UDC 930(477):929.642 DOI: 10.24919/2519-058X.17.218194
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Local and Regional Government in Ukraine and the Development of Cooperation Between Ukraine and the EU
Local and regional government in Ukraine and the development of cooperation between Ukraine and the EU The report was written by the Aston Centre for Europe - Aston University. It does not represent the official views of the Committee of the Regions. More information on the European Union and the Committee of the Regions is available on the internet at http://www.europa.eu and http://www.cor.europa.eu respectively. Catalogue number: QG-31-12-226-EN-N ISBN: 978-92-895-0627-4 DOI: 10.2863/59575 © European Union, 2011 Partial reproduction is allowed, provided that the source is explicitly mentioned Table of Contents 1 PART ONE .................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction..................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Overview of local and regional government in Ukraine ................................ 3 1.3 Ukraine’s constitutional/legal frameworks for local and regional government 7 1.4 Competences of local and regional authorities............................................... 9 1.5 Electoral democracy at the local and regional level .....................................11 1.6 The extent and nature of fiscal decentralisation in Ukraine .........................15 1.7 The extent and nature of territorial reform ...................................................19 1.8 The politics of Ukrainian administrative reform plans.................................21 1.8.1 Position of ruling government ..................................................................22 -
The Role of Bohdan Khmelnytskyi and the Kozaks in the Rusin Struggle for Independence from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: 1648--1649
University of Windsor Scholarship at UWindsor Electronic Theses and Dissertations Theses, Dissertations, and Major Papers 1-1-1967 The role of Bohdan Khmelnytskyi and the Kozaks in the Rusin struggle for independence from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: 1648--1649. Andrew B. Pernal University of Windsor Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/etd Recommended Citation Pernal, Andrew B., "The role of Bohdan Khmelnytskyi and the Kozaks in the Rusin struggle for independence from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: 1648--1649." (1967). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 6490. https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/etd/6490 This online database contains the full-text of PhD dissertations and Masters’ theses of University of Windsor students from 1954 forward. These documents are made available for personal study and research purposes only, in accordance with the Canadian Copyright Act and the Creative Commons license—CC BY-NC-ND (Attribution, Non-Commercial, No Derivative Works). Under this license, works must always be attributed to the copyright holder (original author), cannot be used for any commercial purposes, and may not be altered. Any other use would require the permission of the copyright holder. Students may inquire about withdrawing their dissertation and/or thesis from this database. For additional inquiries, please contact the repository administrator via email ([email protected]) or by telephone at 519-253-3000ext. 3208. THE ROLE OF BOHDAN KHMELNYTSKYI AND OF THE KOZAKS IN THE RUSIN STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE FROM THE POLISH-LI'THUANIAN COMMONWEALTH: 1648-1649 by A ‘n d r e w B. Pernal, B. A. A Thesis Submitted to the Department of History of the University of Windsor in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts Faculty of Graduate Studies 1967 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. -
