Downloaded By: [Yale University] At: 18:10 17 April 2008 rie nGec nlt etme 94 utatrteGras eatr,lnigwith landing departure, Germans’ the after just 1944, September late in Greece in arrived atrLcswsawrrpre okn o h rts esae the newspaper British the for working reporter war a was Lucas Walter the of impressions Journalistic analysis the helps best some concepts: that with statistical theoretical conclude a framework key dynamics I present endogenous three Greece. theoretical underline then in the and conducted I its I phenomenon about it. study Greece: in points regional in served a general from who collaboration data rank-and-file using armed and the analysis and by officers cleavages, and of raised politics prewar motivations with puzzles relation available timing, the several size, review distribution, I geographical discuss paper. the and motivates and analysis, evidence the of pitfalls potential highlights http://www.informaworld.com 10.1080/13507480801931051 DOI: q online 1469-8293 print/ISSN 1350-7486 ISSN [email protected] *Email: one. the of and puzzling in form occupier most published significant the and the most therefore, 1944 with the is, perhaps It and nation. is for or the this fighting of words, political boundaries and other the In arms, administrative, of transgressing brethren. form up included own extreme taking one’s most that entails against the it perhaps collaborations is as collaboration of collaboration military Yet forms collaboration. several economic Greece, to occupied in collaboration refers of strand particular collaboration a armed explore I paper this In Introduction 129–142 2008, April 2, No. 15, Vol. europe History—Revue of Review European 08Tyo Francis & Taylor 2008 ei yqoiga ril ldb rts a eotrfo reei September in Greece from reporter war British a by filed article an quoting by begin I htbs ep h nlsso h hnmnnadtrekytertclcnet are concepts theoretical key Keywords: three and phenomenon the statistical of the framework A analysis underlined: by theoretical the the Greece militias. about helps in points conducted best collaborationist general study that some geographical regional with in a concludes article from its served The data author. using discussed: who presented then are rank-and-file motivations is the analysis and Greece and cleavages, officers and in politics prewar of collaboration to relation armed timing, size, distribution, by raised puzzles nti ae atclrsrn fclaoaini cuidGec sexplored: is Greece occupied in collaboration of strand particular a military paper this In eateto oiia cec,Yl nvriy e ae,C,USA CT, Haven, New University, Yale Science, Political of Department or ( eevdMrh20;fia eso eevdDcme 2007 December received version final 2007; March Received nietrule indirect re olbrto nGec,1941–1944 Greece, in collaboration Armed olbrto;ocpto;rssac;GekCvlWar Civil Greek resistance; occupation; collaboration; re collaboration armed ob ue hsi o h nyfr fclaoain h literature the collaboration; of form only the not is this sure, be To . . al Express Daily , ii war civil tti .Kalyvas* N. Stathis h vial vdnei eiwdadseveral and reviewed is evidence available The . and , ´ ned’histoire enne hspeesgastecmlxt fteissue, the of complexity the signals piece This . noeosdynamics endogenous nietrule indirect . al Express Daily ) , ii war civil military .He and or Downloaded By: [Yale University] At: 18:10 17 April 2008 ecnldsb umrsn i observations: his summarising by concludes He he troops’, ‘quisling The sides: two the animating motivations notes: the sketch to on goes Lucas was pro-British’. title are Its Greece. “Quislings” southern the of Greece, on peninsula article ‘In the intriguing Peloponnese, an telling: the published ‘Quislings’, in he called collaboration for October, derisively of sympathy 11 he nature no on whom had Yet, collaborators, he practice. their expected, common for be following less may even As and covered. Germans he the action whose troops British the 130 eea oe Ilne tKatakalon at landed ‘I tone: general olbrto fesabte nesadn ftestaino h rud ethen He ground. the war: on civil unexpected situation this the of components of the about understanding observations better his summarises a offers the that sport.’ collaboration intense the so enjoyed is and Germans which the sidelines war months the civil 18 prior on a For ignored. of sat between entirely throes have almost gap the is in Germany, glaring is enemy, downright natural fact, a reality: country’s of ‘in messy to the out, even understanding points alluded and for he key self-seeking, Having conceptual ‘Greece’, of the sides.’ provides sin he one both original reality, on and the bad on knowledge absolute of exists no stain and banditry, dark good absolute A bestial dirty no other. of is shade There the every go. or is parties generalisation side it warring simple intricate; the this as unbelievably everyone far is that as as problem time, gray The some discovered, focus. for I of Greece out But in completely been partisans. is Greek has side, the who other on against discovered the has on Germans – else and the Movement) invaders; with the Liberation against National joining battle between (Greek quislings patriotic contrast E.A.M. noble simple or a a of fighting as – side, readers problem one Partisans other the the most saw white: I what imagine. and imagined Press black I British that the believed in I affairs Greek things. different very of convinced nfc nbt ie hr r aros ncuuoslaes n utodnr epewho people ordinary just and leaders, Partisans. unscrupulous two many the patriots, Of choice. are than thugs. other there pro-British ordinary no sides more just have both probably too, on are, are There fact quislings eating. 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That of rest foe. so-called Germans; the or majority facts the Greek; friend simple from hate vast those either They outside country, the but 2. their denominator, about in pro-British; interference irrationally accuracy political any and some want deeply, with are They made 1. can generalisations Three re ot hrvrte ol n t hyprertdubleal toiis For atrocities. 