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Squaring the Circles in Syria's North East
Squaring the Circles in Syria’s North East Middle East Report N°204 | 31 July 2019 Headquarters International Crisis Group Avenue Louise 149 • 1050 Brussels, Belgium Tel: +32 2 502 90 38 • Fax: +32 2 502 50 38 [email protected] Preventing War. Shaping Peace. Table of Contents Executive Summary ................................................................................................................... i I. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1 II. The Search for Middle Ground ......................................................................................... 3 A. The U.S.: Caught between Turkey and the YPG ........................................................ 3 1. Turkey: The alienated ally .................................................................................... 4 2. “Safe zone” or dead end? The buffer debate ........................................................ 8 B. Moscow’s Missed Opportunity? ................................................................................. 11 C. The YPG and Damascus: Playing for Time ................................................................ 13 III. A War of Attrition with ISIS Remnants ........................................................................... 16 A. The SDF’s Approach to ISIS Detainees ..................................................................... 16 B. Deteriorating Relations between the SDF and Local Tribes .................................... -
"Where There Is a Promise, There Is a Tragedy"
"Where there is a promise, there is a tragedy" Cross-border bombings and shellings of villages in the Kurdish region of Iraq by the nations of Turkey and Iran TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Christian Peacemaker Teams (CPT) – Iraq . 4 Introduction . 5 Part I Recent Turkish and Iranian Military Attacks into Iraq: December, 2007 – December 2009. ………………….. 7 Part II Violation of International Laws. 24 Part III A Brief History of Iraqi Kurdish/Turkish Relations. .. 31 Photographs of villagers of Zharawa . 41 APPENDICES Appendix 1 Glossary of abbreviations. 44 Appendix 2 Military Action Calendar (August, 2008 – June, 2009). 46 Appendix 3 Turkish bases in Iraq . 52 Appendix 4 Maps . 54 __________________ Cover Art from the Kurdish Textile Museum: a sample of Iraqi Kurdish textile weaving of the Keji design. The weaving, made of wool, contains a pre-historic symbol for peace and happiness. This piece is from a belt. The belt, traditionally made by young girls or their mothers, is used to tie the girl's dowry together. The title quotation for the report is from the grandfather of a Kurdish friend of CPT; it means that every time governments have promised something to the Kurds, a tragedy inevitably followed. - 2 - Dedication The authors wish to dedicate this report to the over 1 million displaced villagers that have entrusted us with their tears and sorrow, hopes and dreams and their desire to return to a life of dignity. During the 2 year period in which CPT collected the research for this report, we have come to love and respect these villagers. We recognize their tremendous determination and tenacity to preserve village life and their desire to be contributing members of Kurdish society within the KRG. -
The Politics of Security in Ninewa: Preventing an ISIS Resurgence in Northern Iraq
The Politics of Security in Ninewa: Preventing an ISIS Resurgence in Northern Iraq Julie Ahn—Maeve Campbell—Pete Knoetgen Client: Office of Iraq Affairs, U.S. Department of State Harvard Kennedy School Faculty Advisor: Meghan O’Sullivan Policy Analysis Exercise Seminar Leader: Matthew Bunn May 7, 2018 This Policy Analysis Exercise reflects the views of the authors and should not be viewed as representing the views of the US Government, nor those of Harvard University or any of its faculty. Acknowledgements We would like to express our gratitude to the many people who helped us throughout the development, research, and drafting of this report. Our field work in Iraq would not have been possible without the help of Sherzad Khidhir. His willingness to connect us with in-country stakeholders significantly contributed to the breadth of our interviews. Those interviews were made possible by our fantastic translators, Lezan, Ehsan, and Younis, who ensured that we could capture critical information and the nuance of discussions. We also greatly appreciated the willingness of U.S. State Department officials, the soldiers of Operation Inherent Resolve, and our many other interview participants to provide us with their time and insights. Thanks to their assistance, we were able to gain a better grasp of this immensely complex topic. Throughout our research, we benefitted from consultations with numerous Harvard Kennedy School (HKS) faculty, as well as with individuals from the larger Harvard community. We would especially like to thank Harvard Business School Professor Kristin Fabbe and Razzaq al-Saiedi from the Harvard Humanitarian Initiative who both provided critical support to our project. -
Occurrences of Metallic Deposits in the Kurdistan Region - Iraq
