In Vitro Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activity of Some Plant Essential Oils Against Nasal Staphylococcus Aureus

Journal of Critical Reviews

ISSN- 2394-5125 Vol 7, Issue 5, 2020

Review Article IN VITRO ANTIMICROBIAL AND ANTIBIOFILM ACTIVITY OF SOME PLANT ESSENTIAL OILS AGAINST NASAL STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS.

Ashwaq Hazem Najem

LecturerUniversity of Mosul / College of Science /Biology Department. Mosul/Iraq E-mail: [email protected]

Received: 11.01.2020 Revised: 16.02.2020 Accepted: 25.03.2020

Abstract: Staphylococcus aureus appears a considerable load heavily on the healthcare system due to their many virulence factors, such as, enzymes, toxins, aggregation substances, adhesive surface proteins, and most importantly their ability to form biofilms. These enable the bacterial attachment to host tissue and medical implants, and the establishment of a fully developed physical biofilm which plays a great significant role in the stability of chronic infections. Moreover, biofilms are considered accountable for a wide group of chronic diseases and it was caused by the development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria, it has begun to be a tough task to therapy them with effectiveness. Therefore, new factors are existence searched to keep the action of forming and dissemination of biofilm. Nasal transport of S. aureus is multifactorial and can make someone liable transports to following chronic infections and a danger agent for subsequent infections in nonsurgical patients. This study reports that allfour Eucalyptus, Cinnamon, Clove, and Tea tree essential oils were both antibacterial and antibiofilm against 10 nasal Staphylococcus aureus isolates; Using tube method, eucalyptus and tea tree oils demonstrated high antibiofilm activity as compared with cinnamon and clove. However clove and cinnamon not only exhibited weak biofilm inhibition but at higher concentrations they seemed to enhance it. Microtiter plate method was more sensitive in detecting antibiofilm forming ability of essential oils as it demonstrated that all EOs have antibiofilm activity against nasal Staphylococcus aureus. Our results showed that the TCP method is the most a careful, reliable, and quantitative method for examining biofilm formation by nasal isolates of staphylococci.

Key words: Antibiofilm, Antimicrobial, Nasal Staphylococcus aureus.

INTRODUCTION: Methicillin Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) Staphylococcus aureus colonizes the front nares of 20% to 80% infections.The bacteriacan disseminate to other locations on the of the human peoples. skin surface and polluting the surgical inflict an injury through the operation. A study by Perl et al. 2002 has observed that Up to 30% of the human people are asymptomatically and about 80% of strains make happen a staphylococcal infection at constantly colonized with nasal Staphylococcus aureus[1, 2]. The the position of surgery give the same molecular with S. aureus nasal transport has been observed to play a key function in the isolates in the nares of involved patients [16]. manner of development of a disease of S. aureus infections [3,4] in patients undergoing surgery [5], dialysis [6], and in Intensive Staphylococcus species have been demonstrated to form Care Unit (ICU) patients [7], with elevated infection dangers in biofilms, adense community of sessile microbial cells that adhere constant transport Staphylococcus aureus is not only a human to living and non-living surface within a self-producingmatrix. skin and mucosal commensally but also a common give rise to of Production of a biofilmdecreases the sensitivity to antimicrobials dangerous infections with increase morbidity and mortality[8]. and immune defenses, which in turnrender infections hard to eliminate. Detachment of cells from the biofilm during infection The greatest frequent transport position is the vestibulum nasi will cause spread to secondary sites and makes the infection (anterior nares), which performs like a tank for the especially persistent. Virulent strainscan lead to gene expression of biofilm, information of the pathogen [9]. These bacteria can found solid and causes bacterial colonization and attachment on tissues, interactions with nasal epithelial cells by different proteins and prosthetic surfaces, or other animate or inanimate surfaces when more cell surface constituents, thus transforming into persistent microorganisms are exposed to harsh environment. Mature carriage [10]. biofilm make bacteria diffusion throughout the body, as a result, From a coetaneous position, S. aureus can contact with the nasal the diffusion of infection. Biofilm eradication has gained much mucosa and interacts with epithelial cell ligands. Once hosts attention as an effective measure for treating S. aureus persistent defense mechanisms are defeated, S. aureus can proliferate to the infections. This, plus antibiotic therapy can kill metabolically anterior nares and the host begin to be a nasal carrier [11]. active cells and render residual cells very sensitive to the Symptomatic healthcare workers who are nasal transports can immune system. frequently be the source of MRSA outbreaks [12]. Staphylococcus In addition to treating infections, agents with antibiofilm aureus nasal colonization has been specified as a great danger potentials may aid in the prevention of biofilm collection on agent for the advancement of staphylococcal infections, weather implanted medical devices and promote bacterial clearance by community-obtained, or originating in a hospital [13, 14]. which the immune system. More research has observed that making greater the danger by 2 to 10 times [15].Nasal pretreatment of polymeric surfaces with spread over wide area colonization is considered as a preoperative risk factor for factors can be lowering biofilm being formed in vivo [17]. Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and