18 Partisans, unbelievable village the by the commanding Germans perpetrated of Hermes, even 150 population asked of They and male killing I machinery, the whole it. for rails, the reprisal Red find massacred steel in the they December, carts, could which last horses, clothes Kalabreita they best in – instance, the wherever find people, could youth before the they Peloponnese, Greek to value the of distributed In everything clean. had took country Cross collapse the they complete picked north, a is have retreated there Germans they rumblings, The internecine its economy. all Greek with of volcano, political this of top On ... nsot ua ugssta nesadn h oflc sacvlwrrte hnsimple than rather war civil a as conflict the understanding that suggests Lucas short, In r opsdo aydcn epewoht emn u r rgtndb the by frightened are but Germans hate who people decent many of composed are th atsnBiaea ars h a i o enemy, 1 No. his was who Patras, at Brigade Partisan ..Kalyvas S.N. 2 mgnn n hn n aeoto Patras of out came and thing one imagining 1 i nrdcoyprgahst the sets paragraph introductory His ... e ept uhhros when horrors, such despite Yet . Downloaded By: [Yale University] At: 18:10 17 April 2008 94attlo 3 ed 1 one n 8 isn a recorded. was The missing operations. 586 and military wounded September 910 German and dead, 1943 in 637 September of Between Security role total high. The a were auxiliary 1944 Battalions widely. an Security collaborationist varied the Greek had of command the casualties of they of command chain the though under the government, officially in were instance, position for and Battalions, status legal Their 1943. minorities, April ethnic in on starting watch, based German especially the units, under the and collaborationist off Italians took the few Although really them. a recruitment of all up many on were data set There detailed collaboration. Bulgarians lack armed we of and size formations total of the types accurately estimate to difficult is It collaboration armed of size The how. exactly Lucas’s the show that and argue given I questions particularly paper these all size, this answering In to for its Greece. clear hints and prewar useful was in war) provide it movement the insights mass when Fascist losing 1944 a were of of spring Germans absence the the in that exploded participants collaboration (armed war. civil timing of its framework conceptual importantly, the most within and, collaboration dominant and become resistance dichotomous later his both of would placed kind and that he the conflict – castigated the he of Greece view occupier, simplifying in motivations the heterogeneous with collaboration to collaboration pointed armed armed correctly underlying He about implications. questions general more key have points several raise years.’ to two almost manage for Greece inside working of been despair the have no been who has officers almost which British are war of civil there handful ideological bitter ‘Actually the a point: only conceptual is There key Greece. his in quislings home hammers sentence final His hs h aet reei 9212 spr fte‘xhneo populations’ of have may ‘exchange collaborators armed the various of these close of totalling part number size, the in as together, important Taken most militias 1922–1923 the men. was 8000 minority in category to last (i.e. ethnic Greece This origin Turkey). ‘refugee’ to with various of agreement came peasants (d) of who primarily Volos, Slavophone composed those and the Macedonia, of Epirus, Larisa villagers’ of ‘armed or of Chams Lefkada, and towns Muslim Cephalonia (the of Greek islands local the central army the (c) as retreat, as their the such such German in places Germans Army, in the and German wearing followed organisations the which Athens anticommunist Macedonia of groups in of structure Poulos cities Colonel command semi-independent of the Greek unit within main or operating the and independent in uniforms gangs (b) semi-criminal or Thessaloniki, criminal (a) including 3dfeettpso nt re yteGras opsdo 665ofiesadmen. and officers 16,625 of composed Germans, were there the 1944 by of armed summer units the of By types men. different 6000 13 over with formations irregular, mainly nine, h eoons.Frhroe 30slir n edre eercutdit four into recruited were Peloponnese. gendarmes the and and in Greece primarily Central soldiers in Battalions, 3370 located 5724 Gendarmerie Battalions recruited Furthermore, Evzone then nine Peloponnese. they into countryside, the men the and to officers out army Fanning regular soldiers. 1199 and officers petty traditional ( Battalions Security the militia, collaborationist omnigteqiln ros h urnee tPta,tesm usin i answer his question, same the Patras, Courcoulakos, at Colonel Partisans’. surrendered asked ‘The who I was: troops, When troops’. quisling quisling the ‘Greek commanding hesitation, without replied he n aifcoyacuto re olbrto nGec utepantopuzzles: two explain must Greece in collaboration armed of account satisfactory Any did Lucas describing, was he events the of proximity and complexity the Despite hs ubr xld aiu eiatnmu nt ihdfeetpedigrees, different with units semi-autonomous various exclude numbers These evzone uoenRve fHsoyRveeurope History—Revue of Review European nt,wsiiilyfre nAhn n nldd43ofies 684 officers, 453 included and Athens in formed initially was units, amt Asfaleias Tagmata komitadjis 4 nGekMcdnateewere there Macedonia Greek In ´ ned’histoire enne nMcdna,ad()the (e) and Macedonia), in ,afrainta used that formation a ), 6 3 h main The 131 5 Downloaded By: [Yale University] At: 18:10 17 April 2008 oute atlo Mglpls Mglpls eoons,LVI ryCrsarea) Corps Army area) LXVIII Corps Peloponnese, Mountain (Megalopolis, XXII ‘Megalopolis’ Greece, Battalion area) Central Volunteer Corps (Agrinio, area) Army ‘Agrinio’ Corps LXVIII Battalion Army Peloponnese, Volunteer LXVIII (Sparta, area) Evia, ‘Leonidas’ Corps (Chalkis, Battalion Army II’ Volunteer LXVIII ‘Euboea Evia, Battalion (Chalkis, Volunteer area) I’ Police Corps ‘Euboea Army Battalion LXXXXI Volunteer area) (Verria, Police Corps Battalion Army Volunteer LXXXXI Police area) (Volos, III Corps Battalion Army Volunteer area) LXVIII Police Corps (Athens, II Army Battalion LXXXXI Volunteer Macedonia, Police (Thessaloniki, area) I area) Corps ‘Salonika’ Corps Army Battalion LXVIII Army Greece, Volunteer LXVIII Central Police (Amfissa, Greece, (forming) Central ‘Amfissa’ area) Battalion (Lamia, Volunteer Corps (forming) Police Mountain ‘Lamia’ XXII Battalion area) Thessaly, Volunteer Corps (Larissa, Police Mountain ‘Larissa’ XXII Battalion Thessaly, (Half) (Karditsa, Volunteer ‘Karditsa’ area) area) Battalion Corps Corps Volunteer Army Army Police LXXXXI LXXXXI area) Macedonia, Macedonia, Corps (Edessa, (Verria, Army [IMRO] Poulos-Verband LXXXXI Battalions area) Macedonia, Volunteer Corps (Florina, (Macedonian) Army [IMRO] III LXXXXI Battalions Macedonia, Volunteer area) (Kastoria, (Macedonian) Corps [IMRO] II Army Battalions LXXXXI Volunteer Macedonia, (Macedonian) area) Vrisi, I Corps (Krya Army Battalion LXXXXI Volunteer area) Macedonia, IX Corps (Lachanas, Army Battalion LXXXXI Volunteer area) Macedonia, VIII Corps (Kilkis, Army Battalion LXXXXI Volunteer area) Macedonia, VII Corps (Kozani, Army Battalion LXXXXI Volunteer area) Macedonia, VI