OCCURRENCES OF METALLIC DEPOSITS IN THE KURDISTAN REGION - IRAQ Kurdistan Region - Iraq OCCURRENCES OF METALLIC DEPOSITS IN THE KURDISTAN REGION - IRAQ June 2016 OCCURRENCES OF METALLIC DEPOSITS IN THE KURDISTAN REGION - IRAQ TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction…………………….…………………………….………………….………..…….....…….4 Duhok Governorate…………………………….…………………………………………..…...…..….8 Block 1…………………..…………………………………..……………..……….………..……....……9 Block 2 .……………….…………………………………………………........….……….….……....…15 Erbil Governorate…………..…………………………………………....…………………..…..……20 Block 3 …….…………………………………………………………...……….….……………....……21 Block 4 ………………....……………………………………………….……….…...………………....26 Sulaymania Governorate……………………………………...….………....……………….…..…..31 Block 5 ……………………...……………………………………………..…………......................….32 Block 6 ………..………………………………………………………….…………........................….37 Block 7 ………………………..………………………………………….….……..…………..….....…42 Annex A: References ……………………………………………..………......................................48 Annex B: Chemical Composition of the Minerals………………...........………..…………....…....55 Page 1 of 57 OCCURRENCES OF METALLIC DEPOSITS IN THE KURDISTAN REGION - IRAQ LIST OF FIGURES Figure A Mineral Blocks of Kurdistan…………….……………...….…......................................…5 Figure B Mineral Blocks of Kurdistan (Satellite)…………….…………....................................…6 Figure C Mineral Blocks of Kurdistan Based on Governorates…...........................................…7 Block 1 Figure 1.1 Block1 Boundary…………….…………..………………………….….……........…...…11 Figure 1.2 Block1 -
Study the Democratic Union Party's Political Project for Syria 0
www.jusoor.co Study 0 The Democratic Union Party’s Political Project for Syria www.jusoor.co Study 1 The Democratic Union Party’s Political Project for Syria www.jusoor.co Study 2 Contents Preface ........................................................................................................ 3 PYD’s Ideology towards Syria ................................................................... 4 PYD’s Project ......................................................................................... 4 The Decisions Related to the Founding Conference .............................. 6 2007 Amendments .................................................................................. 7 Amendments of 2012 .............................................................................. 9 Amendments of 2015 ............................................................................ 10 Amendments of 2017 ............................................................................ 10 Indications of Changes in the PYD’s Ideology .................................... 11 The PYD’s Policy and Activities towards Syria ...................................... 12 The Media Discourse ............................................................................ 12 Mass Demonstrations............................................................................ 16 The Possible New Trend of the PYD ....................................................... 17 The Outcomes .......................................................................................... -
Year of the Sword
YEAR OF THE SWORD JOSEPH YACOUB Year of the Sword The Assyrian Christian Genocide, A History Translated by James Ferguson A A Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and certain other countries. Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 Copyright © Joseph Yacoub 2016 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by license, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reproduction rights organization. Inquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above. You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available Joseph Yacoub. -
Iraq CRISIS Situation Report No. 49 (17 June – 23 June 2015)
Iraq CRISIS Situation Report No. 49 (17 June – 23 June 2015) This report is produced by OCHA Iraq in collaboration with humanitarian partners. It covers the period from 17 – 23 June. Due to the rapidly changing situation it is possible that the numbers and locations listed in this report may no longer be accurate. The next report will be issued on or around 3 July. Highlights More than 1,500 families return to Tikrit. Returnees need humanitarian assistance Close to 300,000 individuals displaced from Ramadi since 8 April NGOs respond to Sulaymaniyah checkpoint closures Concern over humanitarian conditions in Ameriyat al-Fallujah and Habbaniya Insufficient funding continues to limit humanitarian response capacity The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. Map created 25 June 2015. Situation Overview More than 1,500 families (approximately 9,000 individuals) returned to Tikrit City and surrounding areas between 14 and 23 June, after the area was retaken by Iraqi Security Forces in April, according to the Displacement Tracking Matrix (DTM) of the International Organization for Migration (IOM). Most of those who returned were Government civil servants who were requested to return. Approximately 80 per cent of Government employees have gone back to the area, local authorities report. Returnees reportedly were required to submit to ID checks, body and vehicle searches before being allowed through manned checkpoints. Authorities have reportedly dismantled 1,700 improvised explosive devices (IEDs) and cleared more than 200 booby-trapped houses. The recent returns brings the estimated total number of returnees in Tikrit District to 16,384 families (over 98,000 individuals), according to a partner NGO. -
