CATHERINE WILKINSON ZERNER Professor BROWN UNIVERSITY Department of History of Art and Architecture, Box 1855
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The Baroque Age by Gema De La Torre Is Licensed Under a Unit 8 – the Baroque Age Creative Commons Reconocimiento-Nocomercial 4.0 Internacional License
The Baroque Age by Gema de la Torre is licensed under a Unit 8 – The Baroque Age Creative Commons Reconocimiento-NoComercial 4.0 Internacional License Unit 8 – The Baroque age Index 1. Society ................................................................................................................................................... 2 2. Political Systems ................................................................................................................................... 2 2.1. Absolutism ..................................................................................................................................... 2 2.2. The Parliamentary Systems ........................................................................................................... 4 3. International Relations .......................................................................................................................... 5 3.1. The Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) ............................................................................................... 5 3.2 The Franco-Spanish War (1648-59) ............................................................................................... 5 4. The Scientific Revolution .................................................................................................................... 5 4.1. New Philosophical Movements. .................................................................................................... 6 Empiricism...................................................................................................................................... -
En Torno a Juan De Herrera Y La Arquitectura
EN TORNO A JUAN DE HERRERA Y LA ARQUITECTURA por Agustín Bustamante García Después del ingente esfuerzo llevado a cabo por Iñiguez Almech sobre el problema de Herrera y El Escorial, el proceso de edificación de la gran fábrica quedaba dilucidado, pero seguía en pie el arduo problema de las obras de Madrid de Felipe II, Hace veintiséis años, el ilustre estudioso publicó un largo artículo sobre las reformas del Madrid de Felipe II en el que se veía de alguna forma la sombra de Herrera, fundamentalmente en la Plaza Mayor, pero el problema quedaba en pie y el mismo Iñiguez obraba con cautela ante la cuestión ^ Se conoce por los testimonios exhumados de diferentes archivos, que en la época de Felipe II se acometió con ambición una vasta reforma del que hoy se denomina Madrid de los Austrias, pero ¿quién era el cerebro de obra de tal envergadura? En 1952, Amando Portábales Pichel publica un libro donde pone en entredicho la labor arquitectónica de Herrera ^ y la base mas firme de la intervención del arquitecto real en Madrid que se basa en el Puente Nuevo de la Segoviana y Puerta de Guadalajara documental- mente parece que no es suyo. Desde esa fecha se entra en un punto muerto. Siguiendo la pista del arquitecto vallisoletano Juan de Nates y sus vin culaciones con Madrid, hemos encontrado un «corpus» documental que permite replantearnos de nuevo la situación de las reformas de Madrid y dejar claro el lugar de Herrera en ellas. El 19 de abril de 1586, en la villa de Madrid, «el sr. -
Spanish Master Drawings from Cano to Picasso
Spanish Master Drawings From Cano to Picasso Spanish Master Drawings From Cano to Picasso When we first ventured into the world of early drawing at the start of the 90s, little did we imagine that it would bring us so much satisfaction or that we would get so far. Then we organised a series of five shows which, with the title Raíz del Arte (Root of Art), brought together essentially Spanish and Italian drawing from the 16th to 19th centuries, a project supervised by Bonaventura Bassegoda. Years later, along with José Antonio Urbina and Enrique Calderón, our friends from the Caylus gallery, we went up a step on our professional path with the show El papel