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The Puzzle of International Decision-Making an Integrated Comparative Study on Intervention
Södertörns Högskola Filip Holm Internationella Relationer C 2014 C-Uppsats, 15 poäng The puzzle of international decision-making An integrated comparative study on intervention By Filip Holm Map of the Sudan region (Enough Project [image] <http://www.enoughproject.org/conflicts/sudans> Accessed September 1, 2014) Map of Libya (GeographyIQ [image] http://www.geographyiq.com/countries/ly/Libya_map_flag_geography.htm Accessed December 1, 2014) Abstract “The puzzle of international decision-making” An integrated comparative study on intervention This is a study that aims to look at the violence occurring in Sudan and Libya in 2011. It asks the question why there was an intervention in the latter case but not the former. The analysis will use an integrated theoretical framework, looking at national interests, power balance and international norms to explain the behavior and decision-making of states in these particular cases. The fact that so little has been done or said about the conflict in Sudan is troubling, and deserves an explanation, especially considering the very different reaction to similar situations like Libya at the time. This study uses a comparative method to map the differences and similarities between the two cases using both statistical numbers and facts, as well as a content analysis to examine the discourse and media coverage on the two conflicts. The analysis may seem very broad and complex, but the same can be said about world politics in general. It is a very complex thing, and sometimes a complex explanation is required. Very rarely is there just one answer to a question like this, but many different perspectives that are often equally legitimate and important to consider. -
Pursuing the European Dream: the Second Olympic Ring the European Union, Co-Founder of the Four-Sea Alliance by Raymond Van Ermen – 18Th September 2005
Pursuing the European Dream: the Second Olympic Ring The European Union, co-founder of the Four-Sea Alliance by Raymond Van Ermen – 18th September 2005. 2004 and 2005 marked a milestone in the history of Europe. We should mention in particular the reunification of Europe with the shift from a 15-nation Union to a 25-nation Union, the referenda on the European Constitution, and the changes in Georgia, the Ukraine and Lebanon, which have altered the democratic scene and the political deal. If Europe wants to remain true to its reputation of helping countries come out of dictatorship, not endangering democracy within its borders and taking expectations into account both within and outside the Union, it must embark on a new approach and “ gear up”. All the more so since three of its current policies should be seriously questioned: • The enlargement process has become chaotic. Although originally, it was a factor of stability, it is now transforming into a source of instability. Paradoxically, it is simultaneously too fast and not fast enough. It is therefore “neither immoral nor illegitimate” to say that the time has come for Europe and its partners to move to another system to ensure internal democracy, peace, stability and prosperity for all. • The Euro-Mediterranean Partnership is a failure (1) in the field of fundamental rights. These results, which are the fruit of the timid policy of the Union, are unacceptable for civil society. It is not enough to envisage new ‘conditions’ for governance, citizens must be given the right to bring an action before an ad hoc Court of Justice. -
Schnellrecherche Der SFH-Länderanalyse Vom 7
