morcha (UDMF – United Democratic Madhesi Front), but did not meet its principal demand regarding a revision of the provincial setup. The Tarai occupies a pivotal position in Nepal’s federal self-determination, regional autonomy and an end to discourse – as the only region that could be distinctly discrimination based on caste, ethnicity, language and delineated into two or three ethno-regional entities; as religion. In 2004, at the height of the insurgency, the home to over half the population, two thirds of whom are Maoists actually declared the division of the country into Madhesi; and abutting India to the south, with very strong nine ‘autonomous regions’. Seven of these were named ties across the border. Madhesi concerns are therefore after the ethnicity or languages of the largest local both strategic and very sensitive. communities and the Maoists even formed ‘Autonomous People’s Governments’. Rise of federalism in Nepal Federalism became integral to Nepal’s political discourse But none of the Maoist documents during the insurgency soon after the success of the Second People’s Movement period refers explicitly to federalism, indicating that they of April 2006. The idea of federalism in Nepal is, however, had not given it much thought as an organising principle not that new. The Tarai Congress, a Madhes-based regional of the state. Nor was federalism even mentioned in political party, first floated it in the early 1950s with the the core documents of the peace process, such as the advent of democracy following the overthrow of the Rana Comprehensive Peace Accord 2006 (CPA) and the first oligarchy. The call for federalism was revived in 1990 after iteration of the Interim Constitution 2007. the downfall of the partyless Panchayat political system and the restoration of democracy. Once again, the call came The decision to adopt federalism as the way ahead from a Madhes-based political party, the Nepal Sadbhavana resulted from Madhes concerns. The Madhesi Janadhikar Party (Nepal Goodwill Party), but the Janajati-oriented Forum (Madhesi People’s Rights Forum), at the time a Rastriya Janamukti Party (National People’s Liberation rights-based NGO working for the Madhesi community, Party) and other Janajati (indigenous peoples) groups also protested against the Interim Constitution’s failure to raised similar demands. While these efforts failed to capture spell out federalism or to grant the Tarai proportional the political imagination, the 1990 Constitution did at least representation in the proposed Constituent Assembly (CA). recognise the country’s ethnic and linguistic diversity. The resulting Madhes Movement (along with a movement by the Janajatis) ultimately forced the state to accept The current debate on federalism gained momentum federalism as the basis of state restructuring, and to revise from 1996 with the Maoist insurgency. The rebels’ the constituencies in the Tarai as per the population ratio political mobilisation centred on the promise of ethnic [see article on social movements, p.97]. Two steps forward, one step back: the Nepal peace process // 75 The Fifth Amendment to the Interim Constitution in government – federal, provincial and local – and also July 2008 further clarified the modality of the federal listed their respective powers and responsibilities. Other restructuring of the state, as follows: modalities of federal polity such as division of power, inter-provincial relationship and dispute resolution Accepting the aspirations of indigenous ethnic groups procedures, were agreed as well. and the people of the backward and other regions, and the people of Madhes, for autonomous provinces, However, the parties were strongly divided over the Nepal shall be a Federal Democratic Republic. The provinces’ names and boundaries. The State Restructuring provinces shall be autonomous with full rights. The Committee’s report, adopted by majority vote, provided Constituent Assembly shall determine the number, for 14 provinces based largely on the ethnic criteria. Even boundary, names and structures of the autonomous a group with a population of one per cent of the national provinces and the distribution of powers and resources, total was linked to a potential province while groups that while maintaining the sovereignty, unity and integrity of would not be able feasibly to administer their own province Nepal. (Article 138–1A) were to be given autonomous regions with independent jurisdiction for self-governance. The committee also Political parties, Janajati groups, civil society organisations, proposed special preferential rights to the principal and even individual citizens all floated different models ethnic group to head the government in its respective of federalism, ranging from extremist ethno-regional, to province and autonomous region. The 14-province model much milder approaches. The Unified Communist Party of was heavily criticised as propagating ethnic federalism in Nepal-Maoist (UCPN-M) and Janajati activists demanded Nepal and was rejected by the more traditional political the formation of provinces along ethnic lines – to establish parties, the Nepali Congress (NC) and the Communist Party some sort of ‘ethnic homelands’ based on their historic of Nepal–Unified Marxist-Leninist (UML). territories and with the provision of agradhikar (the right of