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Nature is treasured with agents that can be surveyed for new The tube method (TM) is described by Christensen et al.,1982 pharmaceuticals. About 10% of plant species produce a variety [22]. Ten Staphylococcus Isolates are vaccinated in a polystyrene of volatile and odorous compounds, called essential oils test tube that has TSB and incubated at 24 h at 37°C. Then in (EOs)[18]. Plant essential oils are secondary metabolites, which, planktonic cells are discarded by phosphate-buffered concentrated natural products known for their strong odors that saline (PBS). After those air-drying test tubes, the appearances are produced by many aromatic plants. They are mixtures of of visible film lining the wall and the bottom of the tube indicates basicallyterpenoids, ( monoterpenes), sesquiterpenes, and biofilm production. occasionally diterpenes may be present in addition to other molecules such as aldehydes, alcohols, acids, and others. EOs is Antibiofilm inhibition assay: volatile, liquid, colored and is soluble in lipids and organic Tube Method (TM): solvents with densitylower than water. They can be found in all Evaluation of the ability of different concentrations of essential plant organs, including stems, flowers, buds, leaves, seeds, fruits, oils to inhibit biofilm production by nasal Staphylococci samples roots, twigs, wood or bark. EOs contain compounds that can slow was performed on polystyrene tubes. A qualitative method for orinhibit the bacterial, yeasts and molds growth, [19]. They the detection of biofilm formation was performed as described target the membrane and cytoplasm, and sometimes they by [23]. Briefly, different concentrations (1, 2, and 3%) of literally alter our research was concentrated on assessment of essential oils were prepared in BHI broth. Two ml of each the antibacterial and anti-biofilmpotential of plant essential oils concentration were inoculated with 0.1 ml bacterial sample and against nasal S. aureus capable of forming biofilms. The study incubated for 18-24 hrs. Biofilms were stained with crystal violet enables us to understand the use of traditional herbal medicines as mentioned above. A positive biofilm producer was indicated asan effective and safe alternative in treating and preventing by a visible film along the inner wall and bottom of the tube. biofilm infections. Results were compared and graded visually.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Microtiter Plate assay (MTP): Bacterial Isolates: MTP quantitative method was also used to evaluate the efficacy Nasal sample swabs from (20) healthy students inUniversity of of essential oils in inhibiting biofilm formation using 96 well-flat Mosul/Department of Biology. Samples were streaked on two bottom polystyrene titer plates according to[(23]with slight selective media; Mannitol salt agar and Vogel-Johnson agar to modification using Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) broth with 2% obtain isolated colonies of nasal Staphylococcus species. Plates sucrose. were incubated at 37ºC for 24 hrs. Colonies demonstrating Individual wells were filled with 180 µL BHI + 2% sucrose broth colony morphology of gram positive Staphylococci were chosen followed by inoculation with 10 µL of overnight culture. To this to pursue the present work. A total of (10) nasal species were 10 µL of each essential oil was added from a stock solution of included in the present study. 0.5%, 1%, 1.5% concentrations respectively along with the control (media only) and incubated at 37 °C for 24 h. After Essential Oils: incubation, contents of wells were decanted and then washed Twelve essential oils, with phosphate buffer saline (PBS) pH 7.2 to remove free floating Eucalptus,Mint,Nettle,Mardqoc,Coriander,Lemon,Pomegranate,G planktonic bacteria. The adhered sessile bacteria were stained arlic,Clove,Tea tree, Cinnamon, andRosemary oils were used. All with crystal violet (0.1%, w/v) for 20 minutes. Excessive stain Eos were obtained from local herbal markets. was decanted, washed with sterile saline and kept for drying. Dried wells were washed with 95% ethanol and Optical Densities Antimicrobial activity of essential oil: (OD) was measured utilizing a micro ELISA auto reader at OD Antimicrobial screening was determined by employing Kirby- 630 nm. Mean OD value < 0.120, 0.120–0.240 and > 0.240 were Bauer disc diffusion method [21]. Bacterial inoculum from a classified as no/weak, moderate and strong biofilm adherence nutrient broth culture (0.1 ml) was spread on Mueller-Hinton respectively [24]. agar using sterile cotton swabs. Plates were left for 10 min. before paper disks saturated with each essential oil were placed RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: on the plates and incubated for 24 hrs. at 37ºC. Inhibition zones Vogel and Johnson Agar were utilized for the fast detection of S. were measured in millimeters. aureus due to its high sensitivity and selectivity. Coagulase- positive strains of S. aureus form properties of black colonies as Biofilm production assays: an outcome of the decrease of tellurite. Colonies of mannitol- Tube method (TM): fermenting strains will be all around by a yellow area Figure (1).