del dibujo en España (The Role of Drawing in Spain), housed in Madrid and Barcelona and coordinated by Benito Navarrete. This show was what opened up our path abroad via the best possible gate- way, the Salon du Dessin in Paris, the best drawing fair in the world. We exhibited for the first time in 2009 and have kept up the annual appointment with our best works. Thanks to this event, we have met the best specialists in drawing, our col- leagues, and important collectors and museums. At the end of this catalogue, you will find a selection of the ten best drawings that testify to this work, Spanish and Italian works, but also Nordic and French, as a modest tribute to our host country. I would like to thank Chairmen Hervé Aaron and Louis de Bayser for believing in us and also the General Coordinator Hélène Mouradian. -
De Juan De Herrera, Y La Idea De El Escorial Juan José Lahuerta
ARQUITECTURA El "Séptimo diseño", de Juan de Herrera, y la idea de El Escorial Juan José Lahuerta •l •. - ·- ,. Juan de H errera. Proyecto para la fachada del templo de El Escorial. Calcada del original por El Escorial. Patio de los R eyes y fa chada del A . R uíz de Arcaute, 1936. templo. odemos iniciar nuestra compren en la fachada principal o de arcos en los cual se acordarán con seguridad cuales sión de El· Escorial observando claustrillos, los sistemas de pilastras y quiera mutaciones que se hicieren" (4). P atentamente aquella que es toda semicolumnas, los capiteles, los esta bl a Y d igo q ue tal cosa ocurre en el dibujo vía su mejor ilustración: la estampa del mentos, las decenas ele chimeneas y bu porque sólo en él, en razón ele su cuali séptimo de los diseños que Francisco de hardas en los tejados, comproba ndo la dad universal, puede comprobarse la to Mora y el mismo Juan de Herrera reali perfección con la que la menor moldu tal simetría del edificio y, al m ismo tiem zaron de la obra, y que Petrus Perret ra, el más leve cambio ele material se ha po, las mutaciones que esa si me tría asu grabó en 1587. cuyo título es SCENO hecho presente. me: así la aparición de la cubierta de la GRAPHIA TOTIVS FABRICAE S. Pero no sólo eso. gra n escalera ocultando parte del claus LAVRENTII IN ESCORIAL! ( 1). Tambi én lo es el ir descubriendo có• tro de los evangelistas; la diferen te com En primer lugar porque ella es, efecti mo el diseñ o se ha mostrado fi el a la posición de claustros y patios a ambos vamente, escenografía, es decir, una total realidad ele la construcción incluso en lados del templo; la aparición de las y perfecta delineación perspectiva del ob aquellos lugares en los que podemos balaustradas que coronan las naves con jeto Escorial y, por tanto, junto con el comprobar, en la obra realizada, modifi las q ue se divide en tres el gran patio resto de las láminas, el más original do caciones res pecto a los iniciales deseos cuadrado del palacio .. -
A Virtual Train Journey Along the Mare Ligure from Ventimiglia to Rome
Italian Culture Newsletter Number 22 A Virtual Train Journey along the Mare Ligure from Ventimiglia to Rome. Marie and I have made this journey on a number of occasions. In doing so we have either made the journey in a single day albeit with a change of train, usually at Genova. On other occasions, we have spent an evening or even a few days at Genova and/or at Livorno or Pisa. The journey described will involve more stops on the way but could be more interesting on that account. The trip begins in Ventimiglia where we stayed overnight on our last day of our last holiday in Italy. This had been occasioned by the French railway strike which prevented any trains from running from Ventimiglia to Nice on the day of our arrival from Rome into the city at the Italian- French border in Liguria. Our first visit to Ventimiglia was in 2006 when some Italian friends from Cuneo, due north of Ventimiglia, in Piemonte, met us at the rail station in Ventimiglia to take us for a short stay at their apartment in Nice. On that occasion we didn’t see much of the city except for part of the old medieval town, which now mostly is the home of many of the southerners from Naples, Calabria and Sicily who moved north seeking employment after WWII. The old town is perched high above the new city with its long sea-front promenade and railway station. Ventimiglia is the ancient Albium Intemelium, the capital of the Intemelii, a Ligurian tribe which long resisted the Romans, until in 115 BC it was forced to submit to Marcus Aemilius Scaurus. -