Schnellrecherche der SFH-Länderanalyse vom 7. Oktober zu Irak: Sicherheitslage im Distrikt Zakho Frage an die SFH-Länderanalyse: Wie ist die aktuelle Sicherheitslage im Distrikt Zakho? Die Informationen beruhen auf einer zeitlich begrenzten Recherche (Schnellrecher- che) in öffentlich zugänglichen Dokumenten, die uns derzeit zur Verfügung stehen. 1 Sicherheitslage im Distrikt Zakho Unzumutbarkeit des Wegweisungsvollzuges in die KRG-Region (Nordirak). Wie in der Auskunft der Schweizerischen Flüchtlingshilfe (SFH) zur Sicherheitssituation in der KRG-Region vom 28. Oktober 2014 und dem Update zur Sicherheitssituation in der KRG-Region vom 28. März 2015 beschrieben, ist die dortige humanitären Lage weiterhin äusserst prekär und die Sicherheitssituation nach wie vor instabil. Die Posi- tion der SFH bleibt unverändert. Sie hält an den von ihr geforderten Massnahmen fest: «In der neuesten und am 27. Oktober 2014 publizierten Position zu Rückführungen in den Irak empfiehlt das UNHCR klar und unmissverständlich, von Rückführungen in den Irak generell abzusehen, bis sich die Sicherheitslage nachhaltig verbessert hat. Die SFH schliesst sich – auch aufgrund eigener Recherchen und Einschätzung – die- ser Position an und fordert speziell für den Nordirak (KRG-Region), dass betroffene Personen angesichts der angespannten und unsicheren Situation zumindest eine vor- läufige Aufnahme wegen Unzumutbarkeit des Wegweisungsvollzugs erhalten. Für ab- gelehnte Asylsuchende aus dem Irak fordert die SFH zumindest ein Moratorium für zwangsweise Rückführungen» (SFH, IRAK: Sicherheitssituation in der KRG-Region, 28. Oktober 2014; SFH, IRAK: Update: Sicherheitssituation in der KRG -Region, 28. März 2015; SFH, Dramatische Lage Irak, 12. November 2014). Politische Krise in der KRG-Region seit August 2015. Wie schon in der Auskunft zur Sicherheitssituation in der KRG-Region vom 28. -
Nationalism, Politics, and the Practice of Archaeology in the Caucasus
-.! r. d, J,,f ssaud Artsus^rNn Mlib scoIuswVC ffiLffi pac,^^€C erplJ pue lr{o) '-I dlllqd ,iq pa11pa ,(8oyoe er4lre Jo ecr] JeJd eq] pue 'sct1t1od 'tustleuolleN 6rl Se]tlJlljd 18q1 uueul lOu soop sltll'slstSo[ocPqJJu ul?lsl?JneJ leool '{uetuJO ezrsuqdtue ol qsl'\\ c'tl'laslno aql 1V cqtJo lr?JttrrJ Suteq e:u e,\\ 3llLl,\\'ieqt 'teqlout? ,{g eldoed .uorsso.rciclns euoJo .:etqSnr:1s louJr crleuols,{s eql ul llnseJ {eru leql tsr:d snolJes uoJl uPlseJnPJ lerll JO suoluolstp :o ..sSutpucJsltu,' "(rolsrqerd '..r8u,pn"r.. roJ EtlotlJr qsllqulso ol ]duralltl 3o elqetclecctl Surqsrn8urlstp o.1". 'speecorcl ll sV 'JB ,(rnluec qlxls-pltu eql ut SutuutSeq'et3:oe9 11^ly 'porred uralse,t\ ut uotJl?ztuolol {eer{) o1 saleleJ I se '{1:clncrlled lBJlsselc uP qil'\\ Alluclrol eq] roJ eJueptlc 1r:crSoloaeqcJe uuts11311l?J Jo uollRnlele -ouoJt-loueqlpue-snseon€JuJequoueqlpuE'l?luoulJv'er8rocg'uelteq -JaZVulpJosejotrolsrqerdsqtJoSuouE}erdlelutSutreptsuoc.,{11euor8ar lsrgSurpeeco:cl'lceistqlsulleJlsnlpselduexalere^esButlele;"{qsnsecne3 reded stql cql ur .{SoloeeqJlu Jo olnlpu lecrllod eql elBltsuotuop [lt,\\ .paluroclduslp lou st euo 'scrlr1od ,(:erodueluoJ o1 polelsJUtr '1tns:nd JturcpeJe olpl ue aq or ,{Soloeuqole 3o ecrlcu'rd eq} lcedxa lou plno'{\ 'SIJIUUOC aAISOldxe ouo 3Jor{,t\ PoJe uP sl 1t 'suolllpuoJ aseql IIe UsAtD sluqle pur: ,{poolq ,{11euor1dacxo lulo^es pue salndstp lelrollrrel snor0tunu qlr,n elalder uot,3e; elllBlo^ ,(re,r. e st 1l 'uolun lel^os JeuIJoJ aql io esdelloc eqt ue,tr.3 'snsBsnBJ aql jo seldoed peu'{u oql lle ro3 ln3Sutueau 'l?Iuusllllu -
Central Kurdistan Author(S): Kenneth Mason Source: the Geographical Journal, Vol
Central Kurdistan Author(s): Kenneth Mason Source: The Geographical Journal, Vol. 54, No. 6 (Dec., 1919), pp. 329-342 Published by: geographicalj Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1779409 Accessed: 24-04-2016 08:17 UTC Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://about.jstor.org/terms JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Wiley, The Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers) are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Geographical Journal This content downloaded from 134.129.182.74 on Sun, 24 Apr 2016 08:17:49 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms The Geographical Journal Vol. LIV No. 6 December 1919 CENTRAL KURDISTAN Major Kenneth Mason, M.C., R.E. Read at the Meeting of the Society, 3 November 1919. KURDISTAN believed to beis descendeda very old from country. the Jews Some of theof itsFirst population Captivity, areand so can claim to be part of the Lost Ten Tribes with more truth than the Americans. For all that, it has not called for much interest in the people in England up till quite recently. Probably most of us have a vague idea that the Kurds have been concerned in Armenian massacres; fewer of us know that a very large section of Christians in pre-war days lived quite happily in Kurdistan. -
