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The European Mistletoe (Viscum Album L.): Distribution, Host Range, Biotic Interactions and Management Worldwide with Special Emphasis on Ukraine

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The European Mistletoe (Viscum Album L.): Distribution, Host Range, Biotic Interactions and Management Worldwide with Special Emphasis on Ukraine Botany The European mistletoe (Viscum album L.): distribution, host range, biotic interactions and management worldwide with special emphasis on Ukraine Journal: Botany Manuscript ID cjb-2020-0037.R1 Manuscript Type: Review Date Submitted by the 25-Mar-2020 Author: Complete List of Authors: Krasylenko, Yuliya; Institute of Food Biotechnology and Genomics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Molecular Biotechnology; Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Draft Sosnovsky, Yevhen; Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Botanical Garden Atamas, Natalia; I.I. Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Department of Animal Monitoring and Conservation, Laboratory of Population Ecology Popov, Grigory; I.I. Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Department of Entomology and Collection Management Leonenko, Volodymyr ; Green Clinic Life Science Ukraine Janošíková, Kateřina ; Сenter for Science Communication, Palacký University Olomouc Sytschak, Nadiya; Institute of Ecology of the Carpathians NAS of Ukraine Rydlo, Karol; Brno University of Technology, Faculty of Information Technology Sytnyk, Dmytro; Institute of Mathematics, National Academy of Sciences, Numerical Mathematics Department Keyword: hemiparasite, hosts, distribution range, seed dispersal, associates Is the invited manuscript for consideration in a Special IUFRO 2019 Dwarf Mistletoes Symposium Issue? : https://mc06.manuscriptcentral.com/botany-pubs Page 1 of 53 Botany The European mistletoe (Viscum album L.): distribution, host range, biotic interactions and management worldwide with special emphasis on Ukraine Yuliya Krasylenko1,2*, Yevhen Sosnovsky3, Atamas Natalia4, Grigory Popov5, Volodymyr Leonenko6, Kateřina Janošíková7, Nadiya Sytschak8, Karol Rydlo9, and Dmytro Sytnyk10 1Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů, 27, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic, [email protected] 2Department of Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Institute of Food Biotechnology and Genomics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Osipovskogo Str., 2a, 04 123, Kyiv, Ukraine, [email protected] 3Botanical Garden, Ivan Franko National UniversityDraft of Lviv, Cheremshyny Str., 44, 79014, Lviv, Ukraine, [email protected] 4Department of Animal Monitoring and Conservation, Laboratory of Population Ecology, I.I. Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, B. Khmelnytskoho Str., 15, 01601, Kyiv, Ukraine, [email protected] 5Department of Entomology and Collection Management, I.I. Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, B. Khmelnytskoho Str., 15, 01 601, Kyiv, Ukraine, [email protected] 6Green Clinic Life Science Ukraine, LLC Druzhby Narodiv 10, 03083, Kyiv, Ukraine, [email protected] 7Сenter for Science Communication, Palacký University Olomouc, 17. listopadu 7, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic, [email protected] 8Department of Nature Ecosystems Protection, Institute of Ecology of the Carpathians, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kozelnytska Str., 4, Lviv, 79026, Ukraine, [email protected] 9Faculty of Information Technology, Brno University of Technology, Božetěchova, 2, 61266, Brno, Czech Republic, [email protected] 1 https://mc06.manuscriptcentral.com/botany-pubs Botany Page 2 of 53 10Department of Numerical Mathematics, Institute of Mathematics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Tereshchenkivska Str., 3, 01601, Kyiv, Ukraine, [email protected] *Corresponding author: Yuliya [email protected] Abstract: The hemiparasitic European mistletoe, Viscum album L. (Viscaceae), displays a rapid and remarkable expansion into natural and urban ecosystems in Ukraine. The monitoring and management of this rapidly spreading species is increasingly difficult as new plant species become hosts. Unlike other local mistletoe species, the European mistletoe has a broad distribution and thus requires a countrywide pest status assessment for control. This review outlines the major taxonomic and evolutionary issues pertinent to V. album with an emphasis on the characters used to distinguish its Draftfive currently recognized subspecies. The review also provides an updated distribution map and host range for the three V. album subspecies in Ukraine (V. album subsp. album, V. album subsp. abietis (Wiesb.) Janch. and V. album subsp. austriacum (Wiesb.) Vollm.), addressing the current knowledge of their biology and ecology. A significant portion of the paper is devoted to the diversity of V. album associated organisms including herbivores, endophytes, and parasites, drawing particular attention to major pollination and dispersal vectors as well as potential biocontrol agents of this mistletoe species. Key words: hemiparasite, hosts, distribution range, seed dispersal, associates, control. 