Nueva Información Sobre Alonso Cano
AEA, LXXVII, 2004, 305, pp. 75 a 97. ISSN: 0004-0428 VARIA NUEVA INFORMACIÓN SOBRE ALONSO CANO Como aportación documental al cuarto centenario del nacimiento del pintor, escultor y arqui tecto granadino Alonso Cano (1601-1667) presentamos una nueva noticia que esperamos ayude en futuras investigaciones a precisar aún más sobre la vida y obra de tan destacado genio '. En contadas ocasiones hallamos testimonio escrito donde se efectúa un contrato artístico para una clientela particular al margen de los habituales encargos eclesiásticos o reales en tor no a los pintores españoles del siglo xvii ^. El 28 de mayo de 1660 Cano concierta en Madrid la elaboración de una nueva obra dentro de su producción pictórica I Licenciado, Racionero de la Santa Iglesia de Granada y Procurador Fiscal de la Cámara Apostólica de esta ciudad, se omite a priori junto a estos oficios su profesión por la pintura. El encargo se efectúa por orden de Blas López, un maestro del arte de escribir del que hasta el momento carecemos de más información. Mediante convenio se especifica que Alonso Cano «le halla de hacer de pintura un cuadro con dos figuras, la una de Nuestro Señor tendido en el regazo de Nuestra Señora, que a de ser la otra figura» con unas medidas de «dos varas y media de ancho y dos varas de alto». La obra será entregada en «octubre que viene de este presente año» y su coste será de mil reales de vellón haciéndose el pago mediante «diferentes alhajas y estampas». Tras el pro tocolo habitual en este tipo de contratos aparecen como testigos Tomás de Almansa y la Plaza, Juan Ruiz y Juan Alvarez '^. -
Architectural Styles in Spain.Pdf
These presentations are examples of our work on Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance and Baroque art styles. Students have made this activity with the purpose of learning the main characteristics of each style, mainly focused on architecture and also a little of sculpture and painting as a complement. So that’s why students write about the main characteristics of each style and illustrate it with examples. TIEHA ARCHITECTURAL STYLES Romanesque Gothic Renaissance Baroque Names: Núria Gassó, Kiona Gil, Ikram maaroufi & Aina Canosa Year: 3rd A Subject: History Date: INDEX ● ROMANESQUE ● GOTHIC ● RENAISSANCE ● BAROQUE ROMANESQUE Sant Martí de la Cortinada, Andorra 1. Romanesque introduction 11th - 13th 1.2 ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE Buttress Round arch Depth walls Few windows Barrel vault Latin cross plan Capital Rib vault EXAMPLES Church of San Martin, Segovia, Spain Sant Climent de Taüll Cantabria GOTHIC 2. GOTHIC INTRODUCTION 12th - 15th 2.2 GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE Pinnacle Flying 2 towers buttress Rib vault 3 spaces buttress Pointed floor plant arches Pillar church Examples Santa Maria del Mar church, Barcelona The Cathedral of Notre Dame, The Cathedral of St. John the Baptist, Paris Savannah, Neogothic style (Georgia, United States) RENAISSANCE 3. RENAISSANCE INTRODUCTION 15th 16th Antropocentrism 3.1. RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE Ceilings Columns Dome SYMMETRY & PROPORTION Proportion, harmony and humanism Human Proportion Symmetry in Basilica of Saint Andrea QUATTROCENTO dome lighter latin cross The birth of Venus by Sandro Botticelli. Gates of Paradise of Florence Cathedral by Ghiberti. CINQUECENTO Tempietto’s ground plan The creation of Adam, Sistine Chapel Villa Rotunda Leonardo Da Vinci The School of Athens by Raphael. IN SPAIN: PLATERESQUE (1st/3 of the 16th century) ● Inside: Gothic ● Outside: Renaissance ● Abundant and detailed decoration: Silversmith San Esteban Church (Salamanca) IN SPAIN: PURIST (2nd/3 of the 16th century) ● Pure, simple and proportional (as italian). -
El Doctus Artifex En El Entorno De Felipe 11: Institucionalizaci~Nde La Ciencia, Bibl,Iofilia Y Ascenso Social