"Where There Is a Promise, There Is a Tragedy"
"Where there is a promise, there is a tragedy" Cross-border bombings and shellings of villages in the Kurdish region of Iraq by the nations of Turkey and Iran TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Christian Peacemaker Teams (CPT) – Iraq . 4 Introduction . 5 Part I Recent Turkish and Iranian Military Attacks into Iraq: December, 2007 – December 2009. ………………….. 7 Part II Violation of International Laws. 24 Part III A Brief History of Iraqi Kurdish/Turkish Relations. .. 31 Photographs of villagers of Zharawa . 41 APPENDICES Appendix 1 Glossary of abbreviations. 44 Appendix 2 Military Action Calendar (August, 2008 – June, 2009). 46 Appendix 3 Turkish bases in Iraq . 52 Appendix 4 Maps . 54 __________________ Cover Art from the Kurdish Textile Museum: a sample of Iraqi Kurdish textile weaving of the Keji design. The weaving, made of wool, contains a pre-historic symbol for peace and happiness. This piece is from a belt. The belt, traditionally made by young girls or their mothers, is used to tie the girl's dowry together. The title quotation for the report is from the grandfather of a Kurdish friend of CPT; it means that every time governments have promised something to the Kurds, a tragedy inevitably followed. - 2 - Dedication The authors wish to dedicate this report to the over 1 million displaced villagers that have entrusted us with their tears and sorrow, hopes and dreams and their desire to return to a life of dignity. During the 2 year period in which CPT collected the research for this report, we have come to love and respect these villagers. We recognize their tremendous determination and tenacity to preserve village life and their desire to be contributing members of Kurdish society within the KRG. -
Byzantine Music Theory for Western
Moderato a 4 J k kk 64 j k k dkk k 4 j j j j jk k k k j J Ôáéò ðñåó- âåß - áéò ôçò Èå- ï - ôü - êïõ, Óþ- ôåñ, Óþ- óïí ç- ìÜò. a k k 64 jj k dk k kk kjk j k k 4 jj k k jizk j j Ôáéò ðñåó- âåß- áéò ôçò Èå- ï - ôü - êïõ, Óþ- ôåñ, Óþ- óïí ç- ìÜò. Understanding the Byzantine Musical System Using Western Notation and Theory or Name That Tone! by Stanley Takis Most Greek Orthodox church musicians have seen references to “tones” and “modes” in liturgical texts and choir music. But many ask the question, “What are they?” How do you recognize one tone from another? What exactly is a mode? Are modes and tones the same thing? Why do chanters use those squiggly lines while choirs use “real” music? This article provides some observations and information to help “tone-deaf” or “non-mode- ivated” persons understand more of the Byzantine musical system which has been part of Orthodox hymnology from the earliest days. During the first centuries of the Church, our music was greatly influenced by the religious music of the synagogue and the secular music of the Syrians and the Greeks. This ancient music contained a multitude of scales and styles. It was St. John of Damascus who codified a system of eight musical styles, selected because they were not too theatrical or worldly and they helped create a prayerful attitude in the faithful. This system is called the octoechos (eight tones). -
Middle Eastern Music and Dance Since the Nightclub Era
