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White Pine Bush Scenic Reserve Education Resource

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White Pine Bush Scenic Reserve Education Resource 1 White Pine Bush Scenic Reserve education resource Work from White Pine Bush ‘a resource for teachers’ by Lyn Shannon Additional work and compilation by Amelia McQueen for the Department of Conservation Please acknowledge this resource booklet if you intend to use any activities provided in this booklet or photocopy any of the Published January 2006 pictures. 2 White Pine Bush education resource This teacher/parent resource package can be used for pre/post and field day activities at White Pine Bush. Most of the activities are recommended for ‘making sense of the living world’, levels 1 to 4. However the range of activities in this booklet should suit most school and family groups. You may wish to pick and choose different activities and adapt them to suit the individual level of learning. Other resources that may also be useful for ideas or help with identification of forest plants and animals in the field are noted in the reference section. Background information: White Pine Bush is important and a special part of Hawke’s Bay because…. The Reserve White Pine Bush Scenic reserve, established in 1923, was one of Hawke’s Bay’s first scenic reserves. This 19 hectare patch of native bush is a remnant of the past when great forests covered the landscape. Land clearing and farm development have devastated Hawke’s Bay’s forests. Valuable remnants like this reserve are all that remain. Within this forest, giant kahikatea (white pines), some as old as 500 years have given the reserve its name. Past and Present The reserve was originally part of the 10,647 hectare Maori owned Purahotangahia block. This was purchased by the Crown in 1915 and later much of it was subdivided for farming and forestry. Establishment of White Pine Bush Scenic Reserve in 1923 meant this piece of forest would be protected forever. The exotic elms, robinina and poplar trees around the car park today were planted in the 1950s when an employee of the Hawke’s Bay Soil Conservation Council was based in a roadman’s hut at White Pine. What Lives in the reserve? Majestic podocarps like matai and kahikatea, hundreds of years old, tower above the canopy. The trunks and branches of these conifers are home to climbing rata, supplejack and passion vines, orchids and lilies. Underneath this roof is a layer of broadleaf trees like tawa, titoki, lacebark, mahoe and pigeonwood. Many of these have regenerated since the partial logging in this area prior to the reserve being created. Closer to the ground is a dense understory. Seedlings, tree fern, nikau palms and smaller trees and shrubs like kawakawa, pate and Coprosma thrive. The ground is covered with ferns – mainly kiokio and hen and chicken ferns. Ongaonga, the vicious native stinging nettle also lurks in the understory. For native birds there are berries, nectar, insects and shelter in this forest remnant. Kereru (pigeon), korimako (bell bird), tui, piwakawaka (fantail), riroriro (grey warbler) and ruru (morepork) live here. 3 Over the years introduced weeds and animals have been a problem. However, there is now ongoing control of possums and other pests, the reserve has been fenced and understory plants have recovered well. White Pine Bush – a conifer broadleaf forest…. New Zealand has two main forest types, beech and conifer-broadleaf. Both types are evergreen. White Pine Bush belongs to the conifer broadleaf type. There are quite dense forests with understories of small trees, shrubs and ferns. Mosses, lianes (vines) and epiphytes (perching plants) are plentiful. Large conifers usually dominate the forest. Here, the large conifers are called podocarps. This makes White Pine Bush a coastal, lowland podocarp broadleaf forest sub type. Species in this forest prefer a moist, warm, sheltered environment. With less than 3 percent of this forest type left in Hawke’s Bay, White Pine Bush is a vital remnant. Together with the other reserves in the area, it creates a group of ‘islands’ for our bird life and other fauna. The podocarp family Podocarps are conifers. They do not have flowers like as we know them, but produce cones – often quite small. Most are forest trees that grow large kahikatea, rimi, matai, totara and miro. However, some are low sprawling shrubs, a few of which are found in New Zealand. Podocarps occur mainly in the Southern Hemisphere and there are over 100 known species. The podocarp family is ancient. They first appeared at least 100 million years ago. Kahikatea The kahikatea (white pine) is our tallest native tree. It is found throughout New Zealand and often