The PYD's Precarious Rise in Syria
Flight of Icarus? The PYD’s Precarious Rise in Syria Middle East Report N°151 | 8 May 2014 International Crisis Group Headquarters Avenue Louise 149 1050 Brussels, Belgium Tel: +32 2 502 90 38 Fax: +32 2 502 50 38 [email protected] Table of Contents Executive Summary ................................................................................................................... i I. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1 II. An Opportunity Grasped .................................................................................................. 4 A. The PKK Returns to Syria .......................................................................................... 4 B. An Unspoken Alliance? .............................................................................................. 7 C. Brothers and Rivals .................................................................................................... 10 III. From Fighters to Rulers ................................................................................................... 12 A. The Rojava Project ..................................................................................................... 12 B. In Need of Protection ................................................................................................. 16 IV. Messy Geopolitics ............................................................................................................. 18 A. Turkey and -
Iraq Displacement Crisis 2014–2017
IRAQ DISPLACEMENT CRISIS 2014–2017 IRAQ October 2018 IRAQ DISPLACEMENT CRISIS | 2014-2017 DISCLAIMER FOREWORD The opinions expressed in the report are or acceptance by IOM. The information in Since January 2014, Iraq’s war against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) has caused those of the authors and do not necessarily the Displacement Tracking Matrix (DTM) the displacement of nearly six million Iraqis – around 15% of the entire population of the country. reflect the views of the International portal and in this report is the result of Four years later, on 9 December 2017, the end to the country’s war against ISIL was declared. Organization for Migration (IOM). data collected by IOM field teams and The war against ISIL has precipitated the worst displacement crisis in the history of Iraq. To better complements information provided and understand the overall impact of the crisis, this publication sets out to examine and explain the IOM is committed to the principle generated by governmental and other critical population movements in the last four years. that humane and orderly migration entities in Iraq. IOM Iraq endeavors to keep benefits migrants and society. As an this information as up to date and accurate First, the report provides a full overview of the population movements during the crisis using intergovernmental organization, IOM as possible, but makes no claim – expressed consolidated data gathered through the Displacement Tracking Matrix (DTM). The DTM has acts with its partners in the international or implied – on the completeness, accuracy been tracking population movements since the start of the ISIL crisis by an extensive network of community to: assist in meeting the and suitability of the information provided 9,500 key informants across Iraq. -
Investment Map of Iraq 2016
Republic of Iraq Presidency of Council of Ministers National Investment Commission Investment Map of Iraq 2016 Dear investor: Investment opportunities found in Iraq today vary in terms of type, size, scope, sector, and purpose. the door is wide open for all investors who wish to hold investment projects in Iraq,; projects that would meet the growing needs of the Iraqi population in different sectors. Iraq is a country that brims with potential, it is characterized by its strategic location, at the center of world trade routes giving it a significant feature along with being a rich country where I herby invite you to look at Iraq you can find great potentials and as one of the most important untapped natural resources which would places where untapped investment certainly contribute in creating the decent opportunities are available in living standards for people. Such features various fields and where each and characteristics creates favorable opportunities that will attract investors, sector has a crucial need for suppliers, transporters, developers, investment. Think about the great producers, manufactures, and financiers, potentials and the markets of the who will find a lot of means which are neighboring countries. Moreover, conducive to holding new projects, think about our real desire to developing markets and boosting receive and welcome you in Iraq , business relationships of mutual benefit. In this map, we provide a detailed we are more than ready to overview about Iraq, and an outline about cooperate with you In order to each governorate including certain overcome any obstacle we may information on each sector. In addition, face. -
Assyrians and the Turkey-PKK Conflict in Iraq Every Assyrian in Barwar Knows the Difference Between the Sound of Fighter Jets and the Sound of Civilian Planes.”
