Huawei in Central and Eastern Europe: Trends and Forecast

BRIEFING PAPER Huawei in Central and Eastern Europe: Trends and Forecast

IVANA KARÁSKOVÁ, KONSTANTINAS ANDRIJAUSKAS, ALICJA BACHULSKA, UNA ALEKSANDRA BĒRZIŅA-ČERENKOVA, ANDREEA LEONTE, TAMÁS MATURA, MATEJ ŠIMALČÍK HUAWEI IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE: TRENDS AND FORECAST

Briefing Paper January 2021

Editor – Ivana Karásková

Authors – Konstantinas Andrijauskas, Alicja Bachulska, Una Aleksandra Bērziņa-Čerenkova, Ivana Karásková, Andreea Leonte, Tamás Matura, Matej Šimalčík

Citation – Karásková, I. (ed.) (2020). Huawei in Central and Eastern Europe: Trends and Forecast. Prague, Czech Republic, Association for International Affairs (AMO). The publication was prepared within the China Observers in Central and Eastern Europe (CHOICE) collaborative platform. CHOICE monitors and evaluates the rising influence of the People’s Republic of China in countries of Central and Eastern Europe which participate in the China-proposed 17+1 initiative. CHOICE strives to build a multinational platform for open discussion, experience-sharing and critical assessment. CHOICE is run by the Association for International Affairs (AMO), a Prague-based foreign policy think tank and NGO. The preparation of this paper was supported by a grant from National Endowment for Democracy (NED).

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ASSOCIATION FOR INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS (AMO) Žitná 27/608 CZ 110 00 Praha 1 Tel.: +420 224 813 460 [email protected] www.amo.cz

Summary 5 Introduction: CEE on the road to security distancing 7 Romania: decisive opponent 9 Poland: hardening stance 11 Latvia: no place for ambiguity 13 Lithuania: value-based rejection 15 Czech Republic: resolute hesitation 17 Slovakia: undecided latecomer 19 Hungary: cordial welcome 21 Authors 23 About CHOICE 25 About AMO 27 Footnotes 29

→ → → → → → Summary

the joint declaration on 5G security with the Since US. then, local telecom Latvia ended its ambiguity on Huawei in February 2020 Any drastic reversal of the current policy towards Huawei seems unlikely. including non-technical risks, some of them indirectly pointing at Huawei. market. ICT providers will assessed be based on a Polish the from high-risk as categorized exclusionwill enable vendors of the Poland has drafted an amendment to the existing cybersecurity law which slim. are Romania in Huawei’s an authorization granted by the decision of the prime minister. far So which are intended for the use in the national 5G networks, need to obtain all manufacturers of technologies, equipment and programs, software the first country already in 2019.Moreover, it also a drafted as it signed a Romania seems to have the strongest position on Huawei within the region, conclusively resolved. a in assessing 5G network risks does not inevitably equal a the trend towards taking into account non-technical factors when a signing or and/ matter the on EU to recommendations adherence their declaring companies as a While some (namely Hungary) have refused to treat Chinese telecom telecom companies in 5G networks. cautious position of the local governments on the involvement of Chinese visits by members of the US administration to the region, resulted in a Active US diplomacy in CEE, visibly backed by increased frequency of networks. Chinese telecom company with the highest share of components in local Eastern Europe (CEE) is mostly associated with Huawei, the most visible The issue of 5G network security in selected countries of Central and 5G network infrastructure in Latvia very unlikely. aware of the risks of cooperation with Huawei, making its participation in Finland. The local mobile network operators are becoming increasingly companies aired their preference of telecom companies from Sweden and

nation’s

prospects for participating in the build-up of the 5G infrastructure

joint declaration with the US on 5G security. However, network. Thus, in some countries, the issue has not yet been

memorandum of understanding on 5G security with the US as

security threat, others have become more critical –

number of categories,

ban on Huawei

when it signed

law stipulating stipulating law

more more 5 Huawei in Central and Eastern Europe: Trends and Forecast 6 Huawei in Central and Eastern Europe: Trends and Forecast → → → → →

However, the situation is far from decided, as the government balances it contributed significantly to the debatewith the Prague Proposals. in the European debate, already voicing concerns in 2018. Moreover, The Czech Republic was an early skeptical voice on 5G security expected. is particular Lithuania’s in shift major based foreign policy and criticizing countries violating human rights, no of the moderate right wing coalition, declaring its aim to conduct value- 5G mobile network with Ericsson. Considering the victory in the election in September 2020. Telia Lietuva declared the initial phase of launching the issue, signed a Lithuania, which closely follows Polish and US positions on the Huawei declaration with the US in October 2020 a is Slovakia considerations ahead of the general election in 2021. warnings from the security community with other domestic political announced the establishment of a of establishment the announced change in the foreseeable future. The Orbán government and Huawei and it does not seem probable that the current policies of Budapest will Hungary did not ban the use of Huawei’s enjoy an intense political debate on the issue. or even canceled, by the decision of the NSA Director. Slovakia is yet to than an Act of the National Council, meaning they can easily be amended, However, the measures are to implemented be only in an NSA Decree rather Security Authority has been drafting a for exclusion of Huawei from CEE counties’ 5G networks by Washington. telecom companies, and bilateral ties with the US and the continuous push general election, the position of Germany, the considerations of local future trends: the change of a Four major possible factors should taken be into account when forecasting Hungary. in evidence as further serving of the stable environment the company enjoys

relative newcomer to the 5G security debate. It signed a

memorandum of understanding on 5G security with the US

current policy on the 5G in general and Huawei in

government of the given country the after

new Huawei R&D

Decree on 5G security measures.

and, ever since, its National

technology in the 5G networks

centre in Budapest, in Budapest, centre

joint joint companies quickly change and dramatically. can The Czech Republic theheads to Chinese telecom formed the towards attitude election, governments general after Washington. the continuous push for exclusion of Huawei from CEE counties’ 5G networks by the considerations of telecom the local companies, the US bilateral and ties with and trends notresolved.issue has been finally does not (so equal far) a the countries covered briefingpaper. this in trendthe Yet towards being morecautious account non-technical factors when 5G network assessing visible is risks most in of signed a declaredand they would adhere to therecommendations EU on and/or the manner a as companies telecom companies 5G networks. in some While (namely have Hungary) refused to see Chinese cautious position of governments the local on the involvement of Chinese telecom of bycy visits members to of the region, the US administration resulted a in companies have, at so far, least less had visible presence the region. in ably the most active Chinese telecom company the region. other and in Chinese ZTE argu and networks local in components of share highest the with company telecom Europe Eastern countries and Huawei, mostly is associated with Central a governments agencies, their and players by or external by telecom local companies. debateslocal on Huawei whether and assesses the debates driven by primarily the are to watch the seven in CEE countries, weighs the probability in the shifts of future works. More importantly, on based the former step, it attemptstrends to determine of state current the ongoing debates about Huawei’s region Europe. Eastern and of Central a from Europe discussions Observers among and Eastern (CHOICE), China Central in Poland, Lithuania, Slovakia. and Romania The Hungary,paper chia, resulted Latvia, the build-up of 5G European networks countries: seven Eastern and in Cze Central Karásková Ivana distancing security to Introduction: CEE on the road

unique collaborative from research the platform together analysts bringing China Four possible factors should into be taken account when forecasting future Active US Europe, diplomacy Eastern and backed Central in by increased frequen other connotations, having While the issue of security of 5G networksin selected aim of thebriefingThefirst ispaper to provide an up-to-date of the overview ongoing summarizes briefing This paper debates onHuawei’s First, as seen in Slovakia and Lithuania, where Slovakia seen in Lithuania, and First, as China-skeptical political parties –

a joint the US declaration with on 5G security. into trendtaking The towards

possible of change the country’s

ban onban Huawei a in security threat, majoritythreat, security ofcautious CEE countries remain

nation’s

government, the position of Germany,

possible 5G net in participation network. In some countries, the the countries, some In network.