2 https://mc06.manuscriptcentral.com/botany-pubs Page 3 of 53 Botany Introduction The common name “mistletoe” refers to a polyphyletic group of organisms with a similar life history, e.g., life form, type of plant-to-plant biotic interaction, host-dependence, cryptic mimicry to the hosts, and the presence of a parasite-specific organ called the haustorium (Kuijt and Hansen 2015; Okubamichael et al. 2016). The haustorium anchors the parasite to the host and creates a xylem-xylem/xylem-phloem vascular bridge between both plants. This connection allows the parasite to acquire water and nutrients, which can cause water stress and minerals deficiencies in the host. The haustorium also allows the transfer of materials such as mRNA, proteins and viruses (Liu et al. 2019a). Mistletoes are represented by several families in the order Santalales, namely Loranthaceae (ca. 900 species), Viscaceae (ca. 500 species), and less frequently Santalaceae, Amphorogynaceae,Draft and Misodendraceae (Nickrent et al. 2010). Mistletoes play an ambiguous role in ecosystems that creates uncertainty for foresters and conservationists. They are considered a major biotic stress on host plants, along with herbivores, nematodes, and pathogenic microorganisms, which can cause host mortality and large losses in wood production (Kuijt and Hansen 2015). Nevertheless, most mistletoes are not detrimental pests (except some Arceuthobium spp.) and play a crucial ecological role as biodiversity hotspots and keystone resources in forests and woodlands as they contribute both trophically and structurally (e.g., by providing a specific micro-habitat) to diverse interactions within ecosystems (Watson and Herring 2012). The European or common mistletoe (Viscum album L.) is well-known due to its cytostatic and hypotensive medicinal properties as well as ritual uses since the Neolithic Age (Kuijt and Hansen 2015; Kope et al. 2020). The oldest fossil records of mistletoe found in central Europe are V. morlotii (Unger) Erw.Knobloch & Kvaček from the Early Miocene and V. miquelii (Geyl. 3 https://mc06.manuscriptcentral.com/botany-pubs Botany Page 4 of 53 & Kink.) Czeczott from the Pliocene (Holý et al. 2012). Five subspecies of V. album occur mainly in Europe with some successful cases of introduction in the USA (Sonoma County, California), Canada (Victoria, British Columbia), Ireland and the northern part of Great Britain (Zuber and Widmer 2009; Maul et al. 2019). The patchy distribution of this insect- and wind- pollinated hemiparasite depends on the available hosts, presence of dispersal vectors such as birds and human-imposed control agents. The distribution of V. album does not overlap exactly with the range of host tree species, since the latter is typically much wider (Wangerin 1937). The range of V. album fluctuates significantly, spreading both northward (“horizontally”) and uphill (“vertically”), likely following the ranges of susceptible hosts that are expanding due to climate change (Dobbertin et al. 2005). The need to review the currentDraft state of V. album in Eastern Europe and in particular Ukraine, is underscored by the rapid and remarkable dissemination of this hemiparasite into natural and urban ecosystems, its ability to switch hosts, and the challenges related to its monitoring and control. There are three mistletoe species from Santalales in Ukraine: V. album L., which has broad geographical and host ranges, yellow mistletoe (Loranthus europaeus Jacq.), found predominantly in Southwestern Ukraine on oaks and is recommended for protection at the regional level as a rare species (Krasylenko et al. 2019), and juniper dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium oxycedri (DC.) M.Bieb.), which resides on the Crimean Peninsula with native and adventive representatives of Cupressaceae and seems not to be seriously harming host trees (Krasylenko et al. 2017). Only one subspecies – V. album subsp. album – requires special phytoquarantine treatment and detailed studies of associated birds, insects, fungi, etc., as it causes host tree decline, harvest reduction and timber destruction. 4 https://mc06.manuscriptcentral.com/botany-pubs Page 5 of 53 Botany Taxonomic overview Reconstructing the taxonomic history of mistletoes has proven to be quite challenging, as several taxa have evolved this growth habit independently in Santalales (Der and Nickrent 2008; Nickrent et al. 2010). The Old World’s genus Viscum L. contains up to 150 species prevailing in Africa and Southern Asia with V. album as the type species. Viscum album was long affiliated with Loranthus
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