Corps (Kozani, Army Battalion LXXXXI Volunteer area) Macedonia, V Corps (Yannitsa, Army Battalion LXXXXI Volunteer area) Macedonia, IV Corps (Kozani, Army Battalion LXXXXI Volunteer area) Macedonia, III Corps (Verria, Army Battalion LXXXXI Volunteer Macedonia, II (Katerini, Battalion Volunteer area) I Corps Army LXVIII battalions: (Athens, Volunteer area) (forming) Corps Battalion Army Gendarmerie LXVIII V area) (Argos, Corps Battalion Army Gendarmerie LXVIII IV area) (Athens, Corps Battalion Army Gendarmerie LXVIII III area) (Athens, Corps Battalion Army Gendarmerie LXVIII II (Athens, Battalion Gendarmerie I units: Battalions Gendarmerie III and II, I, tn:15.8.44. Stand: Source 1944. August 1 15 battle, of units: order Evzone forces: Auxiliary 1. Table 1. Table auxiliary in Greek provided main is the 1944 of of battle summer of order the The during men. units 30,000 and 25,000 between hovered ,I,adIIBattalions 3 III and II, I, ,I,adIIBattalions 2 III and II, I, raie oc nieGec aal fbokn nEMEA i o power’. for bid well-armed, EAM/ELAS only an the blocking as early of and themselves capable spring presented Greece the inside Battalions ‘by force Security Indeed, organized the 35,000). 1944, and 30,000 of between summer be to (estimated partisans 132 r l hs lmuigfrwaos n foetksit con t aetmn,the timing, Germans late the its of dislike account generalised into population. the and takes Greek Greece, to one the in Germans by movement if fascist of and mass reluctance weapons, a the of for absence given clamouring puzzling those more all becomes arm collaboration armed of size rd nd st voeRgmn Ahn,LVI ryCrsarea) Corps Army LXVIII (Athens, Regiment Evzone voeRgmn Ynia prs XIMuti op area) Corps Mountain XXII Epirus, (Yannina, Regiment Evzone voeRgmn Tioi,Plpnee XIIAm op area) Corps Army LXVIII Peloponnese, (Tripolis, Regiment Evzone hs r infiatnmes etil o uhsalrta h ubro ELAS of number the than smaller much not certainly numbers, significant are These ASMcol -8 ol40 rms67307;Bfhsidrn BSds Heegup F), (Heeresgruppe Sudost OB Befehlsgiederung 6378310-72; Frames 410, Roll T-78, Microfilm NARS : ..Kalyvas S.N. 7 8 The Downloaded By: [Yale University] At: 18:10 17 April 2008 eknn h pea laae ruetee oe re olbrto was collaboration armed more, even officers. Royalist argument than rather cleavage’ Republican by ‘prewar spearheaded the Weakening eehtrgnos eetees ti osbet itnus oebodpatterns. broad motivations Obviously, some war? distinguish the to into possible late so is why it and Nevertheless, – heterogeneous. side operation. were their landing on Allied fought major and a Germans feared their they surrounding where region Peloponnese the Germans the Macedonia, the or as routes, as the such exit nature whereas importance, main in constant military motivations of was military/strategic individual areas supply primarily or on the was focused collective words, variation of they other This variety In units, varied. a ideology. demand collaborationist through to building coercion – from in its join ranging to invested than willing Germans rather people collaboration the found for where demand supply: (organizational) (popular) the emphasizes collaboration 1945. in formed were that units Guard National the in incorporated were itiuinsget h rbeso nitrrtto htrle o evl nthe on heavily more Partisans: too a the of provides behaviour relies operative the clandestine with that attitudes British political prewar interpretation combining A argument, cleavages. nuanced an prewar armed geographic of of This of Macedonia. power problems Republican explanatory absence and the the Liberal suggests the explain distribution in Greece, prevalence to central with its as unable conversely, collaboration such areas, or, Royalist is or and Conservative Nazism argument traditionally other with this in collaboration associated Second, automatically forces. not occupation is thus and conservative and A dimension, region. Germans. that the joined in have peasants only could has the goes, Peloponnese argument of this the peasantry, attitudes monarchist in political collaboration prewar the of example, the For prevalence stressed collaboration. the armed of regarding distribution explanation and traditional form the countryside. for accounting rural main in the the factor as division, in Liberal/Republican and these versus Conservative/Royalist were time, the southern politics, they same Greek than of the western-central the towns At and between. in and cities in prevalent in spots Evia, stronger few was much a of were with collaboration units country island the armed of words, extremities the northern other Greece, In (Greece’s Peloponnese west-central Macedonia. the included peninsula), strength particular were of units southern areas auxiliary The but collaboration. Greece, armed across of spread distribution geographical the with begin I collaboration armed of sociology the The by persecuted themselves found partisans ELAS governments. the Greek postwar contrast, in while, prosecuted roscosdoe oteARNO–ESLNH ra n hi aace were vacancies their original and the area, from of majority brought AGRINION–MESSOLONGHI recruitment. the troops local the subsequently were by but to PATRAS filled Dertilis, response over in higher Gen. greater crossed Bns. a of a for Security troops with command recruiting met the the out the generally, Originally under Thus, AKHAIA carried elsewhere. Athens, Greece. and did Mainland PATRAS, corresponding consequently and/or of in it a area had than than Wing shown the on, and Right in had so Bns. Peloponnese and markedly attitude, Security arrests in is murders, this troops whole of ELAS exterminate proportion a the to as (b) Peloponnese and determination politics, of in two populations for Royalist Peloponnese the in rapid (a) disproportionately was reasons, Battalions [Security] these of growth The unn oidvda oiain ems s h omn epejie the joined people many so why ask must we motivations individual to Turning armed of distribution geographical the for accounting hypothesis alternative An 12,000) (about collaborationists the of bulk the occupation, the of end the Following h rbe o hstp fepaaini wfl.Frt osraimhsanationalist a has conservatism First, twofold. is explanation of type this for problem The cleavage prewar dominant the to points literature relevant the in argument common One uoenRve fHsoyRveeurope History—Revue of Review European 10 11 ´ ned’histoire enne 9 eyfwwere few Very 133 Downloaded By: [Yale University] At: 18:10 17 April 2008 eeeae noapltclbrawl.’ political a into degenerated oeoe n nhce’ oe aahnoa.Tegnamrehdpractically but had solutions, that suggest concludes to gendarmerie He position attack. a became Communist The in assassination now not an ‘The is Papadhongonas. them escaped ‘he Papadhongonas resist officers. noted and to function hostile unchecked’, courage to BLOs ceased the time, or and had same the uncommitted open who the with citizen At on more law-abiding unheeded. pleaded pressure any went Papadhongonas of the demands persecution his 1943, up officer but of these stepped assistance, of for autumn EAM destruction area form and the the and in summer After mountains southern operating British’. the the in the to in take with Kalamata, to bands co-operation in NCOs rival in a and corps Bands without officers Communists National officer the junior leave numerous the to not encouraged order of [he] ‘[i]n in 1943, head Papadhongonas, in that Dionysios the claimed Colonel Peloponnese, by Papadhongonas, British 1944. the to early sent memorandum a by indicated intentions. ideological just than omn RESt emr rul hni sworth is seems it therefore, the than ELAS, whatever trouble conclusion. more that to foregone be know war a to is from GREEKS GREEKS Germans transition The report many the a to liberation. British of almost to departure 1944 is the occupation a GREECE do from As in rebels least, past. war at the the or of just phase peace; than Communist present rather of ‘The future prospect out, the permanent points rather only, expectations more postwar preferences the was past them to motivated than opposed country what words, the as other of In occupation saw – domination. whose Battalions. they postwar temporary Germans, what Security the as for with the opted viewed sided officers joined and was many solution later takeover, worst’ ‘least communist groups the a the defeated as of prospect these number by the of a with in remains Faced controlled fact, In the Liberation groups. Popular was instances partisan (National non-communist of ELAS most Front), wing eliminated armed and its largest, Liberation attacked and the Army) EAM far (National 1943, by In negative and Party. was EAM main, Communist agenda The this organisation, of Fascist. content than the rather resistance though anticommunist had, – units positive, collaborationist agenda than the ideological rather staffed an who part, officers the most that the argue for to possible is it level, collaboration? elite ‘ideological’ of past sources by the a motivated about of being possibility said having subsequent be the the as can (and seen grievances as ethnic be and such can Muslims repression collaboration the state minorities, not ethnic the surprisingly, ethnic Although and though, Thessaly, Thrace. targeting – of of Vlachs Macedonia ethnicity, the of other Epirus, refugees of of some Pontian Chams Turkish-speaking basis anticommunism, Muslim the specifically the Macedonia, ‘ideology’, of on Slavophones of formed basis were the units on formed were units Mdl at f1 ue14 eisa olw:‘nti ae h od“usig is “quisling” word the Paper this ‘In follows: as begins 1944 June 18 Paper of Intelligence of East) Political sentiments British (Middle A pro-British argument. and self-defence their anti-German reaching nor the collaborationists, were the neither Greece doubted occupied They inside conclusions. operating similar Communist officers the British killed. collaboration, during was impeding British he the where Athens, alongside in fight 1944 to December on of uprising went in contingent and large a Peloponnese, led Battalions, central Security the joined Papadhongonas memorandum, this 134 o 5yash a nyrpr h rt n owa iteh can’. he little what do and truth the report only can he years 35 for hsagmn scnitn ihte‘eltm’tikn fpoietclaoaosas collaborators prominent of thinking ‘real-time’ the with consistent is argument This gi,adsicinms emd ewe h lt n h rsroslvl.A the At levels. grassroots the and elite the between made be must distinction a Again, some While collaboration. armed of categories rough two between is distinction first A hl aahnoa’ eoadmcudas era sa tep ojsiyhis justify to attempt an as read be also could memorandum Papadhongonas’s While 12 tmkssne hrfr,t pa fpltclrather political of speak to therefore, sense, makes It ..Kalyvas S.N. ... saHleewohssre i country his served has who Hellene a as ... h ainlRsriet has Risorgimento national The . 13 hrl fe sending after Shortly revanche ,what ), Downloaded By: [Yale University] At: 18:10 17 April 2008 ftergo fteAgld ntenrhesenPlpnee(iue1). (Figure Peloponnese north-eastern I towns the and way, in villages 63 rigorous Argolid, in the more conducted of I the a study region to regional men in the a contribute of level from would data village grass-roots used a I that the Battalions. likelihood Security at the of motivations analysis statistical of a performed issue the address To test statistical A who bodies those all by Greeks.’ other used against field the is in use forces” for imply Germans “Quisling the necessarily from not arms term does accepted it The but Germans sentiments. the with pro-German collaborated have who those to applied h on a osldtd h emn n hi oa lisbgnt uhit the into push to began allies local were their of who and control gendarmes Germans Once the were militia. minted consolidated, many newly was Argos; the towns and to recruits gendarmerie the Nafplio unit initial moribund The towns, Argolid the men. main 300 from The about transferred two EAM. of a force the of join a target from reaching to the eventually came been May, refused had in having who recruit and to Army after began ensued Greek attempt the executions local of and a assassination officer up arrests set communist an of Germans by the wave led April, A militia late In collaborationist Nafplio. on destroyed. and down were crack Argos organisations to clandestine of decided EAM’s towns authorities German the the in cells. when resistance 1944, EAM clandestine April by was infiltrated point heavily turning were The towns two region’s the Even EAM. vi ulcydnucn hmi uhtrsta h a oltrrcniito is reconciliation later to way the should we that think terms I such Germans, Force. Invasion the in Allied of closed.’ them any irrevocably work of denouncing the side doing publicly the admittedly on avoid are wholeheartedly they be although will they Hence, that certain feel ‘I swl.ABiihLasnOfie oe htEMvoec ntetwso the of towns evils.’ the two in Security of violence consider populations lesser Athens EAM town from now, the appeared that Even first enthusiasm. Bns. Bns. noted great Security with the received Officer when were that they Liaison bad, ‘so factor become British important would had an revenge Peloponnese was A EAM and of well. benefits practices the Material as with agenda. Dissatisfaction political highest. rank or probably content ideological to less appear much motivations these Yet, ones. 1935. political in under place subsumed took been which military officers (Republican) have of of Republican important number been most a had in the men participation been coups, these their had following of government who dismissed bulk officers been The collaborationist had of 1927. who enlistment since Greek the army the permitted The from that dismissed 1944 advancement. March in professional legislation enacted to survival 1944. sheer December in Athens in British insurrection the on Communist fought the nevertheless they against but side 1944), September (in exile in government Greek gtaantcmuimhdmr pelta utwrigfrteGermans. the for working the just that than ‘communist’ however, appeal conclude, fight more might to ‘one had that willing communism adds Greeks against he find work; fight police to routine easier do than much partisans it found authorities occupation nitasgn ieaantRgtadCnr ate,teScrt n.wudnvrhave never would such Bns. taken Security not had the ELAS parties, if Centre that formed’. and opinion been Right the merely to were of against but care am line anti-British I great intransigent way and ‘took any an self-defence, in in Stevens, not step J.M. were this they to Colonel that driven stations wrote other Bns.’, and me Security to the explain of sponsors the start fe h tla olpei etme 94 h roi eludrtedmno of dominion the under fell Argolid the 1944, September in collapse Italian the After unn otern-n-l,oeecutr uhlre ait fmtvtosand motivations of variety larger much a encounters one rank-and-file, the to Turning from ranging ones material course, of were, there considerations, ideological Besides 15 uoenRve fHsoyRveeurope History—Revue of Review European nArl14,ClnlCE Tm ansavsdhssprosi Cairo, in superiors his advised Barnes ‘Tom’ C.E. Colonel 1944, April In 16 vnuly h euiyBtain eepbil eone ythe by denounced publicly were Battalions Security the Eventually, 17 itra fGec’ cuainntsta the that notes occupation Greece’s of historian A ´ ned’histoire enne 14 19 Fo h very the ‘From 18 135 Downloaded By: [Yale University] At: 18:10 17 April 2008 hyeetal etAgso 9Spebr h euiyBtain urnee their surrendered Battalions Security the Greece. September; evacuate 19 to decided on Germans Argos the left offensive, so Soviet eventually the conquered, They by they the Pressed left. Greece. villages had precluded in most Germans felt that the in after in constraints stay practical not interested not logistic was did were serious militia they the Germans faced third, joining the they expansion; commitment maximise First, mass second, to order militia’s threefold. region; in possible is the as localities reason could across many people The as more to village. recruitment no spreading which each time, after precise in conquest, it a German at join Second, solicited the lowlands control. was following the recruitment territorial immediately locality: from German each usually gradually in of spread pattern expansion ‘one-shot’ and a the towns displayed following two highlands, the the from toward began most it from logic: recruited geographic contingent. were Arachnaio) large men and a contribute few (Achladokambos to villages a asked hill collective: each important and were strategically Recruitment individual two 1944. both of while control summer was villages their the these extended stage during around Germans men this the additional and at recruit As in to curfew. began outposts severe they identity new a their outwardly, checking imposed several and and villagers up the frequently, the that set registering papers began strategy They patrols, counter-insurgent their spot’. increased a ‘oil villages, applied dubbed they later May; French 10 around villages surrounding Argolid. the and Greece 1. Figure 136 nlt uut14,terpdavneo h oitAm nteEsenFotwas Front Eastern the on Army Soviet the of advance rapid the 1944, August late In a on predicated was it First, crucial. are process recruitment the of characteristics Two ..Kalyvas S.N. Downloaded By: [Yale University] At: 18:10 17 April 2008 ertra oto eyo v-oeidctrwihrne rm1(ulincumbent (full 1 from ranges which indicator control). five-zone insurgent a (full 5 measure on To to 1944. rely control) May be to I of up should fatality village a control each level violence using in territorial measured insurgents higher partisan is the by violence a prior executed Partisan individuals SB. of substantial experienced the count for and recruits that to more ethnic prior recruitment provide Villages partisans to transgressing to expected the Battalions. means by prior Security civilians this control upon the if German inflicted of even violence of formation – level by the the enjoyed option control and territorial an actors of rival extent such the the factors: offered these capture to are variables turn Two may they exercising boundaries. side one actor if by the repressed constraints rival or is with aggrieved and its who collaborate been actor have incentives to who armed people of individuals particular Second, leading a mix control. with coercion), a other. siding winning; of produce the as rewards on may perceived the revenge reaping locality and benefits; particular hand, material a (e.g. one its the of and on control village constraints First, and each incentives of mechanisms: elevation two two 1940s. the included the geography: during therefore town of I closest effect the strength. from the distance collaborationist since measure exhibit authority; that close central should in variables lowlands resist towns the pointed in to located often to villages likely is strength, proximity more insurgent it with are associated example, is villages For terrain rough mountainous resistance. isolated and (1 that collaboration elections out of 1933 cultures the or variable insurgency in dummy village a given is a proxy The in 0 labels. majority majority; replay different political a under was the war albeit latter the indicating view, politics, the and this of Greek guerrillas to According anticommunism prewar the resistance. pronounced of the join of more to agenda the anti-royalist likely the of and more because Some were militia Party. Liberal Republicans the the Conservatives that of suggested Republicans and have Party the historians People’s between cleavage the to prewar of localities salient Conservatives the some the reflected Royalist of have propensity might dynamics, the Germans the First, geographical with processes. collaborate cleavages, socioeconomic and political war, the of prewar dynamics of collaboration: members of surviving determinants with interviews leaders. and local its sources these of archival collected one