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Geomorphology of the Upper Kuskokwim Region, Alaska

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Geomorphology of the Upper Kuskokwim Region, Alaska ^/f Geomorphology of the Upper Kuskokwim Region, Alaska By ARTHUR T. FERNALD *v J CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1071-G A reconnaissance study covering various " aspects of the geomorphology, including the physiographic features, glacial his­ tory, and surficial deposits UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1960 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FRED A. SEATON, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Thomas B. Nolan, Director For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington 25, D.C. CONTENTS Page Abstract.. _________________________________________________________ 19.1. Introduction ______________________________________________________ 192 Location ___________'_______________________-___________.____.. 192 Previous investigations.______-__-_-_-_-___---_-___-__-_-_--_-__ 193 Present investigation.__________________________________________ 194 Scope of report..___________________________________________ 194 Fieldwork __..______..____.___.__._. _.__. ..____..._.._ 195 Acknowledgments __._______-_-___--__-_-_____-_-______._ ___ 195 Geography__ ____________________________________________________ 196 Relief and drainage.___________________________________________ 196 Climate.. ______---__-._--.._---- .--.----.--.-.-.---_-.-.-_. J99 Vegetation....____________._.-___..--.i--.-..-..........___.__ 202 Per mafr o s t _ __..__........_______._.____._____._.__.__.___._._ 204 Settlements and transportation..___-_-_-__--_---_-______________ 205 Summary of bedrock and structural geology.--.--.--_-_______-_____-__ 205 Lithology. ____._._..._______ .___________..__.__.__...__._.... 206 Sedimentary rocks_________________________________________ 206 Intrusive igneous rocks_____________________________________ 209 Major structural units.________________________________________ 209 Faults.....________._-__-_--_-_-----_---_--.---------------- 210 Physiography of the uplands-________._'______---_-_______.__________ 214 Surficial deposits______________________________________________ 214 Physiographic features. _________________________________________ 219 Glaciation of the Alaska Range..___-___-_---_--_--_-______-_________ 222 Nature and source of the glaciers._______________________________ 222 Deposits of the Selatna glaciation_________________________________ 223 Deposits of the Farewell glaciation____--_________________________ 225 Correlations and age determinations_____________________________ 230 Eolian activity and deposits.______________---_-_-_-_-_____---_____. 233 Eolian sand___________________________________________________ 234 Old dune fields........__.__..----.-. ____._...___..._. 234 Young dune fields_________________________________________ 235 Eolian history._.______________________ ____________________ 243 Differentiation of two eolian periods_____________________ 243 Old eolian period._____________________________________ 24.5 Young eolian period. ___________________________________ 245 Loess ________________________________________________________ 247 Volcanic ash-____-____-__________-_---_-_-___________________ 251 Rivers and alluvial deposits__--____-_---------_-----_-------_-_--__- 251 Nature of the rivers__^___-___-_-_------___-----_-_---_-_-_---__ 252 Alluvial deposits____________________-_-_--___'.________________ 253 Flood plains and fans-_____________________________________ 254 Braided rivers________-_._____-___---_-_-_________--_-_ 254 Meandering rivers.___________-___-----_-___-__----____ 255 in IV CONTENTS Rivers and alluvial deposits Continued Alluvial deposits Continued Page Alluvial plains________________._-___--._.----_-<-_______..___. 257 Medfra flats._____________._______._..__-_-_______._____. 257 Nixon Fork lowland. ______._-___-_-__.-_._._ ..-__._____ 258 Fan aprons_--___-___--____-_-___-_-__-_--___--__----_____ 259 Cones---..-_-_-_--__--__--__---_-_-___----__-----_---_--_ 263 Alluvial history .___._____-____________.__.-___--____.._.__.__ 263 Organic deposits, bogs, and lakes. ___________________________________ 264 Organic deposits.______________________________________________ 265 Bog flats___________________________________________________ _'___ 266 ' Lakes__------_-_---___----:_-----_-_-___-_---------__-----_-_ 267 Chronology of the surficial deposits._________________________________ 268 Summary of geologic history._______________________________________ 271 Literature cited.-_-____.__________---------____-----_-_-_._____.__ 273 Index.__...:._._________-________.__________-_-_-_-____________-_ 277 ILLUSTRATIONS [Plates arc in pocket] PLATE 21. Bedrock geologic map of the upper Kuskokwim region, Alaska. 