in swampy areas. The leaves change form as the tree grows. Male cones and female ovules form on the tips of the branchlets but on separate trees. A male tree has a faint orange tinge when the cones are mature and female receptacles turn red when ripe. In past years kahikatea wood was used to make spears. Small pieces were also used as torches for night fishing trips. Perhaps the most well known use however was for butter boxes, because the wood did not taint the butter. Threats to the forest The New Zealand forest thrived for many years in the absence of plant browsing animals (except moa of course!). Since the arrival of Europeans, deer, possums and goats have become the biggest animal threats to our forests. While possum eat shoots and flowers in the tree canopy, deer and goats destroy the re-growth and shrubs on the forest floor. Possums also eat birds eggs and chicks! Pest control by the Department of Conservation is necessary to keep areas like White Pine Bush from being destroyed. Other introduced animals like cats, dogs, stoats, and rats destroy our native bird life and other fauna. Also a serious threat are introduced weeds like old man’s beard that displace natives or smother the forest,. Tiotu te whenua – Leave the land undisturbed 4 Making the most of your field trip: Before visiting White Pine Bush it is recommended you undertake pre-activities and discuss with the class why White Pine Bush is important and a special part of Hawke’s (see background information pgs 2-7). These tasks may be a useful way to evaluate the children’s learning experiences at White Pine Bush. A field trip at White Pine Bush can be a half or full day trip depending on time allocated and number of activities provided. The White Pine Bush loop track will take 1 hr and the shorter loop track which has wheel chair push access will take ½ hr to complete. The activities provided in this resource booklet can be performed on most parts of the walking track and car park area. After your field trip try some of the suggested post-activities. Map of White Pine Bush loop track: 2 1 Short loop walk Long loop walk 1 = Nikua palm grove 2 = Large podocarp tree 5 Suggested field trip check list: Note: cell phone use is limited at White Pine Bush. A story about White Pine Bush. Kia Ora Welcome to the forest Tane, god and father of the forest and all things that inhabit them, welcomes you to White Pine Bush. Kahikatea (white pine) have been growing here for thousands of years. I’m Koro Kahikatea (Old Man Kahikatea) – let me take you on a tour of the forest where I live. My Forest Home Less than 200 years ago there was forest all around me. Now I’m largely surrounded by cleared farm land. 6 But all is not lost. Within this small remnant forest there is a wide range of plants and animals. Each has a reason for its place, a reason for survival. See the damp, shady spots where the ferns, lichens and mosses thrive. Other plants (like me) reach high to find the sun. Some begin life perched on host trees to avoid the crowd on the forest floor. Though their population has dwindled, birds and bettles still play their part in the forest - spreading seeds and making compost. And so the forest continues to grow. The Hidden world Did you know there are more than a 100 species of insects busying themselves on the ground, the rotting trunks, the branches, leaves and ferns of the forest? There are moths, including the huge puriri, and butterflies. There are spiders and termites, bugs, flies and gnats, ground beetles, tiger beetles and burying beetles, snails, worms and stick insects. In the summer you’ll be sure to hear kihihia muta, the most common cicada here. Don’t be worried if you meet the false scorpion – unlike its tropical relation it hasn’t got a sting. Tiny lights under some banks at night will give away the presence of glow worm colonies. Watch the streams and you may see koura, the freshwater crayfish, koaro, a native fish or tuna the eel. Of course you will see and hear the birds of the forest. Among others there are piwakawaka (fantail), tui, korimako (bellbird) and kereru (pigeon). They sing, feed on berries and flowers and spread seeds and pollen so that new trees continue to grow. The Living Dead Look on the forest floor around you. You’ll see litter of leaves, bark, twigs and decaying plants and animals. What you won’t see are thousands of tiny living things, worms, mites, beetles and others, who are hard at work breaking down this litter into humus. Just like a compost heap. Without this process, the soil nutrients here would one day be exhausted and the forest would die. One day when I crash to the forest floor, my trunk will become a home for fungi and mosses.
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