involvement in

Chinese Chinese

more more - - - - 7 Huawei in Central and Eastern Europe: Trends and Forecast 8 Huawei in Central and Eastern Europe: Trends and Forecast European approaches to the security of 5G networks. determinationand could have tangible repercussions for Eastern and the Central its course change policy the on USunlikely significantly, China will a the incomingregarding Biden its and course Though on China. is it administration The governmentslocal as as telecom well companies apply a a for advocating security provider. primary their has been in successful TheTrumpadministration company. telecom Chinese country’s the of need the without networks a choosing companies procurement. Hence, the decision on Huawei could result from practically the telecom andworks costs mayincreasefinal theirlower chances in the future their in public Moreover, companies the local fear the possibility Huawei fromof banning the net Huawei as especially faces potentially problems components. accessing with crucial a entering as networks. The sanctions, US however,the calculus the changed of business sector, a as and Chinesesought companies with partnership due to simple considerations financial suppliers. of CEE thedecisionfinal countries’as as drafting well regulations on 5Gnetworks decisiontowards Berlin, German on 5G networks a has yet the not Bundestag the law has yet. passed Given the CEE countries’ orientation issue.government TheGerman announced the new 5G legislationin December 2020, many, which may prompt the countries the region in to follow Berlin’s from the 5G networks. It to be seen. remains a in remain the issue prior to the vote. Depending on the outcome of the election, the issue may 2021 in election general Third, local telecomThird, local companiesimportant role.also an manyplay theIn past, Second, CEE countries oriented are all the economies towards Ger of virtually Finally, CEE countries, Baltic states, Poland especially consider Romania, and US

consequence of the prevalence of Huawei’s

stalemate, or perhaps move it can quickly towards the exclusion of Huawei

contract with a with contract

more cautious approach the Chinese telecom regarding companies.

more expensive, yet less problematic for 5G building partner

and the current government theand current quite is reluctant to decide on

company under US sanctions could prove problematic, problematic, prove could sanctions US under company

government to explicitly out rule the

components in their existing existing their in components

great potential to potential great influence

wait-and-see approach approach wait-and-see

loss of focus

lead on this - - in 5G networks,in manufacturer, the well their degree as of outsourcing to third to request information detailed about the technologies, equipment,used software and followingwithdrawn procedure. the same and/or defense national of the equipment manufacturer. The authorizationmay be a a by conditioned is authorization authorization, an obtain by granted decision of the prime minister. However, should interest), the national of infrastructures communication and information the in as which programs, ware intended are for 5G the national networks the use in (as well Telecommunications. and on the website of Infrastructure Transport, of the Ministry it into law. national A Romania’s with MoU the 5G bid remote. are a other 114 with security/foreignpolicy threats. Huawei addedwas the list Mayon to 2020,15, together Entities, of Register Federal MoU. At the MoU time, the same should be interpreted conjunction in the US with munication operators, the company could meet hardly the conditions the in named not explicitly exclude Huawei from supplying 5G equipment telecom to Romanian government, outside independent an judicial review. document Although this did corporate ethical and practices, subject they well are if as as to the control of a 5G future ofvendors all they to haveif determine a by Iohannis, on 20, Klaus August 2019. The MoU provided fortherigorous evaluation standing measures concerningenact the security of 5G thenetworksEU.in government for the Romanian that waiting was the European was Commission to the obligationsdetailing suppliers ofpending. future Thereason still is for the delay placeto year. take last The tenderpostponed was forthe as 2021, legislativeframework small. extremely are a networks, close relations having most telecommunications with operators, well as as Leonte Andreea Romania: decisive opponent

thorough to security assessment the national vulnerabilities and of threats the risks, close cooperation the US with on 5G security,thethat chances Huawei win could regional support center Bucharest, in its chances to lead 5G rollout the Romanian The draft law also mandates also the law National TheCommunicationsdraft Authority (ANCOM) manufacturers of technologies,all that states law Theequipmentdraft and soft visitWhitethe his to House,theAfter president theRomanian discussed Iohannis Regarding 5G, Romania was the first country a to sign country the 5G, first Regarding was Romania not the 5G has tender, yetRomania organized despite scheduled it initially being Although Huawei a has 1 (MoU) with the US, (MoU) with on the occasion of a

of its overseas-related affiliates.

National Defense Council (CSAT) how regarding to transpose

year later, 2020, on 4, August a 2

which lists all entities believed all which to lists pose serious national large presence in Romania in the existing 3G 4G and presencelarge the existing in Romania in

favorable opinion from the CSAT, after performing performing CSAT, after the from opinion favorable 3 Since pledged has Romania to have

transparent ownership structure structure ownership transparent presidential to visit Washington

first draft law draft first

Memorandum of Under of Memorandum 4 was published was

foreign foreign - - - 9 Huawei in Central and Eastern Europe: Trends and Forecast 10 Huawei in Central and Eastern Europe: Trends and Forecast the 5G infrastructure in Romania are slim. are Romania in the 5G infrastructure thus, concludecan, Huawei’s that Romania’s of consequence a throughrules European telecoms security cyber legislation. however, these member allegations, dismissed noting that may adopt states national couldthus not the telecom its impact. assess specialists industry introducedwas public in debate for too short a violation in are of law. EU The CEO of Huawei also theopinedlaw that Romania iary, the new follow which that rules argued biased ambiguous and which criteria, responsible for policies. digital EU a providers. noncompliant from use in currently software and Moreover, out the law sets for measures out phasing the technologies, equipment networks provided. Failure to provide information result fines. heavy in this can related activities to the management of of electronic certain communicationsparties

letter to Margrethe Vestager,the Commission’s European partnership with the company with for interview partnership an in Radio Europa Libera On SeptemberOn 2020, 11, Huawei contested Romania’s In November 2020, Romania’s 2020, November In

strategic partnership with the US with onissues. partnership strategic security We

prime minister Ludovicprime minister Orban prospects for participating in the construction of the construction in forprospects participating 5 The was sentletter byHuawei’s

time, only between August 4 onlytime, August between

new 5G security rulesin new 5G security

executive vice-president 7 explicitly excluded excluded explicitly 6 The Commission, Commission, The

Belgian subsid Belgian 8 – a

and 17,and

direct - 7, 2020 a is land logical cooperation actors with from non-democratic states. realism”, which practice more in means from awareness techno of stemming risks Mateusz promotedprime Morawiecki also minister has the notion of “European 5G 2019, countries the two signed the US-Poland Joint on Declaration 5G. Beijing.cooperation with resulted Warsaw’s has in rivalry strategic the US Poland’sAs remains the and USChina have affected also Warsaw’s constructing the country’s two almost years of indicted preparatory after proceedings. continued to investigate the case. the authorities as under remained whileon has arrest the have Chinese national bail, involvedof the case that, a a Beijing. in research facilities enables the selected to students Huawei’s visit younging talents, for example of the program through for Seeds the Future, which Kozminski Universityin Warsaw. Poland. in seller the country. in handsets 2018, In it progressed toward the number one smartphone also become Thehas giant Chinese tech one the of sellers popular most of mobile networks their and have been largely built Huawei’s using DevelopmentChina Bank. ofthe construction Polish 2G 3Gand networks the help with of multiple from loans domains. Sincein participated 2006, the Chinese firm consumer infrastructure and Bachulska Alicja Poland: hardening stance and Networkand Academy at Poznań University of Technology Huaweibilateral cooperationsuch as institutions through Authorized Information ment. It cooperated has extensively a with behavior.consumer affect producer,handset controversies as to Huawei surrounding restrictions and started

Chinese Huawei employee Warsaw in arrested was on allegations of top On spying. Currently, tool legal the most important could that result Huawei’s in the of visit the USDuring vice president Mike Pence to Poland September in These eventshave accelerated Poland’s The companymade the in headlines andPoland worldwide 2019,in January when Huawei become also active player has an the Polish in ‘people-to-people’ environ For more a than 19