the titular ethnic community to head the government in The High Level State Restructuring Commission (HLSRC) the respective provinces). Others argued that the provinces provided for by the Interim Constitution was formed very should reflect the mixed settlement patterns of the late, long after the State Restructuring Committee had population and Nepal’s economic and development reality. submitted its report. The HLSRC members were selected along party lines and they remained divided accordingly. Elusive consensus The nine-member commission consisted of two each from There were three major challenges to incorporating the major political parties, UCPN-M, NC, UML and the federalism in Nepal’s new constitution. First, there were Madhesi Front, while the chair was selected by consensus. no clear regional blocks for political and administrative In terms of social background, HLSRC comprised purposes. Second, a multi-level division of power and three from the Khas Arya group (‘upper caste’ Hindu distribution of jurisdictional authority had to be created. communities with origins in the hills), three Janajatis, And third, the new federal structure needed to maintain two Madhesis and one Dalit (‘low caste’). coherence with the broader principles and values of a democratic polity, namely that everybody has the This composition left the three Khas Arya members, same rights. representing the NC and the UML (the second UML nominee was a Madhesi), in a minority. As a result, the First Constituent Assembly HLSRC could not produce a consensus report and its When the Committee on Restructuring the State recommendations were also highly controversial. Indeed, and Distribution of State Power (State Restructuring the minority group from within the HLSRC submitted a Committee) of CA I prepared its preliminary draft on separate report. The majority report had proposed 10 federalism, it had no problem dealing with principles. provinces to be based on identity and one non-territorial It unanimously approved the concept of a federal Nepal province for the Dalit community, to be spread across that underlined ‘identity’ and ‘viability’ as the two main all 75 Nepali districts. The majority report reflected foundations for carving out provinces. ‘Identity’ was the UCPN-M and the Madhesi parties’ positions, while defined as having five components: ethnicity, language, the minority report mirrored the NC’s and the UML’s. culture, contiguous geography and territorial alignment Although the majority report had dropped the idea of of the ethnic population, and historical continuity. preferential rights in heading the provincial governments, ‘Viability’ consisted of economic interrelationships, the boundaries and names of the proposed provinces status of infrastructure development, availability along with the idea of a non-territorial one were still of natural resources, and administrative convenience. much disputed. This sparked prolonged unrest in the The Committee agreed on a three-tier structure of far-western region and a nation-wide protest by the 76 // Accord // ISSUE 26 President Ram Baran Yadav symbolically touches the new constitution to his forehead in a gesture denoting the highest reverence before promulgating it on 20 September 2015. Standing by his side is the Speaker of the Constituent Assembly, Subhas Chandra Nembang © Kiran Panday ‘upper caste’ Bahun, Chhetri, and Thakuri, while Madhesi UCPN-M and a faction of the Madhesi Front reached a and Janajati groups also held counter-protests in favour 16-Point Agreement in June that settled the differences on of identity-based provinces as recommended by the State the major contents of
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Policy Note for the Federalism Transition in Nepal
    Policy Note for the Federalism Transition in Nepal AUGUST 2019 Empowered lives. Resilient nations. Abbreviations and Acronyms CIP Capital Investment Plan FCNA Federalism Capacity Needs Assessment HEZ Himalayan Ecological Zone GDP Gross Domestic Product GRB Gender Responsive Budgeting GESI Gender Equality and Social Inclusion GoN Government of Nepal IPC Inter-Provincial Council LDTA Local Development Training Academy LGCDP Local Governance and Community Development Program LMBIS Line Ministry Budget Information System MOFAGA Ministry of Federal Affairs and General Administration NPSAS National Public Sector Accounting Standards NNRFC National Natural Resource and Fiscal Commission O&M Organization and Management OPMCM Office of the Prime Minister and Council of Ministers PEFA Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability PFM Public Financial Management PIFIP Physical Infrastructure and Facility Improvement Plan PPSC Provincial Public Service Commission PLGs Provincial and Local Governments SUTRA Sub-National Treasury Regulatory Application TEZ Terai Ecological Zone i Table of Contents Abbreviations and Acronyms ........................................................................................................................ i Table of Contents .......................................................................................................................................... ii Foreword ....................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Federalism Is Debated in Nepal More As an ‘Ism’ Than a System