Caught in the Crossfire: Assyrians and the Turkey-PKK Conflict in Iraq Every Assyrian in Barwar knows the difference between the sound of fighter jets and the sound of civilian planes.” Assyrian eyewitness interviewed by the Assyrian Policy Institute ABOUT ASSYRIANS An estimated 3.5 million people globally comprise a distinct, indigenous ethnic group. Tracing their heritage to ancient Assyria, Assyrians speak an ancient language referred to as Assyrian, Syriac, Aramaic, or Neo-Aramaic. The contiguous territory that forms the traditional Assyrian homeland includes parts of southern and south- eastern Turkey, northwestern Iran, northern Iraq, and northeastern Syria. The Assyrian population in Iraq, estimated at approximately 200,000, constitutes the largest remaining concentration of the ethnic group in the Middle East. The majority of these reside in their ancestral homeland located in the Nineveh Plain and within today’s Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Assyrians are predominantly Christian. Some ethnic Assyrians self-identify as Chaldeans or Syriacs, depending on church denomination. Assyrians have founded five Eastern Churches at different points during their long history: the Ancient Church of the East, the Assyrian Church of the East, the Chaldean Catholic Church, the Syriac Catholic Church, and the Syriac Orthodox Church. The majority of Assyrians who remain in Iraq today belong to the Chaldean and Syriac churches. Assyrians represent one of the most consistently persecuted communities in Iraq and the wider Middle East. ABOUT THE ASSYRIAN POLICY INSTITUTE Founded in May 2018, the Assyrian Policy Institute works to support Assyrians as they struggle to maintain their rights to the lands they have inhabited for thousands of years, their ancient language, equal opportunities in education and employment, and to full participation in public life. -
Displacement Tracking Matrix – Overview Data Is of the 24 August
International Organization for Migration (IOM) Iraq Mission Displacement Tracking Matrix – Overview Data is of the 24 August 278,051 IDP Families 1,668,306 Individuals 1,577 Locations The Displacement Tracking Matrix (DTM) is an IOM information management tool which gathers information about displaced populations and their conditions. Since January 1st to August 26th 2014 IOM DTM has identified 1,668,306 internally displaced individuals scattered across 1,577 distinct locations in Iraq. Though 2014 three major waves of displacement occurred: 1. Anbar Crisis – triggered the displacement of 79,156 families 2. Mosul Crisis - triggered the displacement of 95,178 families 3. Sinjar Crisis – triggered the displacement of 103,717 families Figure 1: Displacement through the year of 2014 IDP Locations IDP families IDP Individuals (*6) Total Displacement of 2014 1,577 278,051 1,668,306 Sum of JAN - MAY 774 79,156 474,936 Sum of JUNE - JULY 808 95,178 571,068 Sum of FROM August 350 103,717 622,301 IOM has worked in close coordination with the Kurdish Regional Government (KRG) Ministry of Planning to come to a common understand of displaced people across the three governorates of Dahuk, Erbil and Sulaymaniyah. The DTM identifies displaced populations through a process of verification. This process is timely and a full DTM coverage after a large displacement as seen in the governorate of Dahuk cannot be immediately achieved. Aware of this coverage limitation in Dahuk and in coordination with the Kurdish Regional Office of Statistics (KRSO) of the Ministry of Planning, IOM DTM figures were reconciled with IDP figures gathered by a registration exercise undertaken by the KRSO.