. Some of its provisionsthat suggest vendorscategorized high-riskas would draft amendment to the existing cybersecurity cybersecurity law amendment published draft the existing to onSeptember 10 In 2019, In however, overtaken it by was another Xiaomi, Chinese

decade, Huawei’s decade, 11

5G networks. Simultaneously, growing tensions between between tensions growing Simultaneously, networks. 5G 9 former Polish security officer, was later who on released As a As 14

key ally in the post-Coldkey in ally War order, Sino-American 15 13

result, most Polish telecommunication operators operators telecommunication Polish most result, In mid-November In 2020, men the two were finally It actively has promoted its target initiatives own

presence Poland in both in steadily grown has

growing skepticism towards unconditional unconditional towards skepticism growing

number of universities established and has

domestic debate on the role of Huawei in

perception of vis-à-vis threat Beijing.

headquarters in Shenzhen in its and headquarters

equipment solutions. and 16 18 12 or ICT Academy at 17 The Polish

ban in Po in ban - - - - 11

Huawei in Central and Eastern Europe: Trends and Forecast 12 Huawei in Central and Eastern Europe: Trends and Forecast keeps distancing itself fromkeeps the Chinese provider. distancing policy towards Huawei Poland as unlikely seems slowly but rather consequently petence Center a might serve as host the new European CybersecurityIndustrial, Technologyand Com Research Poland’s cyberspace. European considerations. political and tical diversification of telecommunications services providersfrom stemming both prac unclear. 2020. however, At of the time writing, form the ultimate of the amendment remains reasons. security and The is new law supposed to come into force by December 21, from countriesfirms outside themightundergoEU of greater forscrutiny political a on frombe banned the Polish market. ICT providers supposedly based be assessed will Warsaw might also try to playWarsaw a try might also the nearest future, In most will Polandprobably witness a

number of categories, some of pointing at them Huawei.indirectly For example,

recent attempt

case in point. in case

more proactive the role of terms in managing 20 21 to make the case for to the case make to the country

Any drastic reversal ofAny drastic the current

growing trend towards towards trend growing - - cooperation with Huawei will bring, making Huaweicooperation Huawei 5G bring, network making with in participation will mobile network operators (MNOs) becoming are increasingly ofaware the the risks be excludedwei will from the rollout the local Still, of the 5G network Latvia. in developingalso a be used”, Bite “developing is a even that though “it’s sured, claiming However, upon of the Joint the signing Declaration, Bite’s to go its plans introduce forward with will a phone operator not the company with Bite suspend its partnership will and Latvija 2018,in been had and consistently voicing a Bitethrough MoU signed had an Lietuva, on cooperation 5G networks in Huawei with owned by the US private equityinvestment fund Providence LLC Partners Equity followed the ambiguous approach longer, but end. coming to it an also Bite is Latvija, routers produced locally company MicroTik. by the Latvian Sonera, Nokia sitetest on with cooperating is 5G. only The featured military 5G 5G the the and minoritystake by owned bySwedish-Finnish of the state Latvia, Telia Mobilais Telefons on November (LMT) 13, 2020. LMT, the majorityin whichstake is Europe” in sitetest of Defense,providersmilitary 5G the “first as from came the Ministry also China. of notwas followed by a Interestingly, Macedonia North of in the thedeclaration signing unlike or Cyprus, “never as 5G networks say be never, characterized can but complicated”. extremely development and the entry circumstances, the current of Huawei the segment in of foreign policy issues and of such level.” security, with deal that those structures state with especially structures, state with questions at the moment be certain therethat will when to want cooperate they’ll the most probable exclusion of Huawei: companies “These have into take to account isn’t of Latvia’s speaks text However public broadcaster the Latvian reported according that has to its sources the od of political ambiguity theissue.on of theclassified.Thetext document remains Jointthewith on Declaration 5GUS Security Una Aleksandra Bērziņa-Čerenkova ambiguity for place no Latvia: As in similar cases across Europe, one cannot say with full certainty that acrossHua cases Europe, certainty one similar full in sayAs with cannot two networkThe operatorsremaining aside from LMT (namely Tele2 A Although the joint other a is declaration, in cases, as Latvia became the became second amongtheLatvia the Baltic countries,Estonia, to sign after

creating security risks”. security creating

strong signal that Latvia plans to rely on Northern European 5G infrastructure to plans rely on European Northern 5G infrastructure Latvia that strong signal 26 was launched by was base the at mobile the Ādaži network operator Latvijas

parallel 5G networkparallel Nokia using infrastructure”.

reaction or statement of the of Embassy the People’s commitment to examine “whether a “whether examine to commitment 23 The Minister TheMinister of implicitlyForeignAffairs reaffirmed

5G network cooperation in (..) with Tele2, (…) Tele2

still unclear which company’s which unclear still 24

5G network the help with of Huawei.”

22 pro-Huawei mobile position: “Latvian on February 27, 2020, ending a

messaging became less became as messaging

non-binding one, under under one, non-binding

5G technology supplier supplier technology 5G 29

technology will will technology

and Bite)and Republic Republic

peri

is is 28 27 25 - - - -

Huawei in Central and Eastern Europe: Trends and Forecast 14 Huawei in Central and Eastern Europe: Trends and Forecast security guarantor – the – guarantor United security States. the push towards the exclusion of Huawei ultimately comes from Latvia’s government actors, the leeway of mobile network operators because limited, very is the exclusion of Huawei, the and issuemostly is promoted by the defense-oriented to cooperate Huawei. with Although the MNOs generally are reluctant to commit to it currently the only is as mobilewatch aspect, network operator planned had that unlikely. very Latvia in Certainly,decision the final is a installation of BiteLatvia

primary primary

to- Ericsson. Telia’sEricsson. another more and with partnership strategic famous company of Swedish origin, phase of the launching 5G mobiledeclared the initial network under a enterprise the country’s of an to as importance ensuring ognized rec legally Lithuania, in company technology information and telecommunications not long to become months two apparent. later, than Less Telia the largest Lietuva, not was na mentioned explicitly either, document results of the this practical were Understanding on 5G Security state a Baltic to beensign the settledlast since became Lithuania Huawei’s efforts, these Lithuania’s context, security.Although or China companiesits were not mentioned explicitlythis in of both close those with as countries partnership considered is for crucial Lithuanian a had also the US associated with position perceptionsthreat primarily on was the issue, but territory,nian precluding safe and development normal of 5G the network. national exclave covers the neighboring morewithin Kaliningrad one-third than of Lithua stations communication satellite and radars military by created zone” occupation interference Russia.spectrum dispute Notably, with “frequency digital the Russian however, destined to dowas Lithuania so even without any Chinese role due to Curiously, Lithuania. years in three the last during been increasingly securitized Andrijauskas Konstantinas rejection Lithuania: value-based to officially refute statements the about the company’s a Huawei’s league. even larger, attachedtitlethe was itsto name as Lithuania’sof Huawei. with agreement Subsequently, early in September 2020, the Federation announced a the officialsponsor as Basketball serving of the Lithuanian Federation in 2014-2016. formedmajor the first publicity Chinesecampaign by whileany in thecountry entity public throughout image some ten years of operation The Lithuania. company in per militarily sensitive installations. of Defense previously had indicated Chinese not technology that be included will in or service productIT provider may become a “development of 5G technology without of the sufficienttrustworthiness focus on the

court case won against one won case ofcourt Lithuania’s against Indeed, of as the end of 2020, the complex matterin question seems haveto to positively theOn other Huawei hand, its been highlight trying regularly has elsewhere the case is As the region, in of the rise the Chinese factor related in Despite, or rather because of, recognition of its huge the potential, 5G issue has

lot to do with spying accusations against Huaweilot accusations neighboring to in against spying do with Poland,

press release revealed that existing Huawei’spress release revealed existing that attentionand highlighted image to by reputationfurther its been has

2020

main goal within the country remained beyond remained the country within goal its reach. main