    The FEDERALISM Debate in Nepal Post Peace Agreement Constitution Making in Nepal Volume II Post Peace Agreement Constitution Making in Nepal Volume II The FEDERALISM Debate in Nepal Edited by Budhi Karki Rohan Edrisinha Published by United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Support to Participatory Constitution Building in Nepal (SPCBN) 2014 United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Support to Participatory Constitution Building in Nepal (SPCBN) UNDP is the UN’s global development network, advocating for change and connecting countries to knowledge, experience and resources to help people build a better life. United Nations Development Programme UN House, Pulchowk, GPO Box: 107 Kathmandu, Nepal Phone: +977 1 5523200 Fax: +977 1 5523991, 5523986 ISBN : 978 9937 8942 1 0 © UNDP, Nepal 2014 Book Cover: The painting on the cover page art is taken from ‘A Federal Life’, a joint publication of UNDP/ SPCBN and Kathmandu University, School of Art. The publication was the culmination of an initiative in which 22 artists came together for a workshop on the concept of and debate on federalism in Nepal and then were invited to depict their perspective on the subject through art. The painting on the cover art titled ‘’Emblem” is created by Supriya Manandhar. DISCLAIMER: The views expressed in the book are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of UNDP/ SPCBN. PREFACE A new Constitution for a new Nepal drafted and adopted by an elected and inclusive Constituent Assembly (CA) is a key element of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) of November 2006 that ended a decade long Maoist insurgency.
    [Show full text]
  • Nepal's Constitution (Ii): the Expanding
    NEPAL’S CONSTITUTION (II): THE EXPANDING POLITICAL MATRIX Asia Report N°234 – 27 August 2012 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................................................................................................... i I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 1 II. THE REVOLUTIONARY SPLIT ................................................................................... 3 A. GROWING APART ......................................................................................................................... 5 B. THE END OF THE MAOIST ARMY .................................................................................................. 7 C. THE NEW MAOIST PARTY ............................................................................................................ 8 1. Short-term strategy ....................................................................................................................... 8 2. Organisation and strength .......................................................................................................... 10 3. The new party’s players ............................................................................................................. 11 D. REBUILDING THE ESTABLISHMENT PARTY ................................................................................. 12 1. Strategy and organisation ..........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Political Heterogeneity, Caste/Ethnic Diversity and Participation: a Study of the Nepal Elections 2017
    Political Heterogeneity, Caste/Ethnic Diversity and Participation: A Study of the Nepal Elections 2017 Praveen Koirala T. U Regd. No: 6-3-280-414-2016 Exam Roll No. 2800024 A Dissertation Submited to the Department of Sociology Baneshwor Multiple Campus, T.U in Candidacy for the Degree of Master of Arts in Sociology November 2018 Final Draft c Copyright by Praveen Koirala, 2018. All rights reserved. Abstract Caste and Ethnic diversity is a prominent feature of Nepalese Society. Elections are connected to every aspect of the polity and it is the process through which to make representation in politics and governance. Political parties represent and lead the society that makes every one voice heard in democracy. This study analyzes multidimensional measures and relationship of caste/ethnicity, gender and political parties in different level of elections in federal Nepal. It aims to offers insights into how political heterogeneity and caste/ethnic diversity interlinked with the result of election and identify the participation of gender and caste/ethnic group in political process through elections. It also try to find out \Have political institutions been a reflection of the diversity in Nepalese society?" This study find that caste/ethnicity diversity and gender identity has been incorporated into political institution and process. Elections and reservation of quotas for Women, Dalits, Madhesi, Muslim and Ethnic minority through proportional representation helps institutionalization the inclusion of caste/ethnic peoples, minorities and gender in political process and makes representation at different position. Keywords: Nepal, Election, First Past the Post, Proportional Representation, Vot- ing, Political Participation, Caste, Ethnicity, Gender, Inclusion, Federalism, Political Party, Federal Parliament, National Assembly, House of Representatives, Provincial Assembly, Local Government, Election Studies iii Acknowledgements This journey would not have been possible without the support of my family, profes- sors and mentors, and friends.