Figure (1): Colony morphology of Staphylococcus aureus on Vogel Johnson medium.

Antimicrobial activity of essential oils: (Melaleuca alternifolia ) , eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus ) , and Based on the results in the current study four essential oils out of clove (Syzygium aromaticum) oils figure (2) .Many studies have the twelve demonstrated a distinct antimicrobial activity against reported the antibacterial activity of EOs on positive and S. aureusnamely; cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum ) , tea tree negative gram bacteria [25].

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Figure 2: Antibacterial activity of EOs againstnasal Staphylococcus aureus.

As shown in Table (1), Cinnamon oil was able to inhibit 9 out of antimicrobial among constituents of cinnamon oil. The latter 10 strains tested; these results are relatively in agreement with work suggested that the antimicrobial mechanism of cinnamon previous reports. Cinnamon bark oil had contained EO is that itleads to membrane permeability and irregular cell cinnamaldehyde (trans cinnamaldehyde) which inhibition the metabolic activitywhich causes electrolytes and cell decarboxylase amino acid activity and possesses the highest componentsleakage [26-29] .

Table 1: Antimicrobial activity of EOs against nasal Staphylococcus aureus isolates. ** 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 ESO

Staphylococcus Isolate

2 R R S S S S R R R R R R 3 R R R R R R R R R R R R 6 R R S S S S S S R R R R 7 R R S S S S R R R R R R 8 S S S S S S S R R R R R 12 R S S S S S S R R R R R 13 R S S S S S S S R R R R 15 R R S S S S R R R R R R 18 R R S S S S S S R R R R 20 R R S S S S S S R R R R