I of including inhabitants. militia, variety 1000 per a normalised operationalised and is from number it data absolute of and an members locality as of each ways: number two in the in is recruited explained those Battalions be from Security to men item collaborationist The more the none? recruited or they fewer where recruited British they localities where under the island differentiates what nearby answered: a be to evacuated were over. and was October war The 5 supervision. on Nafplio in weapons rwrsca oflc maue stenme fcvlsistidi orsi h period the in of courts measure in tried a suits and capita), civil per localities), of school, number wealthiest high the the as a being (measured in 3 conflict enrolled with social locality prewar variable a in three-scale students (a of wealth number the the used as I (measured June, and May late the May. in for 15 1944; place April of took late score recruitment of control score where control villages the mountain use I and 1944, hill May early in place took recruitment hr,claoainwt cuainfre a eedgnu otewrisl,via itself, war the to endogenous be may forces occupation with collaboration Third, of constraints and opportunities both captures location geographical Second, key four capture to attempt variables’) ‘independent (or causes potential The must question following the locality, every from recruit to wanted Germans the Since ial,Iuetrevralst atr ra oieooi rcse:education processes: socioeconomic broad capture to variables three use I Finally, ¼ iea majority). liberal uoenRve fHsoyRveeurope History—Revue of Review European 20 o h w on n h oln ilgs where villages, lowland the and towns two the For ´ ned’histoire enne ¼ royalist 137 Downloaded By: [Yale University] At: 18:10 17 April 2008 aibeRange 4.76 Mean: 0.97 Mean: 1 5) to 1 (scale Control 1944) April 1943– (September village per violence Insurgent SB the in recruited militiamen of Number Variable Variables. 2. Table capita). per 1935–1939, hteprecdisretvoec eemr ieyt usqetyspl e othe to men supply not. subsequently did to that localities likely localities specifications: more than all were SB across violence predictor insurgent significant experienced a that is are militiamen results of The recruitment the 2. Table in reported are 3. Table statistics in descriptive presented basic with along variables ugsie eetees hs eut r ossetwt yonqaiaieevidence qualitative own my with consistent political Greece are that from and results villages these social hill Nevertheless, suggestive. economic, two of Significantly, effect capacity. men. likely predictive correlation no of a positive have a variables contingents – be elevations large to appears higher contributed there and direction: recruitment causal between surprising a with significant lisi oaiy(..tnigtwrsasoeo rttlcnrl,temr militiamen more the control), total or 1 of score locality. that a their in towards and recruited tending Germans were (i.e. the by locality exercised a control in of level allies the higher The specifications. all across 138 liue(ers en 231 Mean: .06 Mean: .71 Mean: 167 Mean: village wealthiest variable; (interval proxy Income (1935–1939) cases court capita per conflict: social Prewar capita) per students school (secondary level Education 1 variable: (dummy Elections 1933 (minutes) town closest from Distance (metres) Altitude ieyt omtt,adfih o,a raiainwt hc hysaeltl common little share they which with organisation new war an generating for, civil are of fight People potential and of factors. to, economic the effects and commit has social to endogenous political, action likely prewar military overlooked, override that begins, largely dynamics conflict political and a considerable, Once dynamics. the to point h eut a esmaie sflos is,EMvoec ntepro preceding period the in violence EAM First, follows. as summarised be can results The biul,a nlsslmtdt n rvnei igecutycnol be only can country single a in province one to limited analysis an Obviously, 24 swl ssvrllclstudies. local several as well as ¼ 21 oa nubn oto;5 control; incumbent total h siaini ipeOdnr es qae oe.The model. Squares Least Ordinary simple a is estimation The 23 22 falteohrvrals liuei h otconsistently most the is altitude variables, other the all Of ¼ eod ertra oto sas infiatpredictor significant a also is control territorial Second, oaitmjrt;0 majority; royalist ..Kalyvas S.N. ¼ 25 )Ma:2.21 Mean: 3) ¼ hyaeas tiigi ofra they as far so in striking also are They oa nugn oto)Ma:3.08 Mean: control) insurgent total ¼ iea aoiy en .92 Mean: majority) liberal a:12 Max: 0 Min: 60 Max: 0 Min: a:3 Max: 1 Min: Max:.24 .01 Min: 3.66 Max: 0 Min: 510 Max: 0 Min: 960 Max: 10 Min: 5 Max: 1 Min: Max:1 0 Min: Downloaded By: [Yale University] At: 18:10 17 April 2008 94 –.1 –.8 [–1.70] 2.413 [–1.98] [–2.01] 2.012 (log) Altitude 1944) ilg noe3263.518 3.236 [–1.57] 0.571 [0.53] –1.230 [–1.60] [–0.82] –0.407 [–0.26] –0.887 [–1.41] [–0.08] income Village (log) (1935–1939) capita per suits (court conflict social Prewar capita) per students school (high level Education Elections 1933 3.249 violence Insurgent drs ubro etrso olbrto.Freape tmyhl xli the explain help may it helps rule. example, concept indirect this For colonisation, collaboration. of and of concept empires features the of of study in number the found a of be address context general well the interpreting three in may for conditions, framework Developed occupation theoretical theoretical appropriate broader during an to First, collaboration underlining. motivations worth of are issue points the from Moving agenda theoretical loyalties. a national toward of incredibly Conclusion: elasticity these a the Given is and 1944. collaborators powers armed occupying in of of war thousands abilities the recruit the losing to to was ability testament Germany Germans’ the despite the that and conditions, clear population; adverse Greek was the it they of that minds’ that pretend and even fact ‘hearts not the did self- made winning Germans that in the the that national occupation interested fact were violent on the incredibly so despite of an fought did them; running They loathe were and population neighbours. standard the Germans own very the boundary strong their that against fact national often the a – despite the Greeks to crossed fellow against Greeks side adhered German of Greeks thousands Although identification, ground. political Notes 0.008 3 0.032 [2.42] OLS 2 0.020 [3.33] OLS town 1 closest from Distance [3.48] OLS (Spring control Territorial 1944) 1943–April (September variable Dependent OLS 1943–1944: method Argolid, Estimation forces: occupying with Model collaboration parentheses). of in errors Determinants (standard regressions 3. Table bevtos6 363 0.21 –4.510 0.43 63 –5.843 0.41 63 3.501 R-squared Observations Constant Prob Robust : . .05002 0.0032 0.0021 0.0025 F t and uoenRve fHsoyRveeurope History—Revue of Review European z ttsisi brackets. in statistics * infiata 10%; at Significant Militiamen/ 2 021–.0 –3.062 –2.901 –0.201 16][.5 [2.82] [2.05] [1.63] 10][.6 [1.65] [1.26] [1.06] 10][10][–0.91] [–1.01] [1.02] village 4.621 *** ** ** infiata 5%; at Significant Militiamen/ –4.576 16][2.39] [1.61] village 3.268 ´ ned’histoire enne ** * *** *** e 00inhabitants 1000 per iiimn village/ Militiamen/ infiata 1%. at Significant –2.297 2.405 0.430 *** * ** ** 139 Downloaded By: [Yale University] At: 18:10 17 April 2008 loepanteotntddsucinbtendsorea h o n gtn nthe on fighting and top the at may discourse It between minorities. ethnic disjunction of ground. oft-noted recruitment the the explain with have also occupiers that success remarkable Notes research the of comparisons. recalibration better this through time, insights better same and the data At better society. both generate the from help of collaboration will that of agenda study to the level move state and regions dynamics between the ground-level and on villages insights between provide Comparisons occupation. help micro-level. Japanese occupation the under at where Asia long-term work countries in comparative its and to as Europe course, well in of as as applies, war, – This civil them. collaboration with the memory. armed explain overlapped on and to of politics impossible superimposed location is on and being it effects war, of timing simply civil size, periods of than dynamics in during the variation rather of wars understanding politics civil deep a reshape example, Without to For possible. tend even and collaboration occupation motivations of make kinds the that ‘endogenously’ produces identities war comparison civil often, the Very war. decolonisation. encourages civil and their framework occupation colonisation manipulate occupation, a to In of try such ‘puppet’. settings a they in Finally, term and between collaboration success. volition popular between relation with and the agenda unidirectional often by own principals, a characterised their have as as ‘puppets’ agent, than regimes, an rather and principals principal two between exchange 140 0 R S568 Dtiso olbrtr ihMsin nteFed”Apni B oFinal to “B” Appendix Field.” the in Hondros, Missions 11. with Collaborators of “Details 5/698, HS PRO 10. 5 R,H /9,“eodRpr fClnlJM tvn nPeetCniin in Conditions Present on Stevens J.M. Colonel of Report “Second 5/699, 18 HS dated Battalions”, Security PRO, Greek Peloponnese’.” 55, 15. the No. Baerentzen, in Paper Intelligence ‘Communism in “Political on 208/713, quoted report WO of 1944”, PRO, “Summary May 14. 371/43689, to FO PRO, Jan 13. Greece, in “Situation C.M. Woodhouse, 12. .Grlmts TeRl fteGekOfie op nteRssac” 25. Resistance”, the in Corps Officer Greek the of Role 34. “The Weapon”, Gerolymatos, a 9. Weighty “Too Hondros, sources, archival 8. other by suggested information the from diverges battle of order the that Note 7. 34; Halkida Weapon”, Hondros, a of 6. Weighty “Too towns Hondros, the 5. in recruited and garrisoned units Evzone the specifically, More 4. Slavomacedonians (Thessaly), Greece central in Vlachs Ilia). of of units (prefecture local small Peloponnese raised western Italians the The in pro-British,” 3. Katakolon, are means ‘Quislings’ He Greece, 2. “In Lucas, Walter 1. hr,fo ehdlgclpito iw hspprsrse h edfrmore for need the stresses paper this view, of point methodological a from Third, and collaboration of phenomena the theoretically combine to necessary is it Second, eotb 947Cp.Gibson. Capt. 199417 by Report of nature local and fluid the by caused matter, this collaboration. about the confusion general the confirms which the in of up summer and set spring were the units 1944), in the Gargalianoi, gendarmerie (April and by The Meligalas, Corinth 1944). Gytheion, 1944. passed 1944), Sparta, (June Tripolis, (February Nafpaktos was of Agrinio and towns 1944), battalions 1944), (May (January The four Pyrgos Patras (Epirus). first 1943. 1943), Greece April (December the 7 Western on Rallis of in Ioannis Chams by mobilisation headed and government the collaborationist Macedonia), decreeing (Western legislation Greece northern in eoons” ae 4Jn 1944. June 24 dated Peloponnese”, 1944. June War”. eot nGec 934 yJ .Sees .M Woodhouse M. C. Stevens, M. J. by 1943–44 Greece on Reports 26 utemr,i lostecnetaiaino olbrto sarlto of relation a as collaboration of conceptualisation the allows it Furthermore, cuain&Resistance & Occupation cuain&Resistance & Occupation 1 eoyao,“h euiyBtain n h Civil the and Battalions Security “The Gerolymatos, 81; , 83. , ..Kalyvas S.N. Occupation & al Express Daily Resistance & 82. , .J Wallace J. D. 1Otbr1944. October 11 , 92 77. 1982, , British Downloaded By: [Yale University] At: 18:10 17 April 2008 aya,SahsN RdTro:LfitVoec uigteOcpto. In Occupation.” the During Violence Leftist Terror: “Red N. Stathis Kalyvas, odo,Jh oi.“o egt epn:BianadteGekScrt atlos 1943–1944.” Battalions, Security ———. Greek the and Britain Weapon’: a Resistance.” Weighty the “Too Louis. in John Corps Hondros, Officer Greek the of Role “The ———. Andre Gerolymatos, Lars. Gagalis. Baerentzen, G. and N.N., Anagnostopoulos, In Village.” Messenian a of Perspective the from War Civil “The Stanley. Aschenbrenner, Bibliography others, among of, the author directs the also is War he He where Civil Yale, Violence. in at and Science Conflict, Political Order, of on Professor Program Wolfers Arnold is Kalyvas N. Stathis contributor on Notes 3 gi,ke nmn htGra oto a ohn od ihpltclo te preferences. other or political with do Karakasidou, to nothing 25. had control German Kalyvas, that mind 24. in keep Again, 23. in (which, potential 415). collaborationist (2006, future Kalyvas with in villages listed targeted are insurgents recruitment) that of possible exception is the It (with 22. sources data All 21. permanently combatants Incumbent 1: Zone follows. in as Conditions coded was Present control (2006). on Kalyvas of from Stevens level draws Argolid J.M. The the 20. of Colonel discussion The of 19. Report Hondros, “Second 18. 5/699, HS April to PRO, 1943 July Greece, 17. in “Observations Barnes, C.E. Col. R9898/9/19, 371/43688 FO PRO 16. 