W&M ScholarWorks Arts & Sciences Book Chapters Arts and Sciences 10-30-2005 Middle Eastern Music and Dance since the Nightclub Era Anne K. Rasmussen William and Mary, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/asbookchapters Part of the Ethnomusicology Commons Recommended Citation Rasmussen, A. K. (2005). Middle Eastern Music and Dance since the Nightclub Era. Anthony Shay and Barbara Sellers-Young (Ed.), Belly Dance: Orientalism, Transnationalism, And Harem Fantasy (pp. 172-206). Mazda Publishers. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/asbookchapters/102 This Book Chapter is brought to you for free and open access by the Arts and Sciences at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Arts & Sciences Book Chapters by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. B E L L .v C)ri enta ·l•i S.:I_I_ Transnationalism & Harem Fantasy FFuncling�orthe publication ofthis v\olume w\ as pro\Iv idcd in part by a grant from ✓ Ther Iranic a Institute, Irv\i ine California and b)y TThe C A. K. Jabbari Trust Fund Mazda Publisher• s Academic Publishers P.O. Box 2603 Co st a Mesa, CCa lifornia 92626 Us .S. A . \\ ww.mazdapub.com Copyright © 2005 by Anthony Shay and Barbara Sellers-Young All rights resserved. ' No parts of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted by any form or by any means without written permission from the publisher except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and re iews. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Belly Dance: Orientalism. -
Critiquing the Crisis Through Music – Three Songs About Life in Cyprus Before and After the ‘Haircut’ of March 2013
9_MIKE_HAJIMICHAEL:2_TAO 9/6/15 14:23 233 Critiquing the Crisis through Music – Three Songs about Life in Cyprus Before and After the ‘Haircut’ of March 2013 MIKE HAJIMICHAEL Abstract This essay reflects on three songs from Cyprus written, released and performed on/or about/around the bailout crisis of March 2013. While the songs come from three different musical genres and artists they articulate a number of themes which are pertinent to understanding the economic crisis as a possible succession of a number of political crises and unresolved wounds that go back to the 1970s. One of the essay’s main objectives is to contribute to an emerging field in contemporary Cypriot scholarship, namely that of popular music studies through a contextual analysis of songs and the art of listening (Back, 2008). The essay also aims to develop an understanding of songs as commentary, as a form of media narrative on everyday lived experiences as reflected by musicians living through economic and political crises in Cyprus. Keywords: popular music, protest, songs, ethnomusicology, Cyprus, crisis, ethnography Introduction Music has always been a barometer of society’s problems, often reflecting on social, economic and political conditions. Musicians act as commentators on the present, reflecting on society’s anxieties, injustices and problems. We listen to songs by modern day ‘troubadours’ who express ideas through the looking glass of music on the world around them, as they see it. Every generation and moment in history has its own epoch-defining music. Bob Dylan’s ‘Blowin in the Wind’, John Lennon’s ‘Imagine’, The Sex Pistols ‘God Save The Queen’ and Bob Marley’s ‘Redemption Song’. -
A Musical Instrument of Global Sounding Saadat Abdullayeva Doctor of Arts, Professor
Focusing on Azerbaijan A musical instrument of global sounding Saadat ABDULLAYEVA Doctor of Arts, Professor THE TAR IS PRObabLY THE MOST POPULAR MUSICAL INSTRUMENT AMONG “The trio”, 2005, Zakir Ahmadov, AZERbaIJANIS. ITS SHAPE, WHICH IS DIFFERENT FROM OTHER STRINGED INSTRU- bronze, 40x25x15 cm MENTS, IMMEDIATELY ATTRACTS ATTENTION. The juicy and colorful sounds to the lineup of mughams, and of a coming from the strings of the tar bass string that is used only for per- please the ear and captivate people. forming them. The wide range, lively It is certainly explained by the perfec- sounds, melodiousness, special reg- tion of the construction, specifically isters, the possibility of performing the presence of twisted steel and polyphonic chords, virtuoso passag- copper strings that convey all nuanc- es, lengthy dynamic sound rises and es of popular tunes and especially, attenuations, colorful decorations mughams. This is graphically proved and gradations of shades all allow by the