** 1- Rosemary EO 2-Mint EO 3- Cinnamon EO 4- TTO 5- 3000 EOs found in literature; about 300 are in commercial Eucalyptus EO 6- Clove EO 7- Garlic EO 8- Lemon EO 9- utilize. Many have been implicated in flavorants, PomegranateEO 10- Coriander EO11- Mordqoc EO 12- Nettle EO pharmaceuticals, agricultural, and perfumes depending on their biological properties. Tea tree oil (TTO) was also shown to inhibit Staphylococcusaureus isolates. Three of its well-known In the case of clove, Clove essential oil also exhibited high compounds are 1.8-cineol, α-terpineol and terpinen-4-ol, the antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus isolates. Clove oil latter being the most active one. The ability of these components was reported to possess notonly antibacterial, but antifungal, to disrupt the permeability of cytoplasmic membrane structures insecticidal, andantioxidant properties [35-37]. of bacteria makes TTO effective on MRSA and predominant Antibacterial activity of clove is attributed to the high content of especially in hospital-acquired Staphylococcus aureus the phenolic derivative eugenol ( phenylpropene ), which is the infections.TTO is bactericidal in nature, although at lower major constituent of clove oil a compound with strong concentrations it may be bacteriostatic. A study found that tea antimicrobial potential, [38]. Eugenol is able to denature protein tree oil adversely affects the activity of the organisms within the and react with phospholipids in cell membranes. Additionally, It biofilm without affectingbiofilm matrix.The antimicrobial action influences the transport of ATP, ions and may alter the fatty acid of TTO also involves the cell membrane function and integrity component of many bacteria [39-41] Antimicrobial mechanism which in turn causes the loss of equilibrium, and cession of of eugenol not only damages the membrane but also the respiration [30, 31]. envelope of fungi and bacteria. There are 300 plants essential oils among 3000 reported in the The antimicrobial activity of essential oils in generalis related to commercial utilize, involved the EOs from Eucalyptus species. the components. Each ingredient may impose a diﬀerent control Eucalyptus EO was also a potent antibacterial agent as shown in mechanism. Most antibacterial medicinal plants attack gram- table (1) which agrees with many researchers. In a study by positive strains because the cell structure bacteria allows failing Claudio et al., 2016 the EOs observed various degrees of to mix with water molecules to accumulate on the wall, pass effectiveness versus the estimated species. Surrounded by the inside the cell, and confer antimicrobial action against this bacterial strains, the pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus was great bacteria.Gram positive bacteriais easily attacked because it sensitive to EOs acquire from more Eucalyptus species. Maciel et possesses a single outer layer [42]. al., 2010concluded that the mainantimicrobial extracted compound thatinhibited gram-positive strains only was Many essential oils kill bacteria without developingantimicrobial limonene; which is a cyclic monoterpene (28.82%), followed by resistance,moreover;essential oils have low toxicity and are citral (10.77%). Same results were found by [32-34].Among the degradable in soil and water, and areecofriendly. For these

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reasons research is racing for new antimicrobial agents, through biofilm moderate to strong and one strain formed weak biofilm the search of natural plant oils. as determined by crystal violet staining assay usingpolystyrene tubes figure (2 ) . In this method, the appearances of visible film Biofilm production: lining the walls, and the lowest point of the tube shows biofilm Tube method: production. Biofilm production activity was scored visually Nasal isolates of Staphylococcus aureus were examined for their comparing the thickness of adherent layer as strong(+++), capacity to shape a biofilm. Nine nasal Staphylococci formed moderate (++), weak (+) and negative (-).

Figure 2: Biofilm production by nasal Staphylococcusaureus isolates.

These results correlate with a study by [43] who reported that Antibiofilm activity of essential oils: carrier strains of S. aureus and more other nasal transport strains Tube Method: shape biofilms. This critical concern in nasal colonization for the Our findings also suggested that Staphylococcus aureus isolates reason that several biofilm-producing strains of S. aureus effect showed sensitivity to eucalyptus oil by reducing biofilm of antibiotics 500 times the level active versus free-floating progression as shown in figure (2) which is in concordant with planktonic cells, they may form biofilms to overcome the natural the study conducted by [45]. The medicinal properties of antimicrobials in host’s nasal mucosaand the clearance Eucalyptus are basically due to Eucalyptol known as 1, 8- cineole, mechanisms produced by host and synthetic sources. Also it has one of the Eucalyptus oil (EO) ingredients found in the leaves. also been reported that the extracellular polysaccharide matrix in biofilms is capable of gathering and concentrating nutrients Among the four essential oils used in the tube method, tea tree present in the environment like nitrogen and carbon [44]. oil was the most potent antibiofilm agent used. Biofilm production was shown to be completely diminished at concentrations arranging from 1-3% figure (2). Biofilm suppression by tea tree oil versus S. aureus was also demonstrated by[46]. A considerable amount of lowering in biofilm was observed after therapy with tea tree oil.