EL DOCTUS ARTIFEX EN EL ENTORNO DE FELIPE 11: INSTITUCIONALIZACI~NDE LA CIENCIA, BIBL,IOFILIA Y ASCENSO SOCIAL RAMOX SOLERI FABREGAT Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona RESUMEN Al servicio de Felipe 11 aparecen por primera vez en España los profesionales mechnicos (ingenieros, arquitectos, pintores) con formación literaria. Sus bibliotecas muestran sus estrategias de ascenso social, a pesar de la decadencia científica española. RESUM:El Doctus Artifex en l'entorn de Felip II: institucionalització de la ciencia, bibliofilia i ascens social Al servei de Felip 11 apareixen per primera vegada a Espanya els professionals mechics (ingeniers, arquitectes, pintors) amb formació literaria. Les seves biblioteques mostren les seves estrategies d'ascens social, malgrat la decadencia científica espanyola. SUMMARY:The Doctus Artifex in the Court of Philip II of Spain: the institucionalization ofscience, bibliography and social promotion The mechanic professionals (engineers, architects, painters) with literary training appear in Spain for the first time at the service of Philip 11. Their libraries show their social ascent strategies, despite the Spanish scientific decadence. La enseñanza tecnológica Quizá ninguna rémora pesó más en el desarrollo de la ciencia moderna que el viejo prejuicio en favor de las actividades intelectuales y en contra de las mecánicas. Las enseiianzas tecnológicas no tenían lugar en las universidades españolas del siglo XVI, y las ciencias del mundo natural (a excepción de la medicina) apenas atra,ían al alumnado.' La anatomía era casi la única disciplina que podía interesar a los artistas: el orfebre y escultor Juan de Arfe (De varia cornmensuración para la esculptura y architectura, Sevilla, 1585) asegura haber asistido a disecciones (en la universidad de Salamanca. -
The Immaculate Conception C
[5] granada school, second half of the 17th century The Immaculate Conception c. 1650-1680 Black chalk, pen and black ink and white wash on paper 360 x 235 mm he frequent depiction of the Immaculate Conception rosy cheeks, her beautiful hair spread out and the colour of in 17th -century Spain can be seen as a responding gold [...]. She must be painted wearing a white tunic and to a desire to defend the cult of the Virgin and her blue mantle [and be] crowned with stars; twelve stars forming T 1 virginity against Protestant doubts. Stylistically, depictions a bright circle between glowing light, with her holy brow as of this subject evolved in parallel to the general evolution of the central point.” 2 17 th -century art. Thus, in the fi rst third of the century such Cano’s Immaculate Conceptions evolved in parallel to images were characterised by a restrained, tranquil mood with his work as a whole but always remained faithful to Pacheco’s the Virgin presented as a static, frontal fi gure. In the second precepts. They range from his most static depictions of the third of the century, however, a new approach showed her as early 1620s, such as the one in a private French collection, 3 advancing forward majestically with a suggestion of upward to those from the end of his career, which convey the greatest movement in the draperies. Finally, in the last third of the sense of movement, including the ones painted for the century the fi gure of Mary soared upwards, enveloped in cathedrals in Granada (c. -
The Royal Monastery of San Lorenzo De El Escorial
The Royal Monastery of San Lorenzo de El Escorial The Royal Monastery of San Lorenzo de El Escorial was built by Philip II in the 16th century and served as a royal palace, monastery and necropolis for numerous Spanish kings. The “El Escorial” is one of the most important visitor sites in Spain. Philip II wished to commemorate the Spanish victory in the battle of St. Quentin, fought on August 10th 1557 on St. Lawrence’s day. As Philip II was devoted to this Saint he decided to build the monastery as a royal pantheon. The king decided to found a religious institution to house the pantheon of his entire dynasty, together with a place of worship, a royal palace, a community of Hieronymite monks, a seminary and a library. The Monastery took twenty-one years to be built (from 1563 to 1584). In the beginning the work was directed by Juan Bautista de Toledo, but following Toledo’s premature death in 1567, his pupil Juan de Herrera began to excel as supervisor of the works. Herrera took over the direction and changed it somewhat into his own personal style. THE ROYAL MAUSOLEUM Philip II wanted to build a crypt below the High Altar, destined for a Royal Pantheon. But he died before his wish was accomplished, and it was his son, Philip III, who fulfilled his father’s desire. Works started in 1617 under the direction of the architect Juan Gómez de Mora. On his death, the work was already well advanced but the project remained unfinished for twenty-two years. -
