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Investing in What Works for America's Communitites Ficiis sunteca borhen ditatur? Ellorae omnis consendita audi intores dolupti onsequia di consequas nobit eliquat estrumq uassinv elloresti dellit quam quae et modis dolest in re, et volutatur, sapitat emperitio. Nam et explaut voloratur am evelibu sandit, quas rescidem quisit aut lit laborrum ent. Ellorae omnis consendita audi intores dolupti. Ihiciunt, quae assimporum facea nobit veligenda volore volupta comni dero to et aliqui od quam fugit etur ab id qui recust velenia sinvere preprae millandam dolorru mquaeca eceperis dolo excepud aectatet qui ullant illuptatemo dellore stiuri omnis ulparibus ne volupta testoratint omnima quunt re officturi sin non nobis dicae essim volorit aut alist mi, te sint. aliqui od quam fugit etur ab id qui recust velenia. OPTION #1 – Original Design – 2-color 2 7/17/2012 11292_Forward Pages_CS5_r1.indd 1 9/11/12 2:48 PM FEDERAL RESERVE BANK OF SAN FRANCISCO 101 Market Street San Francisco, CA 94105 LOW INCOME INVESTMENT FUND 100 Pine Street, Suite 1800 San Francisco, CA 94111 Senior Editors: Nancy O. Andrews David J. Erickson Contributing Editors: Ian J. Galloway Ellen S. Seidman Copyright © 2012. Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco and Low Income Investment Fund. This book may be reproduced in whole or in part provided that it is: 1. For noncommercial, personal, or educational purposes only (i.e., not for private gain), and 2. Appropriately credited to its author or authors, the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, and the Low Income Investment Fund. The views expressed herein do not necessarily reflect the views of the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, the Federal Reserve System, or the Low Income Investment Fund. ISBN 978-0-615-68152-8 Library of Congress Control Number: 2012947084 Printed in the United States of America 11292_Forward Pages_CS5_r1.indd 2 9/11/12 2:48 PM In Memory of Cushing Niles Dolbeare Cushing N. Dolbeare was often called the grandmother of the modern day housing movement. Her unflinching honesty and unassuming demeanor allowed her to find common ground along the entire political spectrum. Cushing inspired the pioneers of the community development movement, many of whom are acknowledged in the pages of this book. Her example is one that we will emulate for decades to come. 11292_Forward Pages_CS5_r1.indd 3 9/11/12 2:48 PM 11292_Forward Pages_CS5_r1.indd 4 9/11/12 2:48 PM TABLE OF CONTENTS vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 1 FOREWORD Building Sustainable Communities Elizabeth A. Duke, Governor, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System I COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT: PAST AND PRESENT 10 The Past, Present, and Future of Community Development in the United States Alexander von Hoffman, Harvard University 55 The Continuing Evolution of American Poverty and Its Implications for Community Development Alan Berube, Brookings Institution i 11292_Forward Pages_CS5_r1.indd 1 9/11/12 2:48 PM 72 Crossing Over to an Improved Era of Community Development Eric Belsky, Harvard University Jennifer Fauth, City of New York OPEN FORUM: VOICES AND OPINIONS FROM LEADERS II IN POLICY, THE FIELD, AND ACADEMIA FROM LEADERS IN POLICY 107 Fighting Poverty through Community Development Shaun Donovan, U.S. Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Arne Duncan, U.S. Secretary of Education Kathleen Sebelius, U.S. Secretary of Health and Human Services FROM LEADERS IN THE FIELD 133 America’s Tomorrow: Race, Place, and the Equity Agenda Angela Glover Blackwell, PolicyLink 140 People Transforming Communities. For Good. Angela Blanchard, Neighborhood Centers, Inc. 150 Future of Community Development: How CDFIs Can Best Ride the Impact Investing Wave Antony Bugg-Levine, Nonprofit Finance Fund 162 Community Development in Rural America: Collaborative, Regional, and Comprehensive Cynthia M. Duncan, AGree 170 It Takes a Neighborhood: Purpose Built Communities and Neighborhood Transformation Shirley Franklin, Purpose Built Communities David Edwards, IBM Corporation 184 The Future of Community Development Paul Grogan, The Boston Foundation ii 11292_Forward Pages_CS5_r1.indd 2 9/11/12 2:48 PM 72 Crossing Over to an Improved Era of Community Development 192 From Community to Prosperity Eric Belsky, Harvard University Ben Hecht, Living Cities Jennifer Fauth, City of New York 204 Owning Your Own Job Is a Beautiful Thing: Community Wealth Building in Cleveland, Ohio OPEN FORUM: VOICES AND OPINIONS FROM LEADERS Ted Howard, Democracy Collaborative II IN POLICY, THE FIELD, AND ACADEMIA 215 Why Health, Poverty, and Community Development Are Inseparable Risa Lavizzo-Mourey, Robert Wood Johnson Foundation FROM LEADERS IN POLICY 226 The World Has Changed and So Must We 107 Fighting Poverty through Community Development Clara Miller, F. B. Heron Foundation Shaun Donovan, U.S. Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Arne Duncan, U.S. Secretary of Education 237 Getting to Scale: The Need for a New Model in Housing and Kathleen Sebelius, U.S. Secretary of Health and Human Services Community Development Sister Lillian Murphy, Mercy Housing FROM LEADERS IN THE FIELD Janet Falk, Mercy Housing 133 America’s Tomorrow: Race, Place, and the Equity Agenda 246 What Problem Are We Trying to Solve? Angela Glover Blackwell, PolicyLink Mark A. Pinsky, Opportunity Finance Network 140 People Transforming Communities. For Good. 255 Transit-Oriented Development Is Good Community Development Angela Blanchard, Neighborhood Centers, Inc. John Robert Smith, Reconnecting America Allison Brooks, Reconnecting America 150 Future of Community Development: How CDFIs Can Best Ride the Impact Investing Wave 264 Household and Community Financial Stability: Essential Antony Bugg-Levine, Nonprofit Finance Fund and Interconnected Jennifer Tescher, Center for Financial Services Innovation 162 Community Development in Rural America: Collaborative, Regional, and Comprehensive FROM LEADERS IN ACADEMIA Cynthia M. Duncan, AGree 275 Assessing Health Effects of Community Development 170 It Takes a Neighborhood: Purpose Built Communities and Nancy E. Adler, University of California, San Francisco Neighborhood Transformation Shirley Franklin, Purpose Built Communities 285 Deep Democracy Is Not Meetings That Last Forever: Community David Edwards, IBM Corporation Development Next Xavier de Souza Briggs, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 184 The Future of Community Development J. Phillip Thompson, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Paul Grogan, The Boston Foundation iii 11292_Forward Pages_CS5_r1.indd 3 9/11/12 2:48 PM 293 Rules, Not Resources Mark Calabria, Cato Institute 309 Our History with Concentrated Poverty Peter Edelman, Georgetown University Law Center 321 Crime and Community Development Ingrid Gould Ellen, New York University 327 Early Childhood Development: Creating Healthy Communities with Greater Efficiency and Effectiveness Gabriella Conti, University of Chicago James J. Heckman, University of Chicago 338 Mobilizing Science to Reduce Intergenerational Poverty James M. Radner, University of Toronto Jack P. Shonkoff, Harvard University MAPPING THE FUTURE: SYNTHESIZING THEMES AND III IDEAS FOR NEXT STEPS 354 Integration and Innovation in a Time of Stress: Doing the Best for People and Place Ellen Seidman, Visiting Scholar at the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco 377 Routinizing the Extraordinary David Erickson, Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco Ian Galloway, Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco Naomi Cytron, Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco 407 Inflection Point: New Vision, New Strategy, New Organization Nancy O. Andrews, Low Income Investment Fund Nicolas Retsinas, Harvard Business School iv 11292_Forward Pages_CS5_r1.indd 4 9/11/12 2:48 PM 293 Rules, Not Resources Mark Calabria, Cato Institute 309 Our History with Concentrated Poverty Peter Edelman, Georgetown University Law Center 321 Crime and Community Development Ingrid Gould Ellen, New York University 327 Early Childhood Development: Creating Healthy Communities with Greater Efficiency and Effectiveness Gabriella Conti, University of Chicago James J. Heckman, University of Chicago 338 Mobilizing Science to Reduce Intergenerational Poverty James M. Radner, University of Toronto Jack P. Shonkoff, Harvard University MAPPING THE FUTURE: SYNTHESIZING THEMES AND III IDEAS FOR NEXT STEPS 354 Integration and Innovation in a Time of Stress: Doing the Best for People and Place Ellen Seidman, Visiting Scholar at the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco 377 Routinizing the Extraordinary David Erickson, Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco Ian Galloway, Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco Naomi Cytron, Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco 407 Inflection Point: New Vision, New Strategy, New Organization Nancy O. Andrews, Low Income Investment Fund Nicolas Retsinas, Harvard Business School 11292_Forward Pages_CS5_r1.indd 5 9/11/12 2:48 PM 11292_Forward Pages_CS5_r1.indd 6 9/11/12 2:48 PM ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This book is a joint project of the Low Income Investment Fund (LIIF) and the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco. The book would not have been possible without the support of the Citi Foundation, which provided LIIF with a grant to help free up staff for this effort and gave encouragement and valuable feedback throughout the process. Our nationally drawn advisory panel also deserves special acknowledgement. They provided inspiration, guidance, and suggestions. We could not have created this book without their wisdom and advice. We are also of course indebted to our authors, whose diverse points of view broadened our horizons. Erika Poethig, the Acting Assistant Secretary for Policy Development
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