presence on the instrument’s the tar to be used as a solo, accom- neck of five frets that correspondent panying, ensemble and orchestra 46 www.irs-az.com instrument. But nonetheless, the tar sounding board instead of a leather is a recognized instrument of solo sounding board contradict this con- mughams when the performer’s clusion. The double body and the mastery and the technical capa- leather sounding board are typical of bilities of the instrument manifest the geychek which, unlike the tar, has themselves in full. The tar conveys a short neck and a head folded back- the feelings, mood and dreams of a wards. Moreover, a bow is used play person especially vividly and fully dis- this instrument. -
Sudan: Colonialism, Independence, and Conflict
Sudan: Colonialism, Independence, and Conflict Overview Students will analyze the impact of colonization on Sudan including regional divisions, independence movements, and conflict. Students will understand the various economic, political, and societal factors that have led to wars in the region. Students will also learn that these conflicts have led to migration out of Sudan, exploring cultural and artistic production of Sudanese people in the diaspora. Students will learn that the effects of decolonization and ethnic conflict have been a push factor for African migration in the new wave of diaspora. Essential/Compelling Question(s) How has the legacy of colonization and imperialism impacted Sudan? How has conflict in Sudan affected the country’s politics, economy, and society? How are human rights affected in times of conflict? Grade(s) 9-12 Subject(s) World History North Carolina Essential Standards WH.8: Analyze global interdependence and shifts in power in terms of political, economic, social and environmental changes and conflicts since the last half of the twentieth century. WH.H.8.3: Analyze the "new" balance of power and the search for peace and stability in terms of how each has influenced global interactions since the last half of the twentieth century (e.g., post WWII, Post Cold War, 1990s Globalization, New World Order, Global Achievements and Innovations). WH.8.6: Explain how liberal democracy, private enterprise and human rights movements have reshaped political, economic and social life in Africa, Asia, Latin America, Europe, the Soviet Union and the United States (e.g., U.N. Declaration of Human Rights, end of Cold War, apartheid, perestroika, glasnost, etc.). -
General Assembly Distr
UNITED NATIONS A General Assembly Distr. GENERAL A/CONF.189/PC.1/7 13 April 2000 ENGLISH Original: FRENCH WORLD CONFERENCE AGAINST RACISM, RACIAL DISCRIMINATION, XENOPHOBIA AND RELATED INTOLERANCE Preparatory Committee First session Geneva, 1-5 May 2000 Item 7 of the provisional agenda REPORTS, STUDIES AND OTHER DOCUMENTATION FOR THE PREPARATORY COMMITTEE AND THE WORLD CONFERENCE Note by the Secretary-General The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit to the Preparatory Committee the study entitled “Racial discrimination and religious discrimination: identification and measures”, prepared by Mr. Abdelfattah Amor, Special Rapporteur of the Commission on Human Rights on religious intolerance, in accordance with Commission resolution 1999/78. GE.00-12706 (E) A/CONF.189/PC.1/7 page 2 Annex Racial discrimination and religious discrimination: identification and measures Study prepared by Mr. Abdelfattah Amor, Special Rapporteur on religious intolerance CONTENTS Paragraphs Page Introduction ........................................................................................... 1 - 7 4 I. LEGAL ASPECTS OF AGGRAVATED DISCRIMINATION...................................................................... 8 - 72 5 A. Context.................................................................................... 9 - 19 5 B. Universal protection against aggravated discrimination......... 20 - 64 7 1. General instruments......................................................... 21 - 38 7 2. Specific instruments .......................................................