One Ukraine Or Many? Regionalism in Ukraine and Its Political Consequences
Nationalities Papers, Vol. 32, No. 1, March 2004 One Ukraine or Many? Regionalism in Ukraine and Its Political Consequences Lowell W. Barrington & Erik S. Herron Intra-state regional differences are a central topic in the study of European and Eurasian politics. In Ukraine, regional differences have proven to be powerful predictors of mass attitudes and political behavior. But what does the “regional factor” in Ukrainian politics represent? Is it simply the result of compositional effects, or are the regional differences more than just a sum of other demographic factors correlated with geographic divisions? When analyzing regional divisions as an explanatory variable, what are the implications of employing different regional frameworks? In this article, we demonstrate how geographic divisions in the country hold up even when others factors—such as ethnicity and language use—are con- trolled for. As part of this inquiry, we compare the results of three competing regional frameworks for Ukraine: one with two regions, one with four regions and one with eight regions. While the eight-region framework is uncommon in studies of Ukraine, the decision to examine eight regions is supported by historical, economic and demographic arguments, as well as by the results of the statistical analyses presented in this article. Scholars who have focused on fewer regions in Ukraine may have underestimated the effects of regional differences and missed interesting stories about intra-state variation in Ukrainian attitudes and voting behavior. The results of this study carry important implications not only for the study of Ukraine but also for those interested in intra-state regional divisions across Europe and Eurasia. -
ARTICLE Ukraine's Loss of Human Capital Due to Demographic, Socio
Revista Galega de Economía 2020, 29 (2), 6872 ISSN-e 2255-5951 http://dx.doi.org/10.15304/rge.29.2.6872 ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS Ukraine’s loss of human capital due to demographic, socio-economic and socio-political crises, 1990-2019 Oksana Zakharova* Cherkasy State Technological University – Ukraine Received: 19 May 2020 / Accepted: 1 October 2020 Abstract The prosperity of the country's economy is possible only with the continuous accumulation of human capital. The article analyzes the factors influencing the accumulation of human capital in Ukraine during its independence. The article describes initial conditions that characterized the demographic and socio-economic development of Ukraine at the time of her independence. There were determined the criteria of influence on a person’s decision-making on creating a family and getting a job, which in the long run determine the trends in the accumulation of human capital in the country. The most threatening trends of the influence of the demographic, socio-economic, and sociopolitical crisis on the processes of human capital accumulation in Ukraine are revealed. The article analyzes changes in Ukraine's rating among the world’s countries by demographic and socio-economic indicators during 1990-2019. Keywords Labor migration / Human capital / Ukraine / Demographic crisis / Socio-economic crisis. Perdas de capital humano en Ucraína debido a crises demográficas, socioeconómicas e sociopolíticas, 1990-2019 Resumo A prosperidade da economía do país só é posible coa acumulación continua de capital humano. O artigo analiza os factores que influíron na acumulación de capital humano en Ucraína durante a súa independencia. Descríbense as condicións iniciais que caracterizaron o desenvolvemento demográfico e socioeconómico de Ucraína no momento da súa independencia. -
Anatomia Herbarza