35 National Threat AssessmentNational Threat thattime fortheoutlined first This time, however, the company’s the however, time, This 37 with the US with mid-September in 2020. Although Chi 33

prominent which news thus had portals

new factor.” risk

activities in Africa. in activities 32

radio access network Lithuania’s profile seemed to be

women’s

national security,

Memorandum of of Memorandum new cooperation

just signedjust

basketball basketball

36 Ministry Ministry Despite 30 34 38 31 - - - -

Huawei in Central and Eastern Europe: Trends and Forecast 16 Huawei in Central and Eastern Europe: Trends and Forecast opment of 5G the local network a as followwill the examplethe by set exclusion Telia, finalizing of Huaweifrom devel coming radio frequencies auction of the country’s all the world, to Taiwan”. from Belarus democratic and rights defend freedoms will and those fighting forfreedom around a coalition officially went as that the far as newpledging government will conduct its predecessor.the issue than Indeed, Lithuania’s ticular, even the new if Joe Biden’s a Ericsson’s equipment phased out be gradually throughout will several upcoming years using

majorLithuania’sin shift “values-based actively foreign oppose “will any policy” violation that of human Considering the October 2020 October Considering the

hardware instead.

current policycurrent on the general 5G in Huawei and par in 39

general elections outcome, it to imagine hard is 40 administration would be more forthcoming on on forthcoming more be would administration

result. Thus,widelythat beforeis it expected the up

victorious moderate right wing

telecommunications providers providers telecommunications - - - takes the warnings of community the security seriously, the warnings takes minister Babiš prime needs government the While services. and components of purchases concern not does but itas focuses only on investment to companies from investors from outside of the EU, legislation on the matter. The national investmentscreening doesregulation not apply excludewill Huawei from Czech 5G networks, no to plans prepare with a it that shouldto be reached again place repeating and take at level. the EU 2020, August avoided a signed a ior) when posed by risks foreign assessing vendors. A by focusing on non-technicalNÚKIB (such political economic and aspects as behav conference on the security of 5G networks, followedthe logicof thewarning of the approach of Poland. and the neighboring Germany countries, particularly Havlíček Karel indicated industry and trade the Czech that decision should follow on thecalled issue of 5Gto security be debated the EU on thelevel.minister of Also a publicly a him called preted NÚKIB’s a and Prague It led undiplomatic to also an reaction assertive and from the Chinese in Embassy a andthelawbyexclusion the cybersecurity of Huaweifrom the tender on building Huawei and of ZTE products the networks in of covered Czech institutions state (BIS). agency gence operations, which have long been pointed out by the Czech counterintelligence intelli Chinese mentioned it Further, activities. intelligence on including authorities, whichChina requires Chinese companies to cooperate citizens and Chinese with cifically, it mentionedandtheframeworkpolitical legal theof People’s non-technical of posed by the risks the Chinese telecom aspects companies. Spe not but focused which of on the only baseline the arguments mainly the timing, of Chinese telecom was companies about interesting 5G. was in the What warning early an made skeptical voice the country the European in debate on involvement published(NÚKIB) a Security Karásková Ivana Republic:Czech hesitation resolute

tax portaltax legal action. legal Thus, the Czech government’s Czech the Thus, Proposals’, MayIn 2019, ‘Prague the so-called outcome an of international an To down order the situation in and calm to reach a promptedThewarning thestate’s The Czech Republic’s

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47 45 subsequent diplomaticin thewhichAmbassador Chinese rift, inter claiming the decision claiming on Huawei’s

warning as a as warning

liar.

state agencystate National Authority on andCyberInformation 44 In reaction to the security warning Huawei reactionthreatened In warning to the security

public warning on ZTE and Huawei and public on ZTE late in 2018, warning which “mistake” and the Czech prime minister Andrej the and Czech Babiš“mistake” prime minister

stance has remained ambiguous remained to whether as has stance it

reaction, leading to the evaluation of the use

engagementis the 5G in future yet

broader consensus, Babiš later year later, the Czech Republic

Václav airport Havel

Republic of 48

national 46 43 - - - - . 17

Huawei in Central and Eastern Europe: Trends and Forecast 18 Huawei in Central and Eastern Europe: Trends and Forecast come to a to they If want build on the 5Gistration networks China. quickly, they may need to the broaderalso position of the and the position EU of the incoming Biden admin of the Czechbusiness not domestic calculations only the particularities politics, but a have in operating been so far companies telecom Czech the Finally, process. decision-making in factor important vendorsuntrusted from its 5G networks. Naturally, the position of the US an also is muchlawmakers, depends position or on of terms in banning the allowing German environment legal a German and serves as Germany excluding Huawei from 5G build up. Second, Czech as economy oriented is towards come of the election, either a the issue can remain not before the outcome of the 2021. general election Depending on fall the in out Babiš’s the and US,of Germany considerations and of telecom companies. First, Andrej the Czechin Republic – the outcome of the general election 2021, in the position placingin to commercial media. local articles Huawei. for Economics ford study, however, on based models was developed by the British Research Center Ox Czech crowns) the exclusion that of Huawei would bringto the Czech Republic. The published analysis an a to influencethe legislation of a governments. Accordingthesupplier to the law firm, does nothave the possibility interpretation of the non-technical of the posed vendors by risks links to foreign the law local hired company Toman, challenged the NÚKIB that and partners Devátý a from5G. running Apart Huawei later the future. in However, representative CETIN not out has ruled the possibility of cooperation with investment group PPF, which holds also 81% mobile in operator O2 2020 network. the Vodafone the use Czech Huawei UK, branch will technology only non-core in of parts fone broke the silence May in 2020, accordance in announcing that the policy with of 5G EU Toolbox,(such Proposals, the Prague as business etc.) rationale. Voda against to weigh community’s the security products. Huawei a on who playersical opposing views, with most notably the Czech president Miloš Zeman, theto preferences balance other of community the security against domestic polit

prior assessment of its risk. Czech telecommunication companies thus operate uncertainty, in theyas need Three possible Three factors shouldintotaken be accounttrends in future forecasting to influenceHuaweithe been active very Czech trying public in has debate on

it will use technologyit from will Ericsson to build 5G networks.

government reluctant is to a make

number of previous and occasions ZTE downplayed against the warnings decision sooner the Czech government to. than willing is 49 CETIN, the Czech CETIN, telecoms network operator, announced October in 54 estimating additional financial costs (amounting 38

promotional website on the 5G Czech in Republic 51 55 53 Moreover, recently the company been active very has In March 2020, March In the Czech CETA economic tank think

certain country and should and country notcertain be excluded without

state of uncertainty andin a ofstate uncertainty

warnings and signals from political stakeholders signals and warnings

decision on the issue of Huawei, at least 56

stalemate orstalemate move quickly toward

frequent inspiration to the Czech

need to count their in 50 CETIN is a is CETIN

Czech Republic. 52

, it also , it also part of part

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Huawei in Central and Eastern Europe: Trends and Forecast 20 Huawei in Central and Eastern Europe: Trends and Forecast position on Chinese tech companies will become clearer in the coming months. coming the in clearer become will companies tech Chinese on position don’t built is only using equipment technologies and infrastructure transfer data and that communication of construction government critical that ensure it that will claimed the Slovak Republic, which adopted was by the government December in 2020. The nies. posedrisks of by Chinese security thetech National compa Councilthat wary is DefensestatedCommittee of Security and the parliamentary Indeed, the chairman it Huawei seemsunlikely be able will to the opinion sway of key policy makers. to softenthe blow of a China. towards policy Slovak for Similarly, cybersecurity should that over of be a the population half thinks ers of the network behind European equipment, Japanese and far vendors. ranking toand launch a owned by the Chinese government) technology to used ZTE develop its 4G network (partially Mobile Swan For example development. network on companies Chinese a shown have operators network Slovak some Already, abilityand security compliance of vendors can have a the vendorevaluating reliability. thenetwork Letting operators tothedetermine reli been made available to the public. legislative process the National in Council). To day, this a Nevertheless, only a So far, it not be is the role what clear will of the mobile network operators in As all the key documents all process, mentionedAs theSlovak drafting in here still are Thus, it should that come Huaweias surprise no has gone on a 69

pose security risks and originate fromand risks originate pose security Slovakia’s Recognition into the new translated ofof Security was theseStrategy risks

5G trial network 2019. in 5G trial

harder government stance. government harder third of third Slovak population favor Chinese vendors suppli as 67 64 , 65 68