    [Show full text]
  • Gorkhaland and Madhesi Movements in the Border Area of India and Nepal:A Comparative Study
    Gorkhaland and Madhesi Movements in the Border Area of India and Nepal:A Comparative Study A Thesis Submitted To Sikkim University In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy By Animesh Andrew Lulam Rai Department of Sociology School of Social Sciences October 2017 Gangtok 737102 INDIA ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I have been indebted to very many individuals and institutions to complete this work. First and foremost, with my whole heart I would like to thank my supervisor Dr. Swati Akshay Sachdeva for giving me the liberty, love and lessons to pursue this work. Thank you for your unconditional support and care. Secondly, I would like to thank my former supervisor Dr. Binu Sundas for introducing me to the world of social movements and Gorkhaland. I am equally thankful to Dr. Sandhya Thapa, the Head of the Department of Sociology at Sikkim University, Dr. Indira, Ms. Sona Rai, Mr. Shankar Bagh and Mr. Binod Bhattarai, faculties of Sociology at Sikkim University for all the encouragement, support and care. I would love to express my heartfelt gratitude to Dr. Mona Chettri for the invaluable comments and reading materials. I am ever grateful to the Ministry of Minority Affairs for funding my studies and research at Sikkim University. My heartfelt thanks to Prof. Maharjan, Neeraj da, Suman Da at Hiroshima Univerity. Thanks to Mr. Prashant Jha and Sohan for showing me the crisis of Madhesis. I am also indebted to Prof. Mahendra P. Lama and Prof. Jyoti P. Tamang for all the encouragement and blessings which motivated me to pursue higher studies.
    [Show full text]
  • Politics of R Esistance
    Politics of Resistance Politics Tis book illustrates an exciting approach to understanding both Indigenous Peoples of Nepal are searching for the state momentous and everyday events in the history of South Asia. It which recognizes and refects their identities. Exclusion of advances notions of rupture and repair to comprehend the afermath indigenous peoples in the ruling apparatus and from resources of natural, social and personal disasters, and demonstrates the of the “modern states,” and absence of their representation and generality of the approach by seeking their historical resolution. belongingness to its structures and processes have been sources Te introduction of rice milling technology in a rural landscape of conficts. Indigenous peoples are engaged in resistance in Bengal,movements the post-cold as the warstate global has been shi factive in international in destroying, relations, instead of the assassinationbuilding, their attempt political, on a economicjournalist and in acultural rented institutions.city house inThe Kathmandu,new constitution the alternate of 2015and simultaneousfailed to address existence the issues, of violencehence the in non-violentongoing movements,struggle for political,a fash feconomic,ood caused and by cultural torrential rights rains and in the plainsdemocratization of Nepal, theof the closure country. of a China-India border afer the army invasionIf the in Tibet,country and belongs the appearance to all, if the of outsiderspeople have in andemocratic ethnic Taru hinterlandvalues, the – indigenous scholars in peoples’ this volume agenda have would analysed become the a origins, common anatomiesagenda and ofdevelopment all. If the state of these is democratic events as andruptures inclusive, and itraised would interestingaddress questions the issue regarding of justice theirto all.