22. Surficial geologic map and sections of the upper Kuskokwim region, Alaska. Page FIGUKE 18. Index map of Alaska showing location of upper Kuskokwim region___-__--_--__--___-____-___-_ ---__--__-__-_-__ 193 19. Map of the physiographic units of the upper Kuskokwim region_______________________________________________ 197 20. Climatic chart for McGrath, Alaska--_--_-------_-_______ 201 21. Map of the major structural units of the upper Kuskokwim region_-_______________..___-_____----__--__________ 206 22. Oblique aerial view of the north edge of the Alaska Range and the bordering piedmont in the Windy Fork area. __. _ _ _ -212 23. Oblique areal view of the Takotna River valley and the border­ ing uplands. ____-___-_-_-..____--__-_-_-_---__________ 216 24. Exposure through the end moraine of the Selatna glaciation along the Big River___________________________________ 224 25. Moraines of the Selatna and Farewell glaciations along the Big River.___..._._._...._...__..._____._.___.__.._._.._ 225 26. Oblique aerial view of the moraines of the Farewell and Selatna glaciations along the South Fork.______-___..__-__.____ 226 27. Oblique aerial view of the outer and inner moraines of the Fare­ well glaciation along the South Fork-___________________ 228 28. Oblique aerial view of a large part of the older dune field between the Kuskokwim and Big Rivers ________________ 236 29. Cumulative frequency curves showing the size of eolian sand from river bluffs, upper Kuskokwim region._____________ 238 30. Vertical aerial view of a part of the younger dune field bor­ dering the Kuskokwim River... ________________________ 240 31. Cumulative frequency curves showing the size of sand from dune crests, upper Kuskokwim region_---___---__-_____ 244 - CONTENTS V Page FIGURE 32. Cumulative frequency curves showing the size of silty material from upland areas, upper Kuskokwim region---------- 24.8 i 33. Cumulative frequency curves showing the size of silty ma­ terial from river areas, upper 'Kuskokwim fegion_____.-._ 249 tf- 34. Oblique aerial view of the bog-covered alluvial plain of the Nixon Fork lowland and the bordering fan apron___--_--_ 260 35. Low aerial view of several lakes on alluvial plain in Medfra flats..........____--_.------------------------------ 267 36. Chart showing the chronology of the surficial deposits, upper Kuskokwim region-___-__.___..._.__-_..___.__-----.-. 269 37. Correlation of deposits in three bluffs along the Big River . _ 270 CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY GEOMORPHOLOGY OF THE UPPER KUSKOKWIM REGION, ALASKA By ARTHUR T. FERNALD ABSTRACT The upper Kuskokwim region as described in this report covers an area of about 6,000 square miles in southwest-central Alaska, and includes a small sec­ tion of the Alaska Range, its bordering piedmont and lowland, and an adjacent upland area. It is drained by the upper part of the Kuskokwim River, which originates from the convergence of its several major tributaries in the lowland area. The region is underlain by sedimentary rocks of Paleozoic and of Cre­ taceous age and igneous rocks of Tertiary age. Most of the region, including large parts of the uplands and mountains, is covered with surricial deposits of several types colluvial, glacial, eolian, alluvial, and organic material. An extensive erosion surface formed over part of the region during the late Tertiary. This surface was differentially uplifted, probably in the late Plio­ cene or early Quaternary, and now covers upland summits at an altitude ranging from 1,000 to 2,000 feet above sea level. Rejuvenated streams follow­ ing the uplift carved out innumerable valleys within the uplands, and the an­ cestral Kuskokwim River, which probably flowed on the erosion surface in about its present position, cut a broad canyon through the uplands. The Alaska Range was probably uplifted at the same time, and has undergone continued uplift during the Quaternary. Differential movement is still going on along two large faults, the Farewell fault at the north edge of the Alaska Range, and the Nixon Fork fault within the uplands. Much of the lowland area, where debris derived principally from the rising Alaska Range has accumulated to an unknown thickness, has subsided, prob­ ably during the Quaternary. This wedge of sediments has pushed the Kus­ kokwim River to'its present position along the north edge of the lowland. Climatic fluctuations during the Pleistocene gave rise to repeated glaciations in the Alaska Range, where glaciers scoured large U-shaped valleys and also spread out onto the bordering piedmont. These fluctuations influenced the ero­ sion and deposition in the nonglaciated areas. In the lowland, the accumula­ tion of fluvial and eolian deposits was accelerated during the glacial advances. In the uplands, which were for the most part unglaciated, the /one of intense frost action, now at about 2,000 feet and above,
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