6 aya,“h nooyo PltclViolence’”. ‘Political of Ontology “The Kalyvas, 26. eosrcigFml,Sae n aini ree 1944–1960 Greece, 2000. Press, in University Nation Princeton NJ: and Princeton, State, Family, Reconstructing fteHlei Diaspora Hellenic the of 69–79. (1985): 17–27. (1984): 1982. Press, Tusculanum Museum Copenhagen: 1945–9 1987. Press, War, Tusculanum Civil Museum Copenhagen: Greek the of un ol niaeta hi ilnehdn fet.Hwvr ro nlsso the of analysis territorial 2006). turn, (Kalyvas prior in geography violence; of However, this function predict effect). a best political largely no behaviour than was rather political control had control about territorial expectations violence insurgent or that factors shows their violence insurgent that of determinants indicate would turn, of times up set all never during organisations freely clandestine destroyed. incumbent operate completely reported; administrators activity or the insurgent and in no combatants night; garrisoned and insurgent incumbent permanently day insurgent it; combatants night; near Insurgent at it; and 5: visits or day near sporadic Zone village place; combatants. of or take incumbent times meetings village by clandestine all night village; the during the inside in freely organisations garrisoned operate clandestine administrators night. permanently their at and in combatants combatants sleep insurgent combatants clandestine not Insurgent by do visits 4: insurgent usually nightly administrators regular Zone at incumbent active; the night; are night; in visits organisers at garrisoned and insurgent sporadic freely permanently homes; move place; combatants day not and Incumbent take do 3: of but combatants meetings Zone village incumbent combatants. clandestine times insurgent radius; village; by all the one-hour night insurgent inside a during reported; operate in activity freely organisations or insurgent operate village no combatants the night; administrators Incumbent administrators 2: in and and Zone destroyed. garrisoned combatants day completely permanently or incumbent of up radius; set times never one-hour organisations all clandestine a during in freely or operate village the in garrisoned Peloponnese”. 1944”. shnrne,“h ii a rmtePrpcieo esna Village”. Messenian a of Perspective the from War Civil “The Aschenbrenner, cuain&Rssac:TeGekAoy1941–1944 Agony Greek The Resistance: & Occupation Cmrde 2006). (Cambridge, h oi fVoec nCvlWar Civil in Violence of Logic The cuain&Resistance & Occupation uoenRve fHsoyRveeurope History—Revue of Review European rts eot nGec 1943–44 Greece on Reports British ´ TeScrt atlosadteCvlWar.” Civil the and Battalions Security “The . ilso ha,Hlso Blood of Hills Wheat, of Fields 5 o – 18) 33–47. (1988): 1–2 nos 15, dtdb asBeete,JO ardsadOL mt,105–25. Smith, O.L. and Iatrides J.O. Baerentzen, Lars by edited , roiiPedias Argoliki I 83. , , . yJM Stevens J.M. by tes efpbihd 1938. Self-published, Athens: . emue,“ovrstuparelthontos”; tou varos “To Vermeulen, ; e ok el,1993. Pella, York: New . ora fteHlei Diaspora Hellenic the of Journal ora fteHlei Diaspora Hellenic the of Journal dtdb akMzwr 142–83. Mazower, Mark by edited , ´ ned’histoire enne , ..Woodhouse C.M. fe h a a Over: Was War the After h oi fViolence of Logic The tde nteHistory the on Studies & ..Wallace D.J. 1 o 3 no. 11, 2 o 1 no. 12, Journal 141 . Downloaded By: [Yale University] At: 18:10 17 April 2008 aaaio,AatsaN. Anastasia Karakasidou, ASMcol -8 ol40 rms67307;Bfhsidrn BSds Heegup ) Stand: F), (Heeresgruppe Sudost OB Befehlsgiederung 1944. 6378310–72; June Frames 18 410, dated Roll Battalions.” T-78, Security USA Microfilm Greek DC, NARS 55, Washington, 1944.” No. (NARS), April Paper Archives to Intelligence National 1943 “Political July 208/713, Greece, WO in PRO, “Observations Peloponnese’.” Barnes. (WO) the C.E. Office in Col. War ‘Communism R9898/9/19, on 371/43688 report FO of PRO 199417 “Summary by 371/43689, Report Final FO to PRO, “B” Appendix (FO) Peloponnese.” Field.” Office in the Foreign Conditions in Missions Present with on Collaborators Stevens of J.M. “Details Colonel 5/698, of HS Report PRO “Second 5/699, HS PRO, (HS) UK Executive Gardens, Operations Kew Special (PRO), Office Records Public Documents Primary Wars.” Civil in Identity ———. and Action Violence’: ‘Political of Ontology “The ———. oipuo,IansS. Ioannis Koliopoulos, ee,H.F. Meyer, emue,Hn.“ovrstuprlhno.Ieosatnkptno t oi o ankituAvel tou kai Kain C. tou Woodhouse, xorio sto kapetaneon ton exousia I parelthontos. tou varos “To Hans. Vermeulen, Vamva-Stamatelatou. Fotini and Michail, Stamatelatos, Antonios. Miliarakis, aoe,Mr.“iiayVoec n ainlScaitVle:TeWhmcti ree1941–1944.” Greece in Wehrmacht The Values: Socialist National and Violence “Military Mark. Mazower, Nikos. Marantzidis, ———. 142 1870–1990 15.8.44. Gibson. Capt. 475–94. (2003): 3 no. 1941–1949 ucisn 1948. Hutchinson, 1993. Press, University TeWih ftePs:TePwro h aeasi ansadAe’ ilg].In Greece Village]”. Modern Abel’s 1993. and Alexandria, of Cain’s in Elladas history Capetans neoteris tis the social istoria of koinoniki Power stin The simvoles Past: parelthon: the of Weight [The 2001. Griechenland Korinthia and Argolid of prefecture the of ancient, and modern geography, potn,Ocpto,adCvlWr tncIett n oiia eaiu nteTurkish-speaking the Present in and Behaviour Political and Identity Pontos Ethnic Western War: of Greek-Orthodox Civil and Occupation, Pontou Dytikou Uprooting, tou elinorthodoxous tourkofonous stous symperifora nieHte’ ree h xeineo h cuain 1941–1944 Occupation, the of Experience The Greece: Hitler’s Inside h oi fVoec nCvlWar Civil in Violence of Logic The o innc aart.DebuieSu e 1.Ja 117. der Spur blutige Die Kalavryta. nach Wien Von hcg:Uiest fCiaoPes 1997. Press, Chicago of University Chicago: . pl fDsod uvyo eetGekPltc nterItrainlSetting International their in Politics Greek Recent of Survey A Discord: of Apple 1999. Company, & Hurst London: . 3 19) 129–58. (1992): 134 ohee:Bbipls 2002. Bibliopolis, Moehnesee: . aai ilt iot tns rsyi,kth a myis tntk attt a politiki kai taftotita Ethnotiki emfylios: kai katohi Prosfygia, Ethnos. to Zito Millet, Yasasin egahapltk,nakiacaa o oo roio a Korinthias kai Argolidos nomou tou archaia, kai nea politiki, Geographia lnee oate:Ai cuainadCvlSrf nGekWs Macedonia, West Greek in Strife Civil and Occupation Axis Loyalties: Plundered ilso ha,Hlso lo:Psae oNtoho nGekMacedonia, Greek in Nationhood to Passages Blood: of Hills Wheat, of Fields ,eie yE aaairhsadT.Prdli,133.Athens: 113–33. Paradellis, Th. and Papataxiarchis E. by edited ], .Iali:Uiest rs fCee 2001. Crete, of Press University Irakleio: ]. e ok abig nvriyPes 2006. Press, University Cambridge York: New . ..Kalyvas S.N. ptm egahk eiotsEllados tis Lexiko Geographiko Epitomo [ nhoooyadps:Acnrbto othe to contribution A past: and Anthropology [ aai ilt ogLv h Nation. the Live Long Millet, Yasasin ¨ e-iiindrhSrinund Serbien durch ger-Division e ae n odn Yale London: and Haven New . .Ahn:N ulse,1886. Publisher, No Athens: ]. esetvso Politics on Perspectives nhoooi kai Anthropologia tes Ermis, Athens: . London: . [ Political Past 1,