276 teksty drugie 2019 / 2 GATUNKI STAROPOLSKIE Anatomia herbarza Mariusz Kazańczuk teksty drugie 2019, nr 2, s. 276–288 DOI: 10.18318/td.2019.2.20 | ORCID: 0000-0002-4183-7291 taropolscy koryfeusze heraldyki, choć bez wątpienia Mariusz Kazańczuk Sznali słowo „herbarz”, nie umieszczali go w tytułach – dr hab., starszy swoich prac. Uczynił to natomiast Marcin z Urzędowa, dokumentalista w Pracowni Literatury któremu sławę przyniósł Herbarz polski to jest o przyrodze- Średniowiecza IBL niu ziół i drzew rozmaitych (Kraków 1595). W XVI i jeszcze PAN. Jego zaintere- XVII wieku „herbarz” znaczyło tyle, co „książka zawie- sowania badawcze rająca opisy roślin, zielnik, herbarius liber”1. Warto zatem koncentrują się wokół trzech tematów: pamiętać o tym, że staropolskie księgi herbowe nie były 1) heraldyka szlachec- 2 kiedyś herbarzami . Miano to na dobre przylgnęło do ka i jej rola w kulturze nich dopiero w XIX wieku, czego przykładem jest Ko- dawnej Polski; rona polska Kaspra Niesieckiego, której drugie wydanie 2) staropolska proza narracyjna; 3) medie- z lat 1839-1846, (przygotowane przez Jana Nepomucena walizm. Wydał m.in.: Bobrowicza) nosi tytuł dokładnie taki sam jak rozprawa edycję nowel Michała XVI-wiecznego botanika – Herbarz polski. Jurkowskiego History- je świeże i niezwyczaj- ne (2004), Barokowy romans na kanwie śre- 1 K. Nizio Herbarz w: Słownik polszczyzny XVI wieku, red. M.R. Mayeno- wa, F. Pepłowski, Ossolineum, Wrocław 1974, t. 8, s. 324. dniowiecznej fabuły (Oblicza mediewali- 2 Słowo „herbarz” pojawia się po raz pierwszy na karcie tytułowej zmu, 2013). Kontakt: książki Stanisława Duńczewskiego Herbarz wielu domów Korony mariusz.kazanczuk@ Polskiej i W. Ks. Litewskiego, Drukarnia B. -
Khmelnytskyi Investment Profile
Khmelnytskyi Investment Profile 2019 Table of Contents About Khmelnytskyi Economics and Key Sectors Business Environment Why Khmelnytskyi? Infrastructure Trade and Services Doing Business Summary Economic Data Garment Industry Industrial Park Key Facts Railway Transport Food Processing Local Taxes and Fees Geopolitical Profile Road Transport Construction Trading and Office of the City Centers Municipal Public Industries and Logistics Transport Event and Exhibition BPO / SSC / IT sector Facilities Investments Success Stories Standard of Living Labour Market Other Relevant in Khmelnytskyi and Education Information Quality of Life Labour Market Interesting Facts Municipal Services Education about Khmelnytskyi Annual Key Events Transportation Universities in Khmelnytskyi Cost of Living Achievements Municipal Institutions 2 3 About Khmelnytskyi Photo: Oleksandr Savenko Why Khmelnytskyi? Strategic Qualified The most The largest Vivid geographical labour force affordable trading center cultural location housing in Western life market Ukraine 6 7 Summary Key Facts Transit Routs Area Khmelnytskyi is a marketplace for innovation and opportunity. The city is one of the best Time zone UTC +2 Gdansk places for doing business in Ukraine, which has Climate Temperate continental dynamic development, progressive views and Accessibility By train — from Poland, Slovakia, the safest city foresight of its residents. According to Focus Kyiv Romania, Bulgaria and Russia. in Ukraine Rava-Ruska magazine Khmelnytskyi was recognized as one Lviv By bus — from more than 100 Pshemysl of the most comfortable cities in Ukraine – it got European cities. second place (after Kyiv) and was ranked first in the Transparency and financial health of cities Population (2019) 273,700 Kropyvnytskyi Dnipro Chop and regions in Ukraine survey conducted by the The average monthly gross ₴ 8,513 / € 288 Chernivtsi International Center for Policy Studies in 2019. -
Titles, Seals and Coats of Arms As Symbols of Power and Importance of Lithuanian Dukes Before the Union of Lublin