Figure 2 : Antibiofilm activity of (A) : Eucalyptus and (B): Tea Tree oil on nasal Staphylococcus aureus.

Results of the current study point to the assumption that EOs although demonstrated antibacterial and antibiofilm activity medicinal plants with antimicrobial activity are able to enhance againstS. aureus isolates, however at high concentrations they biofilm formation at higher concentrations. Cinnamon and clove were able to stimulate biofilm formation figure ( 3).

(B) Figure 3: Antibiofilm effect of (A) : Cinnamon oil (B): Clove oil on nasal Staphylococci aureus.

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Our outcomes are in confirmed with research on antibiofilm biofilm formation was elevated under the influence of biocide influences of a natural antioxidant from the plants on P. ClO2, and it was explained as a self-capable to protect the aeruginosa PAO1, some phenolic plant compounds not only environment [48]. The dosage of plant extract is a definitive slightly inhibited bacterial growth but also at a different level of agent in biofilm suppression and using the suitable a quantity of concentrations that did not inhibited repressed bacterial growth, plant extracts may be given an adverse outcome, i.e., extra seem to enhance biofilm formation [47]. The main component in biofilm production [43].Moreover, these findingsindicate that clove oil is the phenol "eugenol" which contained amounts up to antimicrobial plants could also potentially possess anti- 85% in clove and cinnamon oil. In a study on Bacillus subtilis, pathogenic activities, which may not be related to growth inhibition of the microorganism[49].

Table 2:Antibiofilm activity of EOs against nasal staphylococcus aureus. oil Cinnamon EO (%) Tea tree EO (%) Eucalyptus EO (%) Clove EO (%) bacteria 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 2 ++ +++ +++ ------+++ + +

3 + ++ ++ ------++ 6 + +++ +++ - - + - - + ++ + + 7 + ++ ++ - - + + + - + ++ +++ 8 + ++ +++ + - - - - - + + ++ 11 + ++ ++ - ++ - + - + + + ++ 13 ++ + + + - - + + ++ +++ +++ +++ 15 +++ ++ + - - - + - - - + +++ 18 + ++ ++ - - - + - - - +++ +++ 20 ++ + + + - - ++ - - + + ++

Microtiter assay was more efficient in demonstrating effective and allows rapid screening for antibiofilm compounds with least eradication of biofilm produced by all Staphylococcus isolates error, time and money. used in the current study. All EOs used proved active with at least one concentration table (2). This assay showed less variability

Table (3): Antibiofilm activity of EOs against nasal Staphylococcus aureus isolates.

**OD at 630 nm. Average OD value < 0.120, 0.120–0.240 membrane permeability, most important to the infiltration of and > 0.240 were classified as non/weak, moderate and strong ions and metabolites. Several EOs act as QSIs by interacting with biofilm adherence respectively (24). QS genes are most important to cessation in biofilm formation. Results of the tube method did not correlate fully with the Protection of biofilm formation is estimated more suitable than microtiter plate exam except for powerful biofilm-producing its elimination for the last is a so laborious and aggressive isolates. It was hard to differentiate among biofilm different process because recontamination may be expected may be isolates when observed by different workers. Our results caused to release of bacterial cells and toxins following biofilm observed that the TCP method is careful with an examination and destruction. Therefore, the protection of the biofilm formation this technique can perform duties as a credible quantitative tool of S. aureus in clinical environments and food is necessary to for defining biofilm formation by clinical isolates of reduce the challenge of the dissemination of novel multi-drug staphylococcus. resistant strains.

Essential oils (EOs) are natural antimicrobial agents and it could maybe inhibit ATPase activity and production, disrupt

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