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pressure despite Viktor theto sympathy Orbán of the Trump prime minister ad message focused more on related security concerns andthethearguments of US. dothat not support the government have more had onandtheir the matter articles outlets media Meanwhile, government. the of argumentation the follows or neutral media outlets tend to publish about less articles the issue tone their and either is due to the low number of coverage) one may have pro-government the feeling that concerns. on (though Based these articles it to well-founded draw hard is conclusions so far, no more a than dailies havetwo of theand significant country biggest published, online newsportals information and its data security. tidethe Nokiaas Ericsson.it and endangersshould against Third, Hungary notswim governmentthe Hungarian should prefer European companies with cooperating like a is First, Hungary years have two the past referredin to a debate. Those assemblythespeechesfew very national in didthat mention Huawei the responsibilityis the of service provider to complythewith relevant regulations. and the safety frameworkprivacy data of flows in guarantees Hungary, that and it to preserve the competitiveness economy. of the Hungarian there Fifth, is a andthe alone.developmentdigitalization Fourth, further theof 5G networkis a consist of a will be found the of system in the other well. countries EU as Third, networkin Hungary thus the government about it. do Second, cannot anything Huawei’s being developed British and telecommunication multinational by German companies, identified.state itself does thenot First, developHungarian a most other CEE countries. 5G network of on the November country to 2019, contrast the policies 5, sharp in of foreign announced the involvement minister of Huawei the development in of the now. Thelack interestpoliticalof givenis somewhatthe that Hungarian surprising sessions ofnary the parliament have not touched upon the issue for a almost electionssince 2018, occasions in three the last were all and late in 2019, so the ple nese company been mentioned has Parliament for only the times Hungarian in three Tamás Matura welcome cordial Hungary: alliance system of system the country.alliance Second, Huawei as may pose a eration Huawei with since the policy pro-China of the government the may harm The Hungarian coveragemedia The theHungarian issueon is extensivenot either,twothe as Meanwhile, opposition have pointed parties theissuesin parliamentary at security onBased the political debate a The Huaweiissue is thenotin forefront of publicdiscourse in Hungary. Chi The The Hungarian governmentThe was Hungarian one theof the in few CEE region to resist US

mix of technologymix provided by multiple companies, not by Huawei

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dozen and half articles combineddozen articles half and on the Huawei related security 71 72

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Huawei in Central and Eastern Europe: Trends and Forecast 22 Huawei in Central and Eastern Europe: Trends and Forecast positions of Huawei Hungary. in seems to be low. very there on sum, nothing is In the horizon to threaten the favorable tion, but the probability suchof a Hungary. in enjoys company the environment stable the of R&D Huawei a of establishment the announced giant telecom Chinese the and government be even there less will pressure to its cut ties to onexpect, Huawei. Hungary The to is followadministration a policiesthe current of Budapest here are for to stay the foreseeableIf future. Biden governmentian about the incoming Biden it probable seems administration, that 5G network of the country. Given enthusiastic feelings of the less the Hungar than Budapestand not the has use of banned ministration, Huawei’s An EU level government EU An may put ban the Hungarian into inconvenient an posi

centre Budapest in evidence late in October further 2020, as serving

less confrontational approach many as towards China,

development towards a towards development

joint EU position currently currently position EU joint 73

technology in the the in technology

new - - Authors tute of Asian Studies of (CEIAS)tute Asian Bratislava, Slovakia. in Šimalčík Matej European CenterEastern for Studies, Hungary. Asian versity of andtheBudapest Presidentfounding and theof Central Tamás Matura civic education. theand President of MaEduc, a Leonte Andreea at Association for (AMO), International Affairs Czechia. Europenator Eastern (CHOICE) and Observers of Central China in Ivana Karásková of International Affairs. Institute Silk Road at the program Latvian UniversityStradins Center Studies China andthe Head theof New Aleksandra Bērziņa-Čerenkova Una Academy of Sciences’ Graduate School for Research Social (GSSR). Universityin Warsaw, Poland. a also Sheis Alicja Bachulska Studies International and Politics at University, Vilnius Lithuania. Konstantinas Andrijauskas , dr. jur., Professor Assistant an Uni is at Corvinus , is an Executive an , is European Director Insti at Central is a is is an independent an is researcher focusing on China , Ph.D., a is

China analyst at Asia Research at Asia Center, analyst China War Studies , Ph.D., Associate Professor an is of Asian

Research Fellow, Founder and Coordi Fellow, and Founder Research

Romanian NGO active the field in Romanian of

, Ph.D., the Head is of Riga Ph.D. candidate at the Polish - - - 23

Huawei in Central and Eastern Europe: Trends and Forecast

@ ChinaObservers @ ChinaObservers NGO. and foreignbased tank policy think Europe. Eastern and Central in Radio Free Europe, Diplomat Dialogue, China numerous well in as as media outlets assessment. a build Europe which the China-proposed in participate 17+1 influencerising theof People’s Europeern (CHOICE) collaborative platform. CHOICE monitors evaluates and the About CHOICE FOLLOW US! CHOICE by the Association for run is (AMO), International Affairs a CHOICE research appeared New in York Times, Morning Post, South China Theand publicationEast theObserversCentral in China within was prepared www.twitter.com/ www.facebook.com/ www.chinaobservers.eu

multinational platformmultinational for open discussion, critical and experience-sharing and chinaobservers #ChinaObservers ChinaObservers

Republic countries in of and Eastern of China Central

initiative. CHOICE to strives

Prague- - 25

Huawei in Central and Eastern Europe: Trends and Forecast

on international affairs with special special focus with on Czech onforeignpolicy. international affairs of goal the Researchmain Center systematic is observation, commentary and analysis public and politicalcurrent issues encourages and expert debate on related topics. The activeit approach an supports to foreign policy, provides independent an of analysis which not is tank, boundor toideology. any political party think With activities, its The ResearchCenter theAssociationof isa forAffairs International → → → → → → → policy. foreign and relations international of established has AMO the Czech itself as leading independent the field in institution thein to Czech activities its Republicties. Thanks and abroadand 20-yeartradition, through a ofing international affairs founded 1997. in Themission AMO been has toof contribute to a Associationis a for International Affairs AMO About AMO RESEARCH CENTER RESEARCH AMO TO: STRIVES ITS GOALS TO AMO ACHIEVE ORDER IN FOLLOW US!

cooperate with like-minded international and with local institutions. cooperate public domain; wider in international in the interest relations support create vital conditions for of growth a internationaland press; events current local for on comments and critical assessments present projects; educational organize debates; public roundtables, seminars, expert internationalarrange conferences, formulate and publish briefing,research and policy papers; www.twitter.com/ www.facebook.com/ www.instagram.com/ www.youtube.com/ AMO_cz AMOcz AMO.cz AMO.cz

broad of range educational research and activi

non-governmental non-profit organization organization non-profit non-governmental

new expert generation; expert new

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- - 27

Huawei in Central and Eastern Europe: Trends and Forecast

13 12 11 10 9 100 “Interviu. 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Footnotes