ZAPISKI HISTORYCZNE — TOM LXXXII — ROK 2017 Zeszyt 1 http://dx.doi.org/10.15762/ZH.2017.06 JAKUB ROGULSKI (Jagiellonian University in Kraków) Titles, Seals and Coats of Arms as Symbols of Power and Importance of Lithuanian Dukes Before the Union of Lublin Keywords: middle ages, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, parallel branches of a ruling house, dukes, demonstration of power, titulature, sigillography, heraldry Introduction The symbols1 of power and importance of Lithuanian dukes before the Union of Lublin have not become a separate subject of historians’ studies so far. In the historiography the largest attention has been drawn to the demon stration of power of the grand dukes of Lithuania, especially from the Jagiel lonian dynasty.2 Meanwhile, the signs which served to display the power or significance of other Lithuanian dukes have been raised incidentally and se lectively. The reason could be that in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania there 1 A symbol is understood in a way proposed by Charles S. Peirce, i.e. a material object which stands for or suggests something else (another object, idea, meaning, belief, action etc.) only on the basis of social convention, in contrast to the iconic sign based on similarity, and the indexical sign based on material contact: Charles Sanders Peirce, The Essential Peirce: Selected Philosophical Writings, Bloomington (Indiana) 1998, p. 9. As this kind of sign will be the main subject of the following analysis, the word “symbol” will be further used interchangeably with the word “sign.” 2 See: Ryszard Kiersnowski, Godła Jagiellońskie, Wiadomości Numizmatyczne, vol. 2: 1988, pp. -
Hieronim Baliński About Education
Dorota ŻołądźStrzelczyk BHE 39/2018 Department of Educational Studies ISSN 2544-7899 Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań DOI: 10.14746/bhw.2018.39.1 ORCID: 0000–0002–4075–3002 “A good upbringing for a noble child” – Hieronim Baliński about education Abstract The treatise of Hieronim Baliński about upbringing a noble boy, written in 1598, comissioned by Jan Łączyński for his son Kasper, has been used in literature for a long time. It belongs to the most well- known educational instructions of the Old Polish times. Baliński in his guidance shows what the education of a boy from a noble family should look like. He appoints its stages taking into account the most important elements – religious and moral, physi cal and mental education, he also shows how to deal with a child and not discourage it to learn. The most important, according to him, is religious education. It is necessary for a young child to know God, His goodness, patience, mercy and love for a human being. The first stage of education is home schooling, then he recommended learning at a domestic school, and after that travelling abroad. The first trip, to Germany, should take place when a boy is 12 years old and it should last 2–3 years. This was, in Baliński’s intention, a preparation for the main jour ney, which was to take place after a short stay in the homeland. During this break, the young noble man should be acquainted with the law governing his nationality, and functioning of the court and the Sejm. Around the age of fifteen, a young man with a guardian appointed by his father should go abroad once again, this time to Italy, to supplement his studies and skills. -
波蘭亞捷隆大學 Jagiellonian University
Created: 2010.10 Last Updated: 2018.08.03 波蘭亞捷隆大學 Jagiellonian University 校園圖片 校園所在位置 Capital Campus 簡介1 亞捷隆大學(波蘭文:Uniwersytet Jagielloński,英 文:Jagiellonian University), 前身為克拉科夫學院(波蘭文:Akademia Krakowska,英文 Cracow Academy), 創建於西元 1364 年 5 月 12 日,波蘭國王卡齊米日三世(Kazimierz Wielki,英文 Casimir the Great) 當時在首都克拉科夫市( Kraków / Cracow)創建克拉科夫學院, 並於 1400 年正式改制為大學,成為波蘭首學。現今,約八十萬人口的克拉科夫 市擁有著近 20 萬位大學生,以及 23 所高等院校,為名符其實的大學城。 曾於亞捷隆大學求學之相關歷史名人有:天文學家哥白尼(Mikołaj Kopernik / Nicolaus Copernicus)、卡羅、沃伊蒂瓦(Karol Wojtyła,已故教宗若望 1 http://ppt.cc/azV8 1 Created: 2010.10 Last Updated: 2018.08.03 保祿二世 John Paul II)、人類學大師馬林諾夫斯基(Bronisław Malinowski)、諾 貝爾文學獎得主辛波絲卡(Wisława Szymborska,曾於此校就學,但未畢業)等。 