José De Mora SAINT ANTHONY of PADUA
José de Mora Baza, 1642 – Granada, 1724 SAINT ANTHONY OF PADUA José de Mora Baza, 1642 – Granada, 1724 Saint Anthony of Padua Ca 1700-1720 Polychrome wood Saint: 40.5; plinth: 15; whole: 55.5 cm Saint Anthony: height 56.5 cm, plinth base width 22×22 cm, plinth height 16 cm Figure 40.5 cm Saint Anthony of Padua was actually of Portuguese descent, born to a noble family from Lisbon. When he was fifteen years old he became an Augustinian monk, changing into a Franciscan in 1221. As a preacher he traveled around Spain, northern Africa and Italy, where he even met Saint Francis. He taught theology in Bologna and later he toured France while exercising his pastoral ministry. He spent his final years in Padua, where he died in 1231. After the sixteenth century, his worship reaches an enormous dimension, and he becomes one of the most popular and beloved saints, his image being widely spread through many media. The work under study results from the miraculous scene that will have the greatest impact on the iconography of the Portuguese saint, the appearance of the Infant Jesus, which during the Early Modern Period will become his most common attribute and one of the classic representations. In addition, it is also very common for the Child to appear standing or sitting on an open or closed book. In fact, this latter iconographic element does not appear in the hagiographic account. It might stem from some other traditions in which the miracle is said to have occurred while the Saint was preaching about the Incarnation dogma, so the vision allegedly arose from his reading, with the Child descending in order to attest it. -
Lntroduction
lNTRODUCTION he very name of Aran.juez is evocative; in much quarters here, on the site of the present-day palace, us the same way as a reference to Chartres con ing the location for recreational purposes. Similarly, the ___T jures up the image of its imposing cathedral in first engineering works were carried out on the Tagus at our mind's eye, the name of Aranjuez rouses historical, this time, to ensure water was available to irrigate the artistic and natural images, although it is difficult to be crops, and there is even the possibility that a garden sure which comes first. Of course, Aranjuez was origi may have existed in the vicinity of the mansion, which nally a gift of the Tagus and the Jarama rivers, which, like would be the basis for the future Royal Residence of the Nile in Egypt, make the lands they water fertile. It is Aranjuez. The fact is that the Order's headquarters con equally certain, however, that on grafting Art onto Na tinued to exist, adjoining the part of the palace erected ture here, History sowed bountiful seed here. In this by Philip II, until the seventeenth century, when it was way, a balance was struck in the encounter, which has al demolished as a result ofPhilip V's decision to finish the ways been rather romantic in nature, between man and palace. th~ local environment atAranjuez that has produced a In broad lines, the next episode involves their heavenly result owing to the munificence of its situation. Catholic Monarchs, whose policy of bringing the military The fact is that Aran juez is first and foremost, a gen orders under controlled to Ferdinand the Catholic be tle breeze that tempers the rigours of the seasons; of coming the lifelong administrator of the orders, includ course, it is a pleasant landscape whose vistas are lit up ing the Order of Santiago, with the result that he carne or put out as though by a brush stroke; yes, it is a fertile into possession ofAran juez.