“Huawei Polska i Polska “Huawei “Xiaomi czy Samsung? Liderzy polskiego rynku smartfonów“, Bankier.pl, May 13, 2020, May Bankier.pl, smartfonów“, rynku polskiego Liderzy Samsung? czy “Xiaomi “Huawei osiągnął pozycję numer jeden w jeden numer pozycję osiągnął “Huawei rynku-smartfonow-7882674.html https://www.bankier.pl/wiadomosc/Xiaomi-Samsung-Huawei-Apple-ranking-udzialow-w-polskim- utrzyma.html artykuly/1116705,huawei-osiaga-pozycje-numer-jeden-w-polsce-na-rynku-smartfonow-i-liczy-ze-ja- 2018, 11, April Prawna, Gazeta 2006, alegeri-pensii-fmi-5g-fara-china/30923127.html 2020, 1, November same. the remain likely most will Huawei regarding of Romania position the so party), Liberal –National (PNL Orban as Ludovic party political same the from come will PM The new yet. parliament by the responsabilitatea-politicienilor-eliminarea-huawei-va_188726.html huawei-nemultumit-de-transpunerea-memorandumului-5g-cu-sua-protejarea-retelelor-nu-este- politicienilor”, responsabilitatea romania/ 2020, 2, transparenta-decizionala/consultare-publica/acte-normative-in-avizare/3059-l04082020dcom 2020, 4, August of Romania, Communication and Infrastructure Transport, of 5G”, Ministry rețelelor implementării condiţiile şi național interes de comunicații press-releases/2020/05/commerce-addresses-huaweis-efforts-undermine-entity-list-restricts of Commerce, Technologies”, U.S. US with Department Produced LRbCrilk8mUbMl7SDC8k5CGNUh9AosEn7MFOTUF90h0uIHRaC3suQ the-entity-list-revision-of-entries-on-the-entity-list-and-removal?fbclid=IwAR0mH_ federalregister.gov/documents/2019/08/14/2019-17409/addition-of-certain-entities-to- 2019, 14, August Register, List”, Federal Entity From the of Entities Removal document-2019-11-3-23464357-0-memorandum-5g-romania-sua.pdf 2019, 3, November of Hotnews, America”, States United wspolpracowac-w-ramach-ict-academy-6577270721599105a.html 2020, 19, November “Akademia Sieci Huawei”, Poznan University of Huawei”, Sieci University “Akademia Poznan Technology, Wojciech Piechocki, “Kredyt dla P4 dla “Kredyt Wojciech Piechocki, approved been not has minister prime new the of writing, time the at and, down stepped Orban PM nu este reţelelor SUA: Protejarea cu 5G Memorandumului de transpunerea nemulţumit “Huawei, November Romania”, Politico, in Poland, bans 5G of legality challenges “Huawei Cerulus, Laurens de și informatice infrastructuri la referitoare măsuri unor adoptarea privind de Lege “Proiectul Huawei’s Addresses “Commerce and List, Entity the on Entries of Revision List, Entity the to Entities “Addition of Certain of the Government the and of Romania Government the between of Understanding “Memorandum https://gsmonline.pl/artykuly/kredyt-dla-p4-oficjalny-komunikat-operatora https://www.politico.eu/article/huawei-hints-at-legal-action-against-5g-bans-in-poland- .

. de minute cu premierul | Pensii & FMI, alegeri, 5G fără China”, Radio Free Europe, Europe, Free Radio China”, fără 5G alegeri, &FMI, |Pensii premierul cu de minute

Akademia Koźmiśkiego będą współpracować w współpracować będą Koźmiśkiego Akademia https://romania.europalibera.org/a/interviu-100-de-minute-cu-premierul- https://www.money.pl/gielda/huawei-polska-i-akademia-kozminskiego-beda- https://serwisy.gazetaprawna.pl/nowe-technologie/

economica.net Efforts to Undermine Entity List, Restricts Products Designed and Designed Products Restricts List, Entity to Undermine Efforts .

– oficjalny komunikat operatora“, GSM Online, November 3, November Online, GSM operatora“, komunikat – oficjalny

Polsce na rynku smartfonów i smartfonów rynku na Polsce , August 14, 2020, 2020, 14, , August . https://media.hotnews.ro/media_server1/ http://www.huawei.edu.pl

http://www.mt.gov.ro/web14/ https://www.economica.net/ https://www.commerce.gov/news/ . ramach ICT Academy“, Money.pl, Academy“, ICT ramach . .

chce ją utrzymać“, utrzymać“, ją chce . t s://www. p htt . .

. . 29

Huawei in Central and Eastern Europe: Trends and Forecast 30 Huawei in Central and Eastern Europe: Trends and Forecast 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14

rjk z Projekt

Author’s

“Latvia sides with US in Huawei 5G fight”, Latvijas Sabiedriskie Mediji, February 20, 2020, 20,2020, Mediji, February Sabiedriskie Latvijas fight”, 5G Huawei US in with sides “Latvia “Latvia sides with US in Huawei 5G fight”, Latvijas Sabiedriskie Mediji, February 20, 2020, 20,2020, Mediji, February Sabiedriskie Latvijas fight”, 5G Huawei US in with sides “Latvia “Portfolio”, Providence Equity, “Portfolio”, Providence EU’s to host “Bucharest Lungu, the Adrian bid. won finally Romania “Akt oskarżenia wobec podejrzanych o podejrzanych wobec “Akt oskarżenia “Latvia launches first 5G military test site in Europe”, Latvijas Sabiedriskie Mediji, November November Mediji, 13, Sabiedriskie in Europe”,Latvijas site test military 5G first launches “Latvia “Prime Minister Mateusz Morawiecki ‘s Morawiecki Mateusz Minister “Prime “Bite Latvija will not suspend its partnership with Huawei”, The Baltic Times, Additional Source: Source: Additional Times, Huawei”,Baltic with The partnership its suspend not will Latvija “Bite 2019, 2, RP, September Ministrów Rady Prezesa on 5G“, Kancelaria Declaration Joint “U.S.-Poland “Latvia sides with US in Huawei 5G fight”, Latvijas Sabiedriskie Mediji, February 20, 2020, 20,2020, Mediji, February Sabiedriskie Latvijas fight”, 5G Huawei US in with sides “Latvia Dragon-and-American-Eagle-5G-development-in-the-Baltic-states_August-2020.pdf 2020 August Security, Tallin, and for Defence Centre International States”, by the Brief Baltic the in Development https://eng.lsm.lv/article/economy/economy/latvia-sides-with-us-in-huawei-5g-fight.a349114/ partnership_with_huawei/ 2019, 15, February LETA, portfolio?name=§or=all®ion=all&vertical=all&status=al a381607/ 2020, https://eng.lsm.lv/article/economy/economy/latvia-sides-with-us-in-huawei-5g-fight.a349114/ https://eng.lsm.lv/article/economy/economy/latvia-sides-with-us-in-huawei-5g-fight.a349114/ declaration-on-5g-security/ 27, 2020, February Note, Media the-case-for-new-eu-cyber-centre-seat/ 2020, 18, November Euractiv, host-eus-new-cybersecurity-centre/ 10, 2020, December Euractiv, dokument463185.pdf September 8, 2020, cyberbezpiecze globalization-time-for-european-5g-realism prime-minister-mateusz-morawieckis-article-in-the-telegraph---clean-path-to-a-new-model-of- Gov.pl, realism”, 5G 16, July 2020, for European time globalization: special-report/huawei-poland-spying/ 2019, 2, July Reuters, China”, and U.S. the between cold war https://www.premier.gov.pl/files/files/deklaracja_en-1.pdf chr https://www.gov.pl/web/sluzby-specjalne/akt-oskarzenia-wobec-podejrzanych-o-szpiegostwo-dla- Maya Guzdar and Tomas Jermalavičius, “Between the Chinese Dragon and American Eagle: 5G 5G Eagle: American and Dragon Chinese the “Between Tomas Jermalavičius, and Guzdar Maya Europe, Huawei Future”, for the “Seeds Alexandra Brzozowski and Samuel Stolton, “Poland make case for new EU cyber centre seat”. centre cyber for EU new case make Stolton, “Poland Samuel and Brzozowski Alexandra “Joint Statement on United States-Latvia Joint Declaration on 5G Security”, US Department of State of State Department US Security”, on 5G Declaration Joint States-Latvia on United Statement “Joint Joanna Plucinska, Koh Gui Qing, Alicja Ptak, and Steve Stecklow, “How Poland became a became Steve Stecklow, Poland and “How Ptak, Alicja Qing, Koh Gui Plucinska, Joanna l. https://eng.lsm.lv/article/society/defense/latvia-launches-first-5g-military-test-site-in-europe.

interview with a with interview dnia 7 dnia

(4), (4), ń

września 2020 września stwa oraz ustawy – Prawo zamówie –Prawo ustawy oraz stwa https://icds.ee/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/ICDS-Brief_Between-the-Chinese- https://legislacja.rcl.gov.pl/docs//2/12337950/12716602/12716603/ . https://www.baltictimes.com/bite_latvija_will_not_suspend_its_

high-ranking Latvian official [anonymized, 2020]. [anonymized, official Latvian high-ranking . . https://www.euractiv.com/section/cybersecurity/news/bucharest-to- https://www.euractiv.com/section/cybersecurity/news/poland-makes- https://www.provequity.com/

r. Ustawa o r. Ustawa https://www.state.gov/joint-statement-on-united-states-latvia-joint- . .

szpiegostwo dla ChRL“, dla Gov.pl, 2020, 18, November szpiegostwo https://www.huawei.eu/what-we-do/seeds-future .

article in ‘The Telegraph’ – Clean path to a path Clean ‘The – in Telegraph’ article

zmianie ustawy o ustawy zmianie . publiznych“, Rządowe Centrum Legislacji, Legislacji, Centrum Rządowe ń publiznych“, . https://www.reuters.com/investigates/

krajowym systemie systemie krajowym l. https://www.gov.pl/web/usa-en/

new cybersecurity centre“, centre“, cybersecurity new

new model of model new .

front in the the in front .