    [Show full text]
  • Observing the 2008 Nepal Constituent Assembly Election
    Observing the 2008 Nepal Constituent Assembly Election April 2008 Waging Peace. Fighting Disease. Building Hope. The Carter Center strives to relieve suffering by advancing peace and health worldwide; it seeks to prevent and resolve conflicts, enhance freedom and democracy, and protect and promote human rights worldwide. Observing the 2008 Nepal Constituent Assembly Election April 2008 One Copenhill 453 Freedom Parkway Atlanta, GA 30307 (404) 420-5188 Fax (404) 420-5196 www.cartercenter.org May 2009 The Carter Center Contents Foreword, by Former U.S. President Jimmy Carter . 3 Carter Center Observation Delegation and Staff............................................ 5 Terms and Abbreviations............................................................. 8 Acknowledgments . 9 Executive Summary ................................................................ 11 Facts About Nepal’s Constituent Assembly Election . 15 Nepal’s Path to Peace and Democracy . 16 Timeline of Events................................................................. 21 Observation Methodology . 23 The Pre-election Period ............................................................. 27 Election Day and Postelection Period................................................... 41 The Constituent Assembly and New Governing Coalition . 54 Conclusion and Recommendations ..................................................... 55 Appendices A: The Electoral Framework and Method of Voting......................................... 63 B: Letters of Invitation . 66 C: Selected Press Releases
    [Show full text]
  • Nepal: Identity Politics and Federalism
    NEPAL: IDENTITY POLITICS AND FEDERALISM Asia Report N°199 – 13 January 2011 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................................................................................................... i I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 1 II. IDENTITY POLITICS IN NEPAL ................................................................................. 3 A. ETHNIC ACTIVISM: PAST AND PRESENT ....................................................................................... 3 1. Before 1990 .................................................................................................................................. 3 2. After 1990 .................................................................................................................................... 4 B. ETHNIC DEMANDS AND THE “PEOPLE’S WAR” ............................................................................. 5 C. FEDERALISM AFTER THE PEACE DEAL .......................................................................................... 7 III. THE POLITICS OF FEDERALISM .............................................................................. 9 A. THE MAOISTS .............................................................................................................................. 9 B. THE MAINSTREAM PARTIES ....................................................................................................... 10 1. The UML: if you can’t convince them,
    [Show full text]
  • Leaning Into Local: Impact of Federalisation on Social
    Leaning into Local: Impact of Federalisation on Social Accountability Processes in the Health Sector of Nepal Social Accountability in Nepal’s Health Sector (SAHS) Lauren A. Keevill, G. Mason Ingram, Basanta Pokharel, and Ashmin Hari Bhattarai* November 2020 OFFICIAL Abstract Pact, an international non-profit organisation working in 40 countries, has implemented the Social Accountability in the Health Sector (SAHS) project in Nepal since 2017, funded by UKAid. Over three years, this project has analysed how ongoing federalisation reforms have impacted the health sector and its impact on health-focused social accountability mechanisms. This paper distils the main trends and lessons from eight of the fifteen studies conducted from 2017-2019, with nearly 1,500 respondents consulted across seven provinces and twenty-two districts. Results show that as federalism continues to be operationalised throughout Nepal, a series of practical challenges, complicated by individual and institutional incentives, will need to be overcome in transferring the capabilities, knowledge, and staff necessary for local governments to fully inhabit their new mandates. Existing capacity deficits have had material impacts on both local social accountability efforts and on the health sector more broadly, with one effect being confusion around the commitment of local governments to social accountability mechanisms. Despite these challenges, there remains a persistent sense of optimism around the federalisation process and its ability to foster an inclusive society, as citizens view elections and elected representatives as providing accountability and serving as an “equalising” force across socio- economic, caste, and gender divides. The Government of Nepal (GON), donor-funded projects, and civil society can build on this knowledge base.
    [Show full text]
  • Local Democracy and Education Policy in Newly Federal Nepal
    SIT Graduate Institute/SIT Study Abroad SIT Digital Collections Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection SIT Study Abroad Spring 2019 Local Democracy and Education Policy in Newly Federal Nepal Jack Shangraw SIT Study Abroad Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/isp_collection Part of the Asian History Commons, Asian Studies Commons, Civic and Community Engagement Commons, East Asian Languages and Societies Commons, Education Policy Commons, Policy History, Theory, and Methods Commons, Political Science Commons, Politics and Social Change Commons, and the Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Shangraw, Jack, "Local Democracy and Education Policy in Newly Federal Nepal" (2019). Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection. 3183. https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/isp_collection/3183 This Unpublished Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the SIT Study Abroad at SIT Digital Collections. It has been accepted for inclusion in Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection by an authorized administrator of SIT Digital Collections. For more information, please contact digitalcollections@sit.edu. Local Democracy and Education Policy in Newly Federal Nepal Jack Shangraw Academic Director: Suman Pant Project Advisor: Captain Dam Bahadur Pun College of William & Mary International Relations South Asia, Nepal, Gandaki Province, Annapurna Rural Municipality Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Nepal: Development and Social Change, SIT Study Abroad Spring 2019 Abstract In 2017, Nepal held its first local elections in twenty years. These were the first elections held under Nepal’s new constitution, ratified in 2015, which transitioned the country from a unitary state to a Federal Democratic Republic. This case study analyzes the effect of the transition to federalism on decision-making and community representation in local governance in Annapurna Rural Municipality in West-Central Nepal.