亞捷隆大學各學院分散座落於市區,其中的 Collegium Maius 是全波蘭最古老的 大學建築,現已成為博物館。 背景說明(關係建立) 2010 年 10 月 28 日國際事務委員會審查通過(4 票)。兩校代表曾於 2010 年 9 月在法國南特舉辦的歐洲教育者年會中會晤。此外,該校校長 Prof. Dr. Wojciech Nowak 與中東及遠東研究所所長 Ks dr hab. Krzyszto Koscielniak、前任 所長暨現任波蘭駐馬來西亞、汶萊、菲律賓大使 Prof. dr hab. Adam W. Jelonek 等 3 人,於 2014 年 9 月 1 日由教育部代表陪同來訪本校。 規模2 1. Number of students in the academic year 2017/2018:43,961 students:38,860 Post diploma students:2,105 PhD students:2,996 2. Number of programmes of study and specialisations fields of study:86 Specialities:117 faculties:16 3. Number of staff (including Medical College) – FTE:7199 academic teachers:3811 professors (ordinary): 271 professors (extraordinary): 388 visiting professors:0 docents:0 adjunct academics:1885 assistants:685 2 http://www.en.uj.edu.pl/en_GB/about-university/facts-and-figures 2 Created: 2010.10 Last Updated: 2018.08.03 lecturers and senior lecturers:491 language teachers and instructors:70 certified librarians, information and documentation staff:21 others:3388 組織建制 1. -
PRESERVING the DNIPRO RIVER Harmony, History and Rehabilitation PRESERVING the DNIPRO RIVER
PRESERVING THE DNIPRO RIVER harmony, history and rehabilitation PRESERVING THE DNIPRO RIVER harmony, history and rehabilitation International Dnipro Fund, Kiev, Ukraine, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada, National Research Institute of Environment and Resources of Ukraine PRESERVING THE DNIPRO RIVER harmony, history and rehabilitation Vasyl Yakovych Shevchuk Georgiy Oleksiyovich Bilyavsky Vasyl M ykolayovych Navrotsky Oleksandr Oleksandrovych Mazurkevich Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Preserving the Dnipro River / V.Y. Schevchuk ... [et al.]. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-88962-827-0 1. Water quality management--Dnieper River. 2. Dnieper River--Environmental conditions. I. Schevchuk, V. Y. QH77.U38P73 2004 333.91'62153'09477 C2004-906230-1 No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form, by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, information storage and retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote brief passages in a review. Publishing by Mosaic Press, offices and warehouse at 1252 Speers Rd., units 1 & 2, Oakville, On L6L 5N9, Canada and Mosaic Press, PMB 145, 4500 Witmer Industrial Estates, Niagara Falls, NY, 14305-1386, U.S.A. and International Development Research Centre PO Box 8500 Ottawa, ON K1G 3H9/Centre de recherches pour le développement international BP 8500 Ottawa, ON K1G 3H9 (pub@ idrc.ca / www.idrc.ca) -
Lyudmyla Zsidisin CURRICULUM VITAE
CURRICULUM VITAE LYUDMYLA ZSIDISIN Part-time lecturer University of Alabama in Huntsville Department of World Languages and Cultures [email protected] EDUCATION Bachelor of Arts and Master of Arts Double Major: English and French Languages and Foreign Language Education, Kyiv National Linguistic University, Ukraine. 1978. Research Fellowship at Kyiv National Linguistic University. Fall 1988. LANGUAGES Ukrainian, Russian (native) English (fluent) French (reading knowledge) TEACHING EXPERIENCE University of Alabama in Huntsville. Department of World Languages and Cultures. Fall 2018 – current. Courses: INTRO FOREIGN LANG II: RUSSIAN (WLC 102R) Spring 2021. Fall 2020. Summer 2019 CULTURE: RUSSIAN (WLC 304R) Fall 2020. COMPOSITION: RUSSIAN (WLC 302R) Spring 2019. Spring 2020 CONVERSATION: RUSSIAN (WLC 301R) Fall 2018. United States Peace Corps, Ukraine. Technical and Cross-Cultural Facilitator (12-week training program for trainees, which included cross-cultural adaptation, and preparation for classroom teaching). Fall 2010 - Spring 2011. Cherkassy Branch of Volyn University of Economics and Management, Ukraine. Department of Translation. Chair, Assistant Professor. 