. . . 47 46 45 44 43 42 41 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31

iha “China’s Xinhua,

Telia Lietuva, “Telia is launching 5G network in Lithuania”, November 10, 2020, November Lithuania”, in network 5G launching is “Telia Telia Lietuva, Daniel Anýž, “Pompeo do Prahy přivezl memoranda proti Huaweii a Huaweii proti memoranda přivezl do Prahy “Pompeo Anýž, Daniel 17, December 2018, “Varování”, NÚKIB, Liepi Inese Eesmaa, Mari Roonemaa, Holger „Pražské letiště vyloučilo kvůli bezpečnosti z bezpečnosti kvůli vyloučilo letiště „Pražské Republic the of Security National Ensuring to Importance of of Objects Protection the Law on The Security”, on 5G of Understanding Memorandum of Lithuania –Republic States “United “National Threat Assessment 2020”, State Security Department of the Republic of Lithuania and Lithuania Republic of the of Department 2020”, Security Assessment State Threat “National czech-republic.html 2019, 8, YorkNew February Times, cz/domaci/clanek/cinsky-velvyslanec-o-nasi-schuzce-lhal-uvedl-babis-40266795 z-vyberoveho-rize/r~d1f8835ac5c911e9b5e8ac1f6b220ee8/ 2019, 23, August huawei-excluded-from-czech-tax-tender-after-security-warning-idUSKCN1PO10G 2019, 30, January Reuters, warning”, NUKIB_2018-122-17.pdf 2020, pranesimai-spaudai/telia-is-launching-5g-network-in-lithuania portal/legalAct/lt/TAD/a7ba7f40211411e88a05839ea3846d8e?jfwid=fhhu5mp5n 2018, 12, on January amended last 10, 2002, on October adopted of Lithuania, lithuania-memorandum-of-understanding-on-5g-security/ 17, September 2020, of State, Department U.S. retract-false-statements-on-huawei 2019, tarptautiniu-skandalu sportas/10/1228428/lietuvos-krepsininkai-puosis-huawei-logotipu-apzvalgininkai-vadina-tai- logo]?”, 2020, Huawei 9, with LRT.lt, September themselves adorn http://www.china.org.cn/world/Off_the_Wire/2014-08/01/content_33112129.htm 5g-battle-investigation https://www.lrt.lt/en/news-in-english/19/1095729/baltics-caught-between-superpowers-in-china-s- superpowersbetween China’s in https://www.vsd.lt/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/2020-Gresmes-En.pdf p. 2020, 5, Vilnius, Defence, of National Ministry the under Department Investigation Second special-report/huawei-poland-spying/ 2019, 2, July Reuters, China”, and U.S. the between cold war privezl-memoranda-proti-huaweii-a-zajmum-ciny-a-ruska-k-podpisu-ale-nedoslo 2020, 12, August nedošlo”,ale iHNed, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-czech-telecoms-idUSKBN1X30TV „ Andrius Sytas, “Lithuania to support those ‘fighting for freedom’ in Taiwan”, Reuters, November 9, in November freedom’ for Taiwan”, Reuters, ‘fighting those support to “Lithuania Sytas, Andrius Huawei, “Court orders Lithuanian news outlet to retract false statements on Huawei”, October 11, on 11, Huawei”, October statements false retract to outlet news Lithuanian orders “Court Huawei, Marc Santora, „Huawei Threatens Lawsuit Against Czech Republic After Security Warning”, Warning”, Security After Republic Czech Against Lawsuit Threatens „Huawei Santora, Marc „Czechs unlikely to differ from Germany on Huawei approach: minister”, Reuters, October 24, 2019, 2019, 24, October Reuters, minister”, approach: on Huawei Germany from differ to unlikely „Czechs Jason Hovet and Robert Muller, „China’s Muller, Robert and Hovet Jason Jurga Bakaitė, “Lietuvos krepšininkai puošis Huawei logotipu [Lithuanian basketball players will will players basketball [Lithuanian logotipu Huawei puošis krepšininkai “Lietuvos Bakaitė, Jurga Joanna Plucinska, Koh Gui Qing, Alicja Ptak, and Steve Stecklow, “How Poland became a became Steve Stecklow, Poland and “How Ptak, Alicja Qing, Koh Gui Plucinska, Joanna Č naší schůzce lhal, uvedl Babiš”, Novinky, January 6, 2019, 2019, 6, Babiš”, uvedl Novinky, January lhal, schůzce o naší velvyslanec ínský https://www.huawei.com/au/facts/voices-of-huawei/court-orders-lithuanian-news-outlet-to- https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lithuania-china-idUSKBN27P1PQ

https://zpravy.aktualne.cz/ekonomika/prazske-letiste-vyloucilo-kvuli-bezpecnost- Huawei sponsors Lithuanian basketball team”, China.org.cn, August 1, 2014, 2014, 1, August team”, China.org.cn, basketball Lithuanian sponsors Huawei . . . .

5G battle – Investigation.” LRT English, September 10, 2019, 10,2019, September English, LRT Investigation.” – battle 5G . https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/08/business/huawei-lawsuit- https://www.reuters.com/article/us-czech-security/chinas- https://archiv.ihned.cz/c1-66802130-pompeo-do-prahy- . https://nukib.cz/download/uredni_deska/Varovani_

Huawei excluded from Czech tax tender after security security after tender tax Czech from excluded Huawei ņ a, Sabīne B Sabīne a,

výběrového řízení skennery od Huawei”, Aktuálně, Huawei”, od Aktuálně, skennery řízení výběrového https://www.state.gov/united-states-republic-of- ē rzi . . https://www.reuters.com/investigates/ ņ a, and Naglis Navakas, “Baltics caught caught “Baltics Navakas, Naglis and a, . https://www.lrt.lt/naujienos/

zájmům Č . . . https://e-seimas.lrs.lt/ íny a https://www.novinky. https://www.telia.lt/ . . . . .

Ruska, k Ruska,

front in the the in front

podpisu podpisu

Huawei in Central and Eastern Europe: Trends and Forecast 32 Huawei in Central and Eastern Europe: Trends and Forecast 66 65 64 63 62 61 60 59 58 57 56 55 54 53 52 51 50 49 48