    [Show full text]
  • Issue of Federal System in Nepal
    Tribhuvan UniversityTRIBHUVAN Journal UNIVERSITY JOURNAL, VOL. 33, NO. 1, JUNE, 2019 155 Vol. 33, No. 1: 155-166, June, 2019 Centre for Research, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal DOI: https://doi.org/10.3126/tuj.v33i1.28690 ISSUE OF FEDERAL SYSTEM IN NEPAL Tara Nath Ghimire1 ABSTRACT Federal process of Nepal has been guided by some major factors such as elimination of discrimination, equal regional development and political participation. Federalism has been a crucial issue of modern Nepal. The issue of federalism has not been guided by remote past as a vital demand because Nepal has adopted a long history of unitary system. But some regional and marginalized groups have been demanding it since 1950, who were struggling against discriminations. Federalism was not documented even in an initiate part of Interim Constitution 2006. It was also not agenda of Maoist Party which they had put in forty points demand letter. It wasn't materialized till peoples’ movement second. It is supposed that federalism can bring miraculous modification as to solve problems of inequity and marginalization than in the unitary system. Some political parties have documented in their manifesto that federal system is only the alternation for prosperity in Nepal. But it might be incorrect supposition. Long route of unitary system of Nepal was led by few elites, who were specially professed Hindus. Monarchy was also surrounded by prevailing castes. Due to these various reasons conflict began in Nepal which has developed as transitional movement of chronic infection. The issue of federal system is emerged by those who are struggling against discriminations and they want to abolish all kind of social discriminations, problems of regional, religion, gender, cast, and poverty.
    [Show full text]
  • CA Elections 2008
    Preliminary CA Election Results S.no Party Name PR Votes Percentage PR Seats FTPT Seats Total Seats Votes in 1999 % in 1999 Seats in 1999 1 Communist Party of Nepal (Maoists) 3144204 29.28 100 120 220 0 0.0 0 2 Nepali Congress 2269883 21.14 73 37 110 3214786 37.2 111 3 Communist Party of Nepal (UML) 2183370 20.33 70 33 103 2734568 31.6 71 4 Madhesi People's Rights Forum, Nepal 678327 6.32 22 30 52 0 0.0 0 5 Tarai Madhes Loktantrik Party 338930 3.16 11 9 20 0 0.0 0 6 Rastriya Prajatantra Party 263431 2.45 8 8 1198140 13.9 11 7 Communist Party of Nepal (ML) 243545 2.27 8 8 567760 6.6 0 8 Sadbhawana Party 167517 1.56 5 4 9 278435 3.2 5 9 Janamorcha Nepal 164381 1.53 5 2 7 74669 0.5 1 10 Communist Party of Nepal (United) 154968 1.44 5 5 11 Rastriya Prajatantra Party Nepal 110519 1.03 4 4 12 Rastriya Janamorcha 106224 0.99 3 1 4 121426 1.4 5 13 Rastriya Janshakti Party 102147 0.95 3 3 14 Nepal Workers and Peasants Party 74089 0.69 2 2 4 48685 0.6 1 15 Federal Democratic National Forum 71958 0.67 2 2 16 Nepal Sadbhawana Party (Anandidevi) 55671 0.52 2 2 17 Rastriya Janamukti Party 53910 0.50 2 2 94860 1.1 0 20 Nepali Janata Dal 48990 0.46 2 2 18 Communist Party of Nepal (Unified) 48600 0.45 2 2 19 Dalit Janajati Party 40348 0.38 1 1 21 Nepa: Rastriya Party 37757 0.35 1 1 22 Samajwadi Prajatantrik.
    [Show full text]