2000 – 2003. Academy of Business Management, Cherkassy, Ukraine. Department of Foreign Languages. Assistant Professor. 1992 - 2000. Scientific Industrial Association “Rotor”, Educational Center, Cherkasy, Ukraine. Senior Lecturer of foreign languages. 1991-1992. Cherkassy Branch of Kiev Polytechnic University, Ukraine. Senior Lecturer of English and French. 1982-1991. Nemeshayeve High School, Kiev region, Ukraine. Teacher of English and French. 1978 – 1981. Teaching assistant Tubilska High school, village Tybiltsy, Cherkasy region, Ukraine. January – August 1972 NONACADEMIC PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE 1 International HIV/AIDS Alliance in Ukraine. Advocacy consultant, coordinator, translator. 2005 – 2007. Freelance translator/interpreter of English, Russian and Ukrainian 1988 –current. FELLOWSHIPS/AWARDS/HONORS US Department of State, Washington D.C. -
HISTORY of UKRAINE and UKRAINIAN CULTURE Scientific and Methodical Complex for Foreign Students
Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine Flight Academy of National Aviation University IRYNA ROMANKO HISTORY OF UKRAINE AND UKRAINIAN CULTURE Scientific and Methodical Complex for foreign students Part 3 GUIDELINES FOR SELF-STUDY Kropyvnytskyi 2019 ɍȾɄ 94(477):811.111 R e v i e w e r s: Chornyi Olexandr Vasylovych – the Head of the Department of History of Ukraine of Volodymyr Vynnychenko Central Ukrainian State Pedagogical University, Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate professor. Herasymenko Liudmyla Serhiivna – associate professor of the Department of Foreign Languages of Flight Academy of National Aviation University, Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, Associate professor. ɇɚɜɱɚɥɶɧɨɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɧɢɣɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɨɡɝɿɞɧɨɪɨɛɨɱɨʀɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɢɧɚɜɱɚɥɶɧɨʀɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɿɧɢ "ȱɫɬɨɪɿɹ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ ɬɚ ɭɤɪɚʀɧɫɶɤɨʀ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɢ" ɞɥɹ ɿɧɨɡɟɦɧɢɯ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɿɜ, ɡɚɬɜɟɪɞɠɟɧɨʀ ɧɚ ɡɚɫɿɞɚɧɧɿ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɢ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɨʀ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɿɤɢɬɚɫɨɰɿɚɥɶɧɨɝɭɦɚɧɿɬɚɪɧɢɯɧɚɭɤ (ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥʋ1 ɜɿɞ 31 ɫɟɪɩɧɹ 2018 ɪɨɤɭ) ɬɚɫɯɜɚɥɟɧɨʀɆɟɬɨɞɢɱɧɢɦɢ ɪɚɞɚɦɢɮɚɤɭɥɶɬɟɬɿɜɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɭ, ɥɶɨɬɧɨʀɟɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɿʀɬɚɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɹɩɨɜɿɬɪɹɧɨɝɨɪɭɯɭ. ɇɚɜɱɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɩɨɫɿɛɧɢɤ ɡɧɚɣɨɦɢɬɶ ɿɧɨɡɟɦɧɢɯ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɿɜ ɡ ɿɫɬɨɪɿɽɸ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ, ʀʀ ɛɚɝɚɬɨɸ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɨɸ, ɨɯɨɩɥɸɽ ɧɚɣɜɚɠɥɢɜɿɲɿɚɫɩɟɤɬɢ ɭɤɪɚʀɧɫɶɤɨʀɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɨɫɬɿ. ɋɜɿɬɭɤɪɚʀɧɫɶɤɢɯɧɚɰɿɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɯɬɪɚɞɢɰɿɣ ɭɧɿɤɚɥɶɧɢɣ. ɋɬɨɥɿɬɬɹɦɢ ɪɨɡɜɢɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɪɢɬɭɚɥɿɜ ɿ ɜɿɪɭɜɚɧɶ, ɹɤɿ ɧɚ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɨɦɭ ɟɬɚɩɿ ɧɚɛɭɜɚɸɬɶ ɧɨɜɨʀ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɿ. Ʉɧɢɝɚ ɪɨɡɩɨɜɿɞɚɽ ɩɪɨ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɧɿ ɫɜɹɬɚ ɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ: ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɿ, ɪɟɥɿɝɿɣɧɿ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɿɣɧɿ, ɧɚɪɨɞɧɿ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɪɿɡɧɿ ɩɚɦ ɹɬɧɿ ɞɚɬɢ. ɍ ɩɨɫɿɛɧɢɤɭ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɿ ɪɿɡɧɨɦɚɧɿɬɧɿ ɞɚɧɿ ɩɪɨ ɮɥɨɪɭ ɿ ɮɚɭɧɭ ɤɥɿɦɚɬɢɱɧɢɯ