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“United States – Slovak Republic Joint Declaration on 5G Security”, United States Department of Department States United Security”, on 5G Declaration Joint Republic –Slovak States “United Seminar on cybersecurity of 5G, Ministry of Trade and Industry of the Czech Republic, Prague, Prague, Republic, the Czech of Industry and of Trade Ministry 5G, of on cybersecurity Seminar “UPDATE 1-Czech telecoms group CETIN chooses Ericsson for 5G network”, Reuters, October 19, 19, October for network”, Reuters, 5G Ericsson chooses CETIN group telecoms 1-Czech “UPDATE „Právní analýza kanceláře AK Toman”, AK kanceláře analýza „Právní Matej Šimalčík, Richard Q. Turcsányi, Kristína Kironská, and Renáta Sedláková, “Slovak public public “Slovak Sedláková, Renáta and Kironská, Kristína Q. Turcsányi, Richard Šimalčík, Matej siete”, 5G SME, omeškanie pre eurokomisie od pokuta trojmiliónová hrozí “Slovensku SITA, “V https://techbox.dennikn.sk/temy/4ka-uvadza-5g-technologiu-ako-prva-na-slovensku/ html https://ekonomika.sme.sk/c/20547983/swan-si-pozical-od-bank-of-china-zalozil-celu-svoju-siet. zalezi/index.html 6, 2020, security/ 2020, 23, October State, prezidentka-vysvetluje-preco-nechcela-ist-na-globsec-s-logom-huawei/ s https://www.sis.gov.sk/pre-vas/sprava-o-cinnosti.html od-eurokomisie-pre-omeskanie-5g-siete.html September 27, 2020, https://cybersec.sk/spravy/z-domova/rasi-v-cine-slovensko-bude-otvorene-spolupraci-na-5g/ prodrazi-o-38-miliard-tvrdi-studie-cis/r~6e44780078bb11ea9d74ac1f6b220ee8/ 2020, 14, April Aktuálně, institut”, uploads/2020/03/Studie_5G_key_032020.pdf dokumenty/A_Toman_Pravni_stanovisko_Implementace_EU_Toolbox.pdf www.5gvcesku.cz 2020. 24, November chooses-ericsson-for-5g-network-idINL8N2HA380 2020, jen-v-okrajovych-castech-5g-siti/ 2020, 22, May Lupa, poll-report_3.pdf 2020, Studies, of Asian Institute European Central conspiracies”, and values between Caught of COVID-19: age the in on China opinion https://techbox.dennikn.sk/o2-dnes-spustilo-komercny-testovaci-rezim-5g-kde-a-ako-sa-pripojite/ Lukáš Valášek, „Ze špionáže podezřelý Huawei vede kampa Huawei podezřelý špionáže „Ze Valášek, Lukáš MapInfluenCE research – to be published in 2021. in published be to – research MapInfluenCE Martina Raábová, “Swan si požičal od Bank of China, založil celú svoju sieť”, June 1, 2017, 1, June sieť”, svoju celú založil of China, Bank od požičal si “Swan Raábová, Martina David Slížek, “HN: Č “HN: Slížek, David or NATO. EU the within decided be to issue for the called Lithuania Similarly, Juraj Procházka, “4ka uvádza 5G technológiu ako prvá na Slovensku”, na 10, July TechBox, 2019, prvá ako technológiu 5G “4ka uvádza Procházka, Juraj Mirek Tóda, “Je to vec princípu a vec princípu to Tóda, “Je Mirek

logom Huaweiu”, 2020, 6, October y znam budov znam

dnes spustilo komerčný testovací režim 5G. Kde a 5G. režim testovací komerčný spustilo dnes . https://in.reuters.com/article/czech-telecoms-5g/update-1-czech-telecoms-group-cetin-

mobilní operátori: na bezpečnosti 5G sietí nám záleží”, Národný bezpečnostný úrad, August August úrad, bezpečnostný Národný záleží”, nám sietí 5G bezpečnosti na operátori: mobilní

Č https://www.nbu.gov.sk/2020/08/06/stat-a-mobilni-operatori-na-bezpecnosti-5g-sieti-nam- . íne: Slovensko bude otvorené spolupráci na 5G”, CyberSec, November 8, 2019, 2019, 8, November 5G”, na CyberSec, spolupráci bude Slovensko otvorené íne:

činnosti SIS za rok 2019”, Slovak Information Service (SIS), September 2020, 2020, (SIS), September Service rok 2019”, za SIS Information Slovak činnosti a . n . . 5G s i 5G https://www.lupa.cz/aktuality/hn-cesky-vodafone-pouzije-technologie-huawei- eský Vodafone použijr technologie Huawei jen v jen Huawei technologie Vodafone použijr eský https://ekonomika.sme.sk/c/22497521/slovensku-hrozi-trojmilionova-pokuta- i https://www.state.gov/united-states-slovak-republic-joint-declaration-on-5g- t i v Česk

hodnôt. Prezidentka vysvetľuje, prečo nechcela ísť na Globsec Globsec na ísť nechcela prečo vysvetľuje, Prezidentka hodnôt. . republice”, CETA, March 2020, 2020, e republice”, March CETA, https://zpravy.aktualne.cz/domaci/site-5g-se-bez-huawei- https://dennikn.sk/2074397/je-to-vec-principu-a-hodnot- www.5GvCesku.cz https://ceias.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/COMP- . . .

ako sa pripojíte?”, TechBox, October 7, pripojíte?”, 2020, sa October TechBox, ako . , https://www.5gvcesku.cz/DATA/ za 5G. Využil nezávisle se tvářící tvářící se nezávisle Využil 5G. ň za http://eceta.cz/wp-content/

okrajových částech 5G sítí”, sítí”, 5G částech okrajových . . . .

. . 73 72 71 70 69 68 67

Matej Šimalčík, Richard Q. Turcsányi, Kristína Kironská, and Renáta Sedláková, “Slovak public public “Slovak Sedláková, Renáta and Kironská, Kristína Q. Turcsányi, Richard Šimalčík, Matej Huawei was mentioned in the following speeches in the Hungarian National Assembly: MP Kocsis- MP Assembly: National Hungarian the in speeches following the in mentioned was Huawei See e.g. Dávid Igaz, “Huawei na margo útokov: Vlády odmietajú dôkazy, postoj Slovenska nás zaráža. zaráža. nás Slovenska postoj dôkazy, odmietajú útokov: Vlády margo na “Huawei Igaz, Dávid e.g. See https://hungarytoday.hu/szijjarto-huawei-budapest-hungary-china-ties/ Nr. 13, 2019), 60. speech (June day assembly 72nd Szijjártó, Péter of Affairs Foreign by Minister reply Nr 52., 13, 2019), speech (June day assembly 72nd Vadai Ágnes, Nr. Dr. 2019), 80; MP speech 11, (November day assembly Károly, 92nd Kontrát of Interior Ministry of the Nr. Secretary by 2019), State reply 78., speech 11, (November day György, assembly 92nd László Nr. Dr. Lukács 2019), MP 72; speech 11, (November day assembly Károly, 92nd Kontrát of Interior Ministry of the Nr. Secretary 2019), by State 70., reply speech 11, (November day assembly 92nd Nr. MP Bence, 40; 10,2019.), speech (December Tordai day assembly 102nd Szijjártó, Péter Affairs of Foreign by Minister reply Nr. 10, 2019), 14., speech (December day assembly 102nd Olivio, Cake https://www.reuters.com/article/us-hungary-telecoms-huawei-idUSKBN1XF12U Material/25570/1 pusta-rizikovu-cinsku-firmu-do-bezpecnostnej-infrastruktury/?ref=tit 2020, 19, November infraštruktúry”, https://fontech.startitup.sk/huawei-ceo-slovensko-exkluzivny-rozhovor/ 2020, 21, (rozhovor)”, October Fontech „čistí“ sme Startitup, že dokážeme, Nejak poll-report_3.pdf 2020, Studies, of Asian Institute European Central conspiracies”, and values between Caught of COVID-19: age the in on China opinion “Huawei to Set up R+D Set to “Huawei “Hungarian minister opens door to Huawei for 5G network rollout”, Reuters, November 5, 2019, 2019, 5, November rollout”, Reuters, for network Huawei 5G to door opens minister “Hungarian Miro Kern, “Problém Hikvision: Ako Slovensko púšťa rizikovú čínsku firmu do bezpečnostnej bezpečnostnej do firmu čínsku rizikovú púšťa Slovensko Ako Hikvision: “Problém Kern, Miro “Bezpečnostná stratégia Slovenskej republiky”, Vláda SR, 2020, 2020, SR, Vláda republiky”, Slovenskej stratégia “Bezpečnostná . .

Centre in Budapest”, MTI-Hungary Today, 20, 2020, October MTI-Hungary Budapest”, in Centre https://dennikn.sk/2149583/problem-hikvision-ako-slovensko- https://ceias.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/COMP- https://rokovania.gov.sk/RVL/ . . .

Huawei